tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-106143482024-03-18T02:47:43.842-07:00TGD diaryDaily musings, mostly about physics and consciousness, heavily biased by Topological Geometrodynamics background.Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.comBlogger2161125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-31335448161182035102024-03-17T00:27:00.000-07:002024-03-17T00:27:43.637-07:00Homomorphic encryption as an elegant manner to save privacy
Sabine Hossenfelder talked about homomorphic encryption, which is an elegant and extremely general algebraic manner to guarantee data privacy (see <A HREF="https://twitter.com/skdh/status/1769030868549640285">this</A>). The idea is that the encryption respects the algebraic operations: sums go to sums and products go to products. The processing can be done for the encrypted data without decryption. The outcome is then communicated to the user and decrypted only at this stage. This saves a huge amount of time.
</p><p>
What comes first in mind is Boolean algebra (see <A HREF="https://mathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~htjung/Boolean.pdf">this</A>). In this case the homomorphism is truth preserving. The Boolean statement formed as a Boolean algebra element is mapped to the same statement but with images of the statements replacing the original statements. In the set theoretic realization of Boolean algebra this means that unions are mapped to unions and intersections to intersections. In Boolean algebra, the elements are representable as bit sequences and sum and product are done element-wise: one has x<sup>2</sup>=1 and x+x=0. Ordinary computations can be done by representing integers as bit sequences.
</p><p>
In any computation one must perform a cutoff and the use of finite fields is the neat way to do it. Frobenius homomorphism x→x<sup>p</sup> in a field of characteristic p maps products to products and, what is non-trivial, also sums to sums since one has (x+y)<sup>p</sup>= x<sup>p</sup>+y<sup>p</sup>. For finite fields F_p the Frobenius homomorphism is trivial but for F<sub>p<sup>e</sup></sub>, e>1, this is not the case. The inverse is in this case x→x<sup> p<sub>e-1</sup></sup>. These finite fields are induced by algebraic extensions of rational numbers. e corresponds to the dimension of the extension induced by the roots of a polynomial
</p><p>
Frobenius homomorphism extends also to the algebraic extensions of p-adic number fields induced by the extensions of rationals. This would make it possible to perform calculations in extensions and only at the end to perform the approximation replaces the algebraic numbers defining the basis for the extension with rationals. To guess the encryption one must guess the prime that is used and the use of large primes and extensions of p-adic numbers induced by large extensions of rationals could keep the secrecy.
</p><p>
p-Adic number fields are highly suggestive as a computational tool as became clear in p-adic thermodynamics used to calculate elementary particle masses: for p= M<sub>127</sub>= 2<sup>127</sup>-1 assignable to electron, the two lowest orders give practically exact result since the higher order corrections are of order 10<sup>-76</sup>. For p-adic number fields with very large prime p the approximation of p-adic integers as a finite field becomes possible and Frobenius homomorphism could be used. This supports the idea that p-adic physics is ideal for the description of cognition.
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-73028425924554542872024-03-16T21:11:00.000-07:002024-03-16T21:11:36.832-07:00Direct evidence for the TGD view of quasars
In a new paper in The Astrophysical Journal (see <A HREF="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ace4bb">this</A>), JILA Fellow Jason Dexter, graduate student Kirk Long, and other collaborators compared two main theoretical models for emission data for a specific quasar, 3C 273. The title of the <A HREF="
https://www.newsbreak.com/news/3370114755213-unlocking-the-quasar-code-revolutionary-insights-from-3c-273">popular article</A> is "Unlocking the Quasar Code: Revolutionary Insights From 3C 273".
</p><p>
If the quasar were a blackhole, one would expect two emission peaks. If the galactic disk is at constant temperature, one would expected redshifted emission peak from it. The second peak would come from the matter falling to the blackhole and it would be blueshifted relative to the first peak. Only single peak was observed. Somehow the falling of the matter is prevented to the quasar is prevented. Could the quasar look like a blackhole-like object in its exterior but emit radiation and matter preventing the falling of the matter to it.
</p><p>
This supports the TGD view of quasars as blackhole-like objects are associated with cosmic strings thickened locally to flux tube tangles (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/meco.pdf">this</A>, <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/galjets.pdf">this</A>, <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/galaxystars.pdf">this</A> and <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/3pieces.pdf">this</A>). The transformation of pieces of cosmic strings to monopole flux tube tangles would liberate the energy characterized by the string tension as ordinary matter and radiation. This process would be the TGD analog of the decay of inflaton field to matter. The gravitational attraction would lead to the formation of the accretion disk but the matter would not fall down to the quasar.
</p><p>
See the article <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/3pieces.pdf">About the recent TGD based view concerning cosmology and astrophysics</A> or the <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/3pieces.pdf">chapter </A> with the same title.
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-15917121969551237652024-03-15T22:10:00.000-07:002024-03-16T22:04:29.493-07:00Magnetite produced by traffic as a possible cause of Alzheimer disease
A rather unexpected partial explanation for Alzheimer's disease has been found: magnetite particles, which can be found in urban environments from exhaust gases containing breathing air (see <A HREF="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1036191">this</A>). I have written earlier about Alzheimer's disease from the TGD point of view (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/lianPN.pdf">this</A>). Magnetite particles seem to be found in the hippocampus of those with the disease, which is central to memory. Now it has been found that the exposure of mice to magnetite leads to a generation of Alzheimer disease. The overall important message to the decision makers is that the pollution caused by the traffic in urban environment could be an important cause of Alzheimer disease.
</p><p>
The brain needs metabolic energy. Hemoglobin is central to the supply of metabolic energy because it binds oxygen. Could it be thought that Alzheimer's is at least partially related to a lack of metabolic energy in the hippocampus? In the sequel I will consider this explanation in the TGD framework.
</p><p>
<B>Short digression to TGD view of metabolism</B>
</p><p>
Oxygen molecules O<sub>2</sub> bind to iron atoms in hemoglobin (see <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme">this</A>) that already have a valence bond with 5 nitrogen atoms and a bond is created where Fe has received 5 electrons and a sixth from oxygen molecule O<sub>2</sub>. So Fe behaves the opposite of what you would expect and hemoglobin is very unusual chemically!
</p><p>
Phosphate O=PO<sub>3</sub>, or more precisely phosphate ion O=P(O<sub>-</sub>)<sup>3</sup>), which also plays a central role in metabolism, also breaks the rules: instead of accepting 3 valence electrons, it gives up 5 electrons to oxygen atoms.
</p><p>
Could the TGD view of quantum biology help to understand what is involved. Dark protons created by the Pollack effect provide a basic control tool of quantum biochemistry in TGD. Could they be involved now. Consider first the so-called high energy phosphate bond, which is one of the mysteries of biochemistry.
<OL>
<LI> Why the electrons in the valence bonds prefer to be close to P in the phosphate ion? For phosphate one would expect just the opposite. The negative charge of 3 oxygens could explain why electrons tend to be nearer to P.
<LI> The TGD based view of metabolism allows to consider a new physics explanation in which O=P(O<sup>-</sup>)<sub>3</sub> is actually a "dark" variant of neutral O=P(OH)<sub>3</sub> in which 3 protons of OH have become dark (in the TGD sense) by Pollack effect, which has kicked 3 protons to monopole flux tubes of the gravitational magnetic body of phosphate to such a large distance that the resulting dark OH looks like OH<sup>-</sup>, that is negatively charged. Charge separation between the biological body and magnetic body would have occurred. This requires metabolic energy basically provided by the solar radiation. One could see the dark phosphate as a temporary metabolic energy storage and the energy would be liberated when ATP transforms to ADP.
</OL>
Could this kind of model apply also to the Fe binding with 5 N atoms in haemoglobin by valence bonds such that, contrary to naive expectations, electrons tend to be closer to Fe than N atoms? Can one imagine a mechanism giving an effective negative charge to the N atoms or the heme protein and to O-O?
<OL>
<LI> In this case there are no protons as in the case of phosphate ions. The water environment however contains protons and pH as a negative logarithm of the proton concentration measures their concentration. pH=7 corresponds to pure water in which H<sup>+</sup> and OH<sup>-</sup> concentrations are the same. The hint comes from the fact that small pH, which corresponds to a high proton concentration, is known to be favourable for the binding of oxygen to the heme group.
<LI> Could dark protons be involved and what is the relationship between dark proton fraction and pH? Could pH measure the concentration of dark protons as I have asked?
<LI> Could the transformation of ordinary protons to dark protons at the gravitational MB of the heme protein induce a negative charge due to OH<sup>-</sup> ions associated with the heme protein and could this favour the transfer of electrons towards Fe? Could the second O of O-O form a hydrogen bond with H such that the proton of the hydrogen bond becomes dark and makes O effectively negatively charged?
</OL>
</p><p>
<B>What the effect of magnetite could be?</B>
</p><p>
Magnetite particles, .5 micrometers in size, consist of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> molecules containing iron and oxygen. According to Wikipedia, magnetite appears as crystals and obeys the chemical formula Fe<sup>2+</sup>(Fe<sup>3+</sup>)<sub>2</sub>(O<sup>-2</sup>)<sub>4</sub>. The electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d<sup>6</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> and 3 Fe ions have donated besides the s electrons also one electron to oxygen.
</p><p>
Could it happen that somehow the oxygen absorption capacity of hemoglobin would decrease, that the amount of hemoglobin would decrease, or that oxygen would bind to the magnetite molecules on the surface of the magnetite particle? For example, could you think that some of the O<sub>2</sub> molecules bind to Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> molecules instead of hemoglobin at the surface of the magnetite. Carbon monoxide is dangerous because it binds to the heme. Could it be that also the magnetite crystals do the same or rather could heme bind to them (thanks for Shamoon Ahmed for proposing this more reasonable looking option).
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-6100597110408332352024-03-13T04:40:00.000-07:002024-03-13T04:40:08.821-07:00About the problem of two Hubble constants
The usual formulation of the problem of two Hubble constants is that the value of the Hubble constant seems to be increasing with time. There is no convincing explanation for this. But is this the correct way to formulate the problem? In the TGD framework one can start from the following ideas discussed already earlier (see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/cosmomore.pdf">this</A>).
<OL>
<LI> Would it be better to say that the measurements in short scales give slightly larger results for H<sub>0</sub> than those in long scales? Scale does not appear as a fundamental notion neither in general relativity nor in the standard model. The notion of fractal relies on the notion but has not found the way to fundamental physics. Suppose that the notion of scale is accepted: could one say that Hubble constant does not change with time but is length scale dependent. The number theoretic vision of TGD brings brings in two length scale hierarchies: p-adic length scales L<sub>p</sub> and dark length scale hierarchies L<sub>p</sub>(dark)=nL<sub>p</sub>, where one has h<sub>eff</sub>=nh<sub>0</sub> of effective Planck constants with n defining the dimension of an extension of rationals. These hierarchies are closely related since p corresponds to a ramified prime (most naturally the largest one) for a polynomial defining an extension with dimension n.
<LI> I have already earlier considered the possibility that the measurements in our local neighborhood (short scales) give rise to a slightly larger Hubble constant? Is our galactic environment somehow special?
</OL>
Consider first the length scale hierarchies.
<OL>
<LI> The geometric view of TGD replaces Einsteinian space-times with 4-surfaces in H=M<sup>4</sup>\times CP<sub>2</sub>. Space-time decomposes to space-time sheets and closed monopole flux tubes connecting distant regions and radiation arrives along these. The radiation would arrive from distant regions along long closed monopole flux tubes, whose length scale is L<sub>H</sub>. They have thickness d and length L<sub>H</sub>. d is the geometric mean d=(l<sub>P</sub>L<sub>H</sub>)<sup>1/2</sup> of Planck length L<sub>P</sub> and length L<sub>H</sub>. d is of about 10<sup>-4</sup> meters and size scale of a large neuron. It is somewhat surprising that biology and cosmology seem to meet each other.
<LI> The number theoretic view of TGD is dual to the geometric view and predicts a hierarchy of primary p-adic length scales L<sub>p</sub> ∝ p<sup>1/2</sup> and secondary p-adic length scales L<sub>2,p</sub> =p<sup>1/2</sup>L<sub>p</sub>. p-Adic length scale hypothesis states that p-adic length scales L<sub>p</sub> correspond to primes near the power of 2: p ≈ 2<sup>k</sup>. p-adic primes p correspond to so-called ramified primes for a polynomial defining some extension of rationals via its roots.
</p><p>
One can also identify dark p-adic length scales
</p><p>
L<sub>p</sub>(dark) =nL<sub>p</sub> ,
</p><p>
where n=h<sub>eff</sub>/h<sub>0</sub> corresponds to a dimension of extension of rationals serving as a measure for evolutionary level. h<sub>eff</sub> labels the phases of ordinary matter behaving like dark matter explain the missing baryonic matter (galactic dark matter corresponds to the dark energy assignable to monopole flux tubes).
<LI> p-Adic length scales would characterize the size scales of the space-time sheets. The Hubble constant H<sub>0</sub> has dimensions of the inverse of length so that the inverse of the Hubble constant L<sub>H</sub>∝ 1/H<sub>0</sub> characterizes the size of the horizon as a cosmic scale. One can define entire hierarchy of analogs of L<sub>H</sub> assignable to space-time sheets of various sizes but this does not solve the problem since one has H<sub>0</sub> ∝ 1/L<sub>p</sub> and varies very fast with the p-adic scale coming as a power of 2 if p-adic length scale hypothesis is assumed. Something else is involved.
</OL>
One can also try to understand also the possible local variation of H<sub>0</sub> by starting from the TGD analog of inflation theory. In inflation theory temperature fluctuations of CMB are essential.
<OL>
<LI> The average value of h<sub>eff</sub> is < h<sub>eff</sub>>=h but there are fluctuations of h<sub>eff</sub> and quantum biology relies on very large but very rare fluctuations of h<sub>eff</sub>. Fluctuations are local and one has <L<sub>p</sub>(dark)> = <h<sub>eff</sub>/h<sub>0</sub>> L<sub>p</sub>. This average value can vary. In particular, this is the case for the p-adic length scale L<sub>p,2</sub> (L<sub>p,2</sub>(dark)=nL<sub>2,p</sub>), which defining Hubble length L<sub>H</sub> and H<sub>0</sub>
for the first (second) option.
<LI> Critical mass density is given by 3H<sub>0</sub><sup>2</sup>/8πG. The critical mass density is slightly larger in the local environment or in short scales. As already found, for the first option the fluctuations of the critical mass density are proportional to δ n/n and for the second option to -δ n/n. For the first (second) option the experimentally determined Hubble constant increases when n increases (decreases). The typical fluctuation would be δ h<sub>eff</sub>/h ∼ 10<sup>-5</sup>. What is remarkable is that it is correctly predicted if the integer n decomposes to a product n<sub>1</sub>=n<sub>2</sub> of nearly identical or identical integers.
</p><p>
For the first option, the fluctuation δ h<sub>eff</sub>/h<sub>eff</sub>=δn/n in our local environment would be positive and considerably larger than on the average, of order 10<sup>-2</sup> rather than 10<sup>-5</sup>. h<sub>eff</sub> measures the number theoretic evolutionary level of the system, which suggests that the larger value of <h<sub>eff</sub>> could reflect the higher evolutionary level of our local environment. For the second option the variation would correspond to δn/n≤ 0 implying lower level of evolution and does not look flattering from the human perspective. Does this allow us to say that this option is implausible?
</p><p>
The fluctuation of h<sub>eff</sub> around h would mean that the quantum mechanical energy scales of various systems determined by <h<sub>eff</sub>>=h vary slightly in cosmological scales. Could the reduction of the energy scales due to smaller value of h<sub>eff</sub> for systems at very long distance be distinguished from the reduction caused by the redshift. Since the transition energies depend on powers of Planck constant in a state dependent manner, the redshifts for the same cosmic distance would be apparently different. Could this be tested? Could the variation of h<sub>eff</sub> be visible in the transition energies associated with the cold spot?
<LI> The large fluctuation in the local neighbourhood also implies a large fluctuation of the temperature of the cosmic microwave background: one should have δT/T ≈ δn/n≈ δ H<sub>0</sub>/H<sub>0</sub>. Could one test this proposal?
</OL>
See the article <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/3pieces.pdf">About the recent TGD based view concerning cosmology and astrophysics</A> or the <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/3pieces.pdf">chapter </A> with the same title.
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-11839640495417335402024-03-13T04:36:00.000-07:002024-03-13T04:36:14.411-07:00Herbig Haro objects from the TGD point of view
The Youtube posting "The James Webb Space Telescope Has Just Made an Incredible Discovery about Our Sun! Birth of Sun"!" (see <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8I9taks<sub>H</sub>Uc">this</A>) tells about Herbit Haro object HH211 located at a distance 1000 light years about which JWQST has provides a picture (I hope that the sensationalistic tone of the title does not irritate too much: it seems that we must learn to tolerate this style).
</p><p>
Herbig Haro luminous objects are associated with very young stars, protostars. Typically they involve a pair of opposite jets containing streams of matter flowing with a very high speed of several hundred km/s. The jets interact with the surrounding matter and generate luminous regions. HH211 was the object studied by JWT. The jets were found to contain CO, SiO, H<sub>2</sub>.
</p><p>
Herbig Haro objects provide information about the very early states of star formation. As a matter of fact, the protostar stage still remains rather mysterious since the study of these objects is very challenging already because their distances are so large. The standard wisdom is that stars are born, evolve and explode as supernovae and that the remnants of supernovae provide the material for future stars so that the portion of heavy elements in their nuclei should gradually increase. The finding that the abundances of elements seem to depend only weakly on cosmic time seems to be in conflict with these findings and forces us to ask whether the vision about the protostars should be modified. Also JWT found that the galaxies
in the very young Universe can look like the Milky Way and could have element abundances of recent galaxies which challenges this belief.
</p><p>
The association of the jets to Herbig Haro objects conforms with the idea that cosmic strings or monopole flux tubes formed from them are involved with the formation of a star. One can consider two options for how the star formation proceeds
in the TGD Universe.
<OL>
<LI> The seed for the star formation comes from the transformation of dark energy associated with the cosmic string or monopole flux tube to ordinary matter (it could also correspond to a large h<sub>eff</sub> phase and behave like dark matter and. explain the missing baryonic matter). By the conservation of the magnetic flux the magnetic energy density per unit length of the monopole flux tube behaves like 1/S and decreases rapidly with its transversal area. The volume energy density increases like area but its growth is compensated by the phase transition reducing the value of the analog of cosmological constant Λ so that on the average this contribution behaves as a function of the p-adic length scale. In the same way as magnetic energy per unit length. The energy liberated from the process is however rather small except for almost cosmic strings and this process might apply only to the formation of first generation stars.
<LI> The second option is that the process is analogous to "cold fusion" interpreted in the TGD framework as dark fusion (see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/krivit.pdf">this</A>, <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/cfagain.pdf">this</A> and <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/proposal.pdf">this</A>) in which ordinary matter, say protons and perhaps even heavier nuclei, are transformed to dark protons at the monopole flux tubes having much larger Compton length (proportional to h<sub>eff</sub>) that ordinary protons or nuclei. If the nuclear binding energy scales like 1/h<sub>eff</sub> for dark nuclei nuclear potential wall, is rather low and the dark fusion can take place at rather low temperatures. The dark nuclei would then transform to ordinary nuclei and liberate almost all of their ordinary nuclear binding energy, which would lead to a heating which would eventually ignite the ordinary nuclear fusion at the stellar core. Heavier nuclei could be formed already at this stage rather than in supernova explosions. This kind of process could occur also at the planetary level and produce heavier elements outside the stellar cores.
</p><p>
This process in general requires energy feed to increase the value of h<sub>eff</sub>. In living matter the Pollack effect would transform ordinary protons to dark protons. The energy could come from solar radiation or from the formation of molecules, whose binding energy would be used to increase h<sub>eff</sub> (see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/hem.pdf">this</A>). This process could lead to the formation of molecules observed also in the jets from HH211. Of course, also the gravitational binding energy liberated as the matter condenses around the seed liberates and could be used to generate dark nuclei. This would also raise the temperature helping to initiate dark fusion. The presence of the dark fusion and the generation of heavy elements already at this stage distinguishes between this view and the standard picture.
</p><p>
The flux tube needed in the process would correspond to a long thickened monopole flux tube parallel to the rotation axis of the emerging star. Stars would be connected to networks by these flux tubes forming quantum coherent structures (see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/gravhum.pdf">this</A>). This would explain the correlations between very distant stars difficult to understand in the standard astrophysics. The jets of the Herbig Haro object parallel to the rotation axis would reveal the presence of these flux tubes. The translational motion of matter along a helical flux tube would generate angular momentum. They would make possible the transfer of the surplus angular momentum, which would otherwise make the protostar unstable. By angular momentum conservation, the gain of the angular momentum by the protostar could involve generation of opposite angular momentum assignable to the dark monopole flux tubes.
</OL>
See the article <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/3pieces.pdf">About the recent TGD based view concerning cosmology and astrophysics</A> or the <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/3pieces.pdf">chapter </A> with the same title.
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-49199958260308249582024-03-11T22:48:00.000-07:002024-03-11T22:48:18.794-07:00Blackhole-like object as a gravitational harmonic oscillator?
As described, in the TGD Universe blackhole-like objects are monopole flux tube spaghettis and differ from the ordinary stars only in that for blackholes the entire volume is filled by monopole flux tubes with h<sub>eff</sub>=h for which the thickness is minimal and corresponds to a nucleon Compton length. For h<sub>eff</sub>>h also the flux tubes could fill the entire volume of the star core.
</p><p>
Just for fun, one can ask what the model of a gravitational harmonic oscillator gives in the case of Schwarzschild blackholes. The formula, r<sub>n</sub>= n<sup>1/2</sup>r<sub>1</sub>, r<sub>1</sub>/R= [r<sub>s</sub>/2β<sub>0</sub><sup>1/2</sup>]×(r<sub>s</sub>/R)<sup>1/4</sup>, gives for R= r<sub>s</sub>
the condition r<sub>1</sub>/r<sub>s</sub>= 1/(2β<sub>0</sub>)<sup>1/2</sup>. β<sub>0</sub>≤ 1/2 gives r<sub>1</sub>/r<sub>s</sub>≥ 1 so that there would be no other states than the possible S-wave state (n=0). β<sub>0</sub>=1/2 gives r<sub>1</sub>=r<sub>s</sub> and one would have just mass at n=0 S-wave state and n=1 orbital. For β<sub>0</sub>=1 (the minimal value), one has r<sub>1</sub>/r<sub>s</sub>= (1/2)<sup>1/2</sup> and r<sub>2</sub>=r<sub>s</sub> would correspond to the horizon. There would be an interior orbit with n=1 and the S-wave state could correspond to n=0.
</p><p>
The model can be criticized for the fact that the harmonic oscillator property follows from the assumption of a constant mass density. This criticism applies also in the model for stars. The constant density assumption could be true in the sense that the mass difference M(n+1)-M(n) at orbitals r<sub>n+1</sub> and r<sub>n</sub> for n≥ 1 is proportional to the volume difference V<sub>n+1</sub>-V<sub>n</sub> proportional to r<sub>n+1</sub><sup>3</sup>-r<sub>n</sub><sup>3</sup>= (n+1)<sup>3</sup>-n<sup>3</sup>= 3n<sup>2</sup>+3n+1. This would give M= m<sub>0</sub>+m(n<sub>max</sub>+1)<sup>3</sup> leaving only the ratio of the parameters m<sub>0</sub> and m free. This could be fixed by assigning to the S-wave state a radius and constant density. This condition would give an estimate for the number of particles, say neutrons, associated with the oscillator Bohr orbits. If a more realistic description in terms of wave functions, this condition would fix the total amount of matter at various orbitals associated with a given value of n.
</p><p>
See the article <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/3pieces.pdf">About the recent TGD based view concerning cosmology and astrophysics</A> or the <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/3pieces.pdf">chapter </A> with the same title.
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-5476726655966806832024-03-11T04:19:00.000-07:002024-03-11T04:19:10.641-07:00Are blackholes really what we believe them to be?
James Webb produces surprises at a steady rate and at the same time is challenging
the standard view of cosmology and astrophysics. Just when I had written an article about the most recent findings, which challenged the basic assumption of these fields including those of general relativity and thought that I could rest for a few days, I learned from a new finding in FB. The title of the popular Youtube video (see <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7HaapYymKo">this</A>) was "James Webb Telescope Just Captured FIRST, Ever REAL Image Of Inside A Black Hole!"
</p><p>
Gravitational lensing is the method used to gain information about these objects and it is good to start with a brief summary of what is involved. One can distinguish between different kinds of lensings: strong lensing, weak lensing, and microlensing.
</p><p>
<OL>
<LI> In the strong lensing (see <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_gravitational_lensing">this</A>), the lense is between the observer and the source of light so that the effect is maximized. For high enough mass of the lense, lensing causes multiple images, arcs or Einstein rings. The lensing object can be a galaxy, a galaxy cluster or a supermassive blackhole. Point-like objects one can have multiple images and for extended emissions rings and arcs are possible.
</p><p>
The galactic blackhole, SgrA<sup>*</sup>, at the center of the Milky Way at distance of 27,000 light-years was imaged in 2022 by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration (see <A HREF="https://eventhorizontelescope.org/blog/astronomers-reveal-first-image-black-hole-heart-our-galaxy">this</A>) using strong gravitational lensing and radio telescope network in a planetary scale. The blackhole was seen as a dark region at the center of the image. The same collaboration observed the blackhole in the M87 galaxy at a distance of 54 million light years already in 2019.
<LI> In the weak lensing (see <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_gravitational_lensing">this</A>), the lense is not between the observer and the source so that the effect is not maximized. Statistical methods can be however used to deduce information about the source of radiation or to deduce the existence of a lensing object. The lensing effect magnifies the image of (convergence effect) and streches the image of the object (shear effect). For instance, weak lensing led quite recently to a detection of linear objects, which in the TGD framework could correspond to cosmic strings (see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/3pieces.pdf">this</A>)">inflatgd2024</A> which are the basic objects in TGD based cosmology and model for galaxies, stars and planets.
<LI> In microlensing (see <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_micro_lensing">this</A>) the gravitational lense is small such as planets moving between the observer and star serving as the light source. In this case the situation is dynamic. The lensing can create two images for point-like objects but these need not be distinguishable so that the lense serves as a magnifying glass. The effect also allows the detection of lense-like objects even if they consist of dark matter.
</OL>
The recent results of JWT the findings of JWT are about a supermassive blackhole located 800 million light years away.
Consider first the GRT based interpretation of the findings.
<OL>
<LI> What was observed by the strong lensing effect was interpreted as follows. The matter falling into the blackhole was heated and generated an X-ray corona. This X-ray radiation was reflected back from a region surrounding the blackhole. The reflection could be based on the same effect as the long wavelength electromagnetic radiation from the ionoshere acting as a conductor. This requires that the surface of the object is electrically charged, and TGD indeed predicts this for all massive objects and this electric charge implies quantum coherence in astrophysical scales at the electric flux tubes (see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/hem.pdf">this</A>), which would be essential for the evolution of life at Earth.
<LI> After this the radiation, which was reflected behind the blackhole should have ended up in the blackhole and stayed there but it did not! Somehow it got through the blackhole and was detected. It would seem that the blackhole was not completely black. This is not all the behavior of a civilized blackhole respecting the laws of physics as we understand them. Even well-behaving stars and planets would not allow the radiation to propagate through them. How did the reflected X ray radiation manage to get through the blackhole? Or is the GRT picture somehow wrong?
</OL>
Consider first the GRT inspired interpretation. Could the TGD view of blackhole-like objects come to rescue?
<OL>
<LI> In TGD, monopole flux tube tangles generated by the thickening of cosmic strings (4-D string-like objects in H=M<sup>4</sup>× CP<sub>2</sub>) and producing ordinary matter as the dark energy of the cosmic strings is liberated (see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/inflatgd2024.pdf">this</A>) are the building bricks of astrophysical objects including galaxies, stars and planets. I have called these objects flux tube spaghettis.
</p><p>
Einsteinian blackholes, identified as singularities with a huge mass located at a single point, are in the TGD framework replaced with topologically extremely complex but mathematically and physically non-singular flux tube spaghettis, which are maximally dense in the sense that the flux tube spaghetti fills the entire volume (see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/glaxystars.pdf">this</A>). The closed flux tubes would have thickness given by the proton Compton length. From the perspective of the classical gravitation, these blackholes-like objects behave locally like Einsteinian blackholes outside the horizon but in the interior they differ from the ordinary stars only in that the flux tube spaghetti is maximally dense.
<LI> The assumption, which is natural also in the TGD based view of primordial cosmology replacing the inflation theory, is that there is quantum coherence in the length scale of the flux tubes, which behave like elementary particles even when the value of h<sub>eff</sub> is h<sub>eff</sub>=nh<sub>0</sub>=h or even smaller. What does this say is that the size of the space-time surface quite generally defines the quantum coherence length. The TGD inspired model for blackhole-like objects suggests h<sub>eff</sub>=h inside the ordinary blackholes. The flux tubes would contain sequences of nucleons (neutrons) and would have a thickness of proton Compton length. For larger values of h<sub>eff</sub>, the thickness would increase with h<sub>eff</sub> and the proposal is that also stellar cores are volume filling black-hole like objects (see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/galaxystars.pdf">this</A>)</sub>.
</p><p>
Besides this, the protons at the flux tubes can behave like dark matter (not the galactic dark matter, which in the TGD framework would be dark energy associated with the cosmic strings) in the sense that they can have very large value of effective Planck constant h<sub>eff</sub>=nh<sub>0</sub>, where h<sub>0</sub> is the minimal value of h<sub>eff</sub> (see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/inflatgd2024.pdf">this</A>). This phase would solve the missing baryon problem and play a crucial role in quantum biology. In the macroscopic quantum phase photons could be dark and propagate without dissipation and part of them could get through the blackhole-like object.
<LI> How could the X-rays manage to get through the supermassive black hole? The simplest option is that the quantum coherence in the length scale of the flux tube containing only neutrons allows photons to propagate along it even when one has h<sub>eff</sub>=h. The photons that get stuck to the flux tube loops would propagate several times around the flux tube loop before getting out from the blackhole in the direction of the observer. In this way, an incoming radiation pulse would give rise to a sequence of pulses.
</OL>
I have considered several applications of this mechanism.
<OL>
<LI> I have proposed that the gravitational echoes detected in the formation of blackholes via the fusion of two blackholes could be due this kind of stickins inside a loop (see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/ligotgd.pdf">this</A>). This would generate a sequence of echoes of the primary radiation burst.
<LI> The Sun has been found to generate gamma rays in an energy range in which this should not be possible in standard physics (see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/solarcycle.pdf">this</A>). The explanation could be that cosmic gamma rays with a very high energy get temporarily stuck at the monopole flux tubes of the Sun so that Sun would not be the primary source of the high energy gamma radiation.
<LI> The propagation of photons could be possible also inside the Earth along, possibly dark, monopole flux tubes, at which the dissipation is small. The TGD based model for Cambrian explosion (see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/expearth.pdf">this</A>, <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/expearth2021.pdf">this</A> and <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/preCE.pdf">this</A>) proposes that photosynthesizing life evolved in the interior of Earth and bursted to the surface of Earth in the Cambrian explosion about 450 million years ago. The basic objection is that photosynthesis is not possible in the underground oceans: solar photons cannot find their way to these regions. The photons could however propagate as dark photons along the flux tubes. The second option is that the Earth's core (see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/mantleocean.pdf">this</A>) and <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/preCEagain.pdf">this</A>) provides the dark photons, which would be in the same energy range as solar photons. The mechanism of propagation would be the same for both options.
</OL>
In the TGD framework, one must of course take the interpretation of the findings inspired by general relativity with a grain of salt. The object called supermassive blackhole-like could be something very different from a standard blackhole. If it is a thickened portion of a cosmic string, it emit particles instead of absorbing them in an explosion-like thickening of cosmic string transforming dark energy to matter and radiation (this would be TGD counterpart for the decay of inflation fields to matter (see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/magnbubble1.pdf">this</A>, <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/magnbubble2.pdf">this</A> and <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/inflatgd2024.pdf">this</A>). Of course, the matter bursting into the environment from a BH-like object would tend to fall back and could cause the observed phenomena in a way discussed above. The X-rays identified as the reflected X-rays could correspond to this kind of X-rays reflected back from the blackhole-like object. I am not a specialist enough to immediately choose between these two options.
</p><p>
See the article <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/3pieces.pdf">About the recent TGD based view concerning cosmology and astrophysics</A> or the <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/3pieces.pdf">chapter </A> with the same title.
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-11889587867461011702024-03-07T20:11:00.000-08:002024-03-07T23:00:58.025-08:00Counter teleportation and TGDTuomas Sorakivi sent links to interesting articles related to the work of Fatim Salih (see <A HREF="https://phys.org/news/2023-03-counterportation-quantum-breakthrough-paves-world-first.html">this</A> and <A HREF="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2058-9565/ac8ecd">this</A>). Salih is a serious theorist and the recent scandalous wormhole simulation using quantum computer (Sycamore) is not related to him.
</p><p>
Salih introduces the concept of counter teleportation. It is communication that does not involve classical or quantum signals (photons). Counterfactuality is a basic concept: the first web source that one finds tells "Counterfactuals are things that might have happened, although they did not in fact happen. In interaction-free measurements, an object is found because it might have absorbed a photon, although actually it did not."
</p><p>
The example considered by Salih is as follows.
<OL>
<LI> Consider a mirror system consisting of a) fully reflective mirrors and b) mirrors that let through the horizontal polarization H and reflect the vertical polarization V. The system consists of two paths: A and B. In the first mirror, which is type b) mirror, the signal splits into two parts, H and V and which propagate along A and B. At the end the signals meet in a type b) mirror and H goes through to detector D1 and V is reflected and ends up to detector D2.
<LI> The polarization H going through b) mirro at the first step travels along the path A. It contains only one fully reflective mirror and the beam reflected from it ends up in the downstream mirror of type b) as H type polarization and goes to the detector D1.
<LI> In the first step, the reflected V travels along the path B. The path B contains many steps and with each step the polarization is slightly rotated so that the incoming polarization V transforms into H at the end but with a phase opposite to that of H coming along A. It interferes to zero from A with the future contribution and detector D2, which registers V and clicks.
</p><p>
I'm not sure, but I think that in the B-path mirrors, the polarization directions H and V are chosen so that nothing gets through. Hence "counterfactuality". There is no interaction with photons: only the possibility of it and this is enough.
<LI> Bob can control path B and can block it so that nothing can get through. The result is that only the signal coming from path A gets through and travels to detector D1. Bob can therefore communicate information to Alice. For instance, at moments of time t_n=nt_0 he can block or open path B. The result is a string of bits that Alice observes. This is communication without photons or classical signals.
</OL>
The basic question is what does the blocking of channel B mean in the language of theoretical physics. It is a mesoscopic or even macroscopic operation. That's where Bob comes in as a conscious, intentional entity. Here recent theoretical physics cannot help.
</p><p>
Salih realizes that this is something new that standard quantum physics cannot describe. Such a situation leads to a paradox. Salih considers many options, starting from different interpretations of quantum measurement theory.
<OL>
<LI> "Weak measurement", as introduced by Aharonov and his colleagues, is one option presented. In the name of honesty, it is necessary to be politically incorrect and say that this model is already mathematically inconsistent.
<LI> "Consistent history approach" is another option that was hoped to solve the measurement problem of quantum mechanics. It gives up the concept of unitary time evolution. Also this model is mathematically and conceptually hopelessly ugly. A mathematician could never consider such an option, but emergency does not read the law.
<LI> Wormholes as a cause or correlate of quantum entanglement is the third attempt to describe the situation. The problem is that they are unstable and the ER-EPR correspondence has not led to anything concrete even though there are scary big names behind it. Salih also suggests a connection with quantum computation but this connection is extremely obscure and requires something like AdS/CFT.
</p><p>
Here, however, I think Salih is on the right track: it has been realized that the solution to the problem is at the space-time level. The ordinary trivial topology of Minkowski space is not enough. The question is how to describe geometric objects like this experimental setup on a fundamental level. In the standard model, they are described phenomenologically by means of matter densities, and this is of course not enough at the quantum level.
</OL>
What does TGD say? TGD brings a new ontology both at the space-time level and in quantum measurement theory.
<OL>
<LI> In addition to elementary particles, TGD brings to quantum physics the geometric and topological degrees of freedom related to the space-time surfaces. A description of the observed physical objects of different scales is obtained: typically they correspond to a non-trivial space-time topology. Spacetime is not a flat M^4, not even its slightly curved GRt variant, but a topologically extremely complex 4-surface with a fractal structure: space-time sheets glued to larger space-time sheets by wormhole contacts, monopole flux tubes, etc...
<OL>
<LI> The system just considered corresponds to two different space-time topologies. Photons can travel a) along path A (blocking) or b) along both paths A and B simultaneously (no blocking).
<LI> Bob has a spacetime the competence of a topology engineer and can decide which option is realized by blocking or opening channel B by changing the spacetime topology.
<LI> Describing this operation as a quantum jump means that Bob is quantum-entangled with the geometric and topological degrees of freedom of channel B. The initial state is a superposition of open B and closed B. Bob measures whether the channel is open or closed and gets the result "open" or "closed". The outcome determines what Alice observes. Monopole flux tubes replacing wormholes of GRT serve as correlates and prerequisites for this entanglement.
</OL>
The controlled qubit (channel B open or closed) is macro- or at least nanoscopic and cannot be represented by the spin states of an elementary particle.
</p><p>
Note that the experimental arrangement under consideration corresponds logically to cnot operation. If channel B is closed, nothing happens to the incoming signal and it ends up in D1. If B is open, then the signal ends up at detector D2. cnot would be realized by bringing in Bob as the controller that affects the space-time topology. This kind of control could make possible human-quantum computer interaction and if ordinary computers can have quantum coherence in time scales longer than clock period (in principle possible in the TGD Universe!), also human-computer interaction. As a matter of fact, there is evidence for this kind of interaction: a chicken gets marked to a robot and the behavior of the robot begins to correlate with that of the chicken! Maybe cnot coupling with the random number generator of the robot is involved!
<LI> The second requirement is quantum coherence in meso- or even macroscopic scales. Number-theoretic TGD predicts a hierarchy of effective Planck's constants h_{eff}, which label to the phases of ordinary matter, which can be quantum-coherent on an arbitrarily long length and time scales. These phases behave like dark matter and explain the missing baryonic matter whereas dark energy in the TGD sense explains galactic dark matter. They enable quantum coherence at the nano- and macro levels.
<OL>
<LI> This makes possible the mesoscopic quantum entanglement and brings to quantum computation the hierarchy of Planck constants which has dramatic implications: consider only the stability of the qubits against thermal perturbations. Braided monopole flux tubes making possible topological quantum computation in turn stabilize the computations at the space-time level.
<LI> There are also deep implications for the classical computation (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/GPT.pdf">this</A>, <A HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TGDdeeplearn.pdf">this</A>, and also <A HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/hem.pdf">this</A>). Classical computers could become conscious, intelligent entities in the TGD Universe if a quantum coherence time assignable to the computer exceeds the clock period. Also the entanglement of a living entity with a computer could make it a part of the living entity. Control of computers by living entities using a cnot- coupling, which makes possible counter teleportation, could make possible human-quantum computer interaction if ordinary computers can have quantum coherence in time scales longer than clock period (in principle possible in the TGD Universe!).
</OL>
</p><p>
As a matter of fact, there is evidence for the interaction between computers and living matter. A chicken gets marked to a robot and the behavior of the robot begins to correlate with that of the chicken! Maybe a cnot-coupling with the random number generator of the robot is involved! Here the TGD view of classical fields and long length scale quantum coherence associated with the classical electric and magnetic fields and gravitational fields might allow to understand what is involved (see <A HREF ="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/precns.pdf">this</A> and <A HREF ="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/penrose.pdf">this</A>).
<OL>
<LI> The gravitational field of the Sun corresponds to gravitational Compton time of 50 Hz, average EEG frequency? Does this mean that we have already become entangled with our computers without realizing what has happened: who uses whom? The Earth's gravitational field corresponds to Compton frequency 67 GHz, a typical frequency for biomolecules. D The clock frequencies for the computers are approaching this limit.
<LI> The analogous Compton frequencies for the electric fields of Sun and Earth (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/hem.pdf">this</A>) are also highly interesting besides the cyclotron frequencies for monopole flux tubes, in particular for those carrying "endogenous" magnetic field of 2/5 B<sub>E</sub>= .2 Gauss postulated by Blackmann to explain his strange findings about the strange effects of ELF radiation at EEG frequencies on the vertebrate brain.
</OL>
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-15914300074089980472024-03-04T23:34:00.000-08:002024-03-07T02:50:24.562-08:00About the TGD counterpart of the inflationary cosmologyThe question of Marko Manninen related to the inflation theory (see <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)">this</A>) inspired the following considerations related to the TGD counterpart of the inflationary period assumed to precede the radiation dominated phase and to produce ordinary matter in the decay of inflaton fields.
</p><p>
Recall that inflation theory was motivated by several problems of the standard model of cosmology: the almost constancy of the temperature of the cosmic microwave background; the nearly flatness of 3-space implying in standard cosmology that the mass density is very nearly critical; and the empirical absence of magnetic monopoles predicted by GUTs. The proposal solving these problems was that the universe had critical mass density before the radiation dominated cosmology, which forced exponential expansion and that our observable Universe defined by the horizon radius corresponds to a single coherent region of 3-space.
</p><p>
The critical mass density was required by the model and exponential expansion implying approximate flatness. The almost constant microwave temperature would be due to the exponential decay of temperature gradients and diluted monopole density. The model also explained the temperature fluctuations as Gaussian fluctuations caused by the fluctuations of the mass density. The generation of matter from the decay of the energy density of vacuum assigned with the vacuum expectation values of inflaton fields was predicted to produce the ordinary matter. There was however also a very severe problem: the prediction of a multiverse: there would be an endless number of similar expanded coherence regions with different laws of physics.
</p><p>
A very brief summary of the TGD variant of this theory is in order before going into the details.
<OL>
<LI> The TGD view is based on a new space-time concept: space-time surfaces are at the fundamental level identified as 4-D surfaces in H=M<sup>4</sup>× CP<sub>2</sub>. They have rich topologies and they are of finite size. The Eisteinian space-time of general relativity as a small metric deformation of empty Minkowski space M<sup>4</sup> is predicted at the long length scale limit as an effective description. TGD however predicts a rich spectrum of space-time topologies which mean deviation from the standard model in short scales and these have turned out to be essential not only for the understanding of primordial cosmology but also the formation of galaxies, stars and planets.
<LI> In TGD, the role of inflaton fields decaying to ordinary matter is taken by what I call cosmic strings, which are 3-D extremely thin string-like objects of form X<sup>2</sup>× Y<sup>2</sup>⊂ M<sup>4</sup>× CP<sub>2</sub>, have a huge energy density (string tension) and decay to monopole flux tubes and liberate ordinary matter and dark matter in the process. That cosmic strings and monopole flux tubes form a "gas" in M<sup>4</sup>× CP<sub>2</sub> solves the flatness problem: M<sup>4</sup> is indeed flat!
</p><p>
TGD also involves the number theoretic vision besides geometric vision: these visions are related by what I call M<sup>8</sup>-H duality, see for instance <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/M8H1.pdf">this</A>, <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/M8H2.pdf">this</A> and <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/M8Hagain.pdf">this</A> for the odyssey leading to its recent dramatically simplified form <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TGDcritics.pdf">this</A>. The basic prediction is a hierarchy of Planck constants h<sub>eff</sub>=nh<sub>0</sub> labelling phases of ordinary matter behaving like dark matter: these phases explain missing baryonic matter whereas galactic dark matter corresponds to dark energy as the energy of monopole flux tubes.
</p><p>
Quantum coherence becomes possible in arbitrarily long scales and in cosmic scales gravitational quantum coherence replaces the assumption that the observed universe corresponds to an exponentially expanding coherence region and saves it from the multiverse. This solves the problem due to the constancy of the CMB background temperature.
<LI> In the TGD framework, cosmic strings thickened to monopole flux tubes are present in the later cosmology and would define the TGD counterpart of critical mass density in the inflationary cosmology but not at the level of space-time but in M<sup>4</sup>⊂ M<sup>4</sup>× CP<sub>2</sub>. The monopole flux tubes are always closed: this solves the problem posed by the magnetic monopoles in GUTs. Monopole flux tubes also explain the stability of long range magnetic fields, which are a mystery in standard cosmology even at the level of planets such as Earth.
<LI> The fluctuations of CMB temperature would be due to the density fluctuations. In inflation theory they would correspond to the fluctuations of the inflaton field vacuum expectation values. In TGD, the density fluctuations would be associated with quantum criticality explaining the critical mass density ρ<sub>cr</sub>. The fluctuations δ ρ<sub>cr</sub> of the critical mass density for the monopole flux tubes would be due to the spectrum for the values of effective Planck constant h<sub>eff</sub>: one would have δ T/T ∝ δ h<sub>eff</sub>/h<sub>eff</sub>. This would give a direct connection between cosmology and quantum biology where the phases with large h<sub>eff</sub> are in a fundamental role.
</OL>
See the article <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/inflatgd2024.pdf">About the TGD counterpart of the inflationary cosmology</A> or the chapter <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/cosmo.pdf">TGD and Cosmology</A>.
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-42581621666177983892024-03-03T01:12:00.000-08:002024-03-03T01:12:58.571-08:00The planet that should not exist
The popular article in Futurism (see <A HREF="https://futurism.com/the-byte/massive-planet-too-big?">this</A>) tells about a strange finding challenging the beliefs of the formation mechanism of planets. In the study published in Science, researchers out of Pennsylvania State described a surprising discovery: a Neptune-sized planet that's 13 times the mass of Earth, which is orbiting a tiny ultracool star that's with mass by a factor 1/9 smaller than the mass of the Sun.
</p><p>
According to the abstract of the article (see <A HREF="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo0233">this</A>)
planets form in protoplanetary disks of gas and dust around young stars that are undergoing their own formation process. The amount of material in the disk determines how big the planets can grow. Stefansson et al. observed a nearby low-mass star using near-infrared spectroscopy. They detected Doppler shifts due to an orbiting exoplanet of at least 13 Earth masses, which is almost the mass of Neptune. Theoretical models do not predict the formation of such a massive planet around a low-mass star (see the Perspective by Masset). The authors used simulations to show that its presence could be explained if the protoplanetary disk were 10 times more massive than expected for the host star. To sum up, Neptune sized planets (mass is 17.1M<sub>E</sub> and radius 3.88R<sub>E</sub>) should not exist around stars with mass M<sub>E</sub>/9.
</p><p>
The analysis of these findings led to a considerably more detailed view of the formation of planets and also formation of stars.
</p><p>
<B>TGD view of formation of planets</B>
</p><p>
The TDG based proposal for the formation of planets assumes that planets have condensed from spherical shells of dark matter produced by "mini big bangs" as explosions of the star (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/magnbubble1.pdf">this</A> and (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/magnbubble2.pdf">this</A>)</sub>). These dark mass shells with a large value of h<sub>eff</sub> would transform to ordinary matter around a seed giving rise to the core of the planet and the dark matter from the spherical shell would transform to ordinary matter and condense around this core. The seed region need not contribute much to the mass of the planet.
<OL>
<LI> The basic difference with respect to the standard model would be that the disk is replaced with a spherical shell of dark matter. The open question is whether the mass of the shell condensing to form the planet can have a mass ≥ 13M<sub>E</sub> for a star with mass as small as M<sub>Sun</sub>/9 . The mass mass Δ M of the mass shell should have been of the order 10<sup>-4</sub>M<sub>star</sub> and gives Δ R/R≈ 10<sup>-4</sub>/3. Since M<sub>star</sub>∝ R<sup>3</sup> is very sensitive to the value of R. Assuming R<sub>star</sub>≈ R<sub>Sun</sub>, Δ R should be about 64 km. Δ R ≈ 1.22 R<sub>E</sub> is not far from the Earth radius Δ R ≈ 1.22 R<sub>E</sub>.
<LI> Note that for the Earth-Sun system the thickness of the layer would satisfy Δ R/R<sub>Sun</sub>≈ 1.1× 10<sup>-4</sup> and give Δ R≈ 64 km, which happens to be the same value as for the Sun-Earth system suggesting that the thickness of the layer determines the order of magnitude for the mass of the planet. This inspires the question whether the outer giant planets are formed around cores with masses not from those of Mars, Earth and Venus. For Jupiter with mass M<sub>J</sub>= 318.8M<sub>E</sub> one would obtain Δ R≈ 20,371 km.
</OL>
</p><p>
<B>How could stars form in the TGD Universe?</B>
</p><p>
Also the mechanism for the formation of stars would be different in the TGD framework and is inspired by the predicted quantum coherence in astrophysical scales and the general view of TGD inspired view of what happens in state function reductions, which also leads to a theory of consciousness and life as universal phenomena present in all scales, even astrophysical.
<OL>
<LI> According to the standard model, stars condense from the interstellar gas, possibly from a material of a spherical or a disk-like structure. In the TGD framework this cannot apply to the first generation stars. Rather, the mass of the first stars could have come from the transformation of the analog of dark energy to ordinary matter as the energy of a cosmic string transforms to matter in a process analogous to the decay of the inflaton field. The string tension of the resulting monopole flux tube is much smaller and the process can repeat itself. This mechanism could play some roles later.
<LI> The emerging matter could be mostly ordinary matter but can transform to a phase, which has a large effective Planck constant h<sub>eff</sub>>h. These phases of ordinary matter would explain the missing baryonic mass (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/krivit.pdf">this</A>) and would have a key role in biology. Evolution as a gradual increase of h<sub>eff</sub> serving as a measure of algebraic complexity conforms with this view.
</p><p>
The galactic dark matter in turn would correspond to the dark energy assignable to the string tension of very long cosmic strings orthogonal to the galactic plane and creating a transversal 1/ρ gravitational field explaining the flat velocity spectrum of distant stars.
<LI> This model for the generation of stars should explain the fact that there are star generations: stars die as supernovae and are regenerated later. Zero energy ontology (ZEO) (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/ZEOquestions.pdf">this</A>) provides a possible solution to the problem. The end of the life of the star as supernova could correspond to "big" state function reduction (BSFR) (the TGD counterpart of the ordinary state function reduction) in astrophysical scale changing the arrow of time. This process would be highly analogous to a biological death involving a decay process identifiable as supernova explosion.
</p><p>
After a supernova explosion the star would live a life with an opposite arrow of geometric time and reincarnate in the original time direction as a star which would partially consist of the decay products of the earlier star(s). The evolutionary age of the star increases steadily in this sequence of lives forth and back in geometric time although the cosmological age increases much slower. JWST has indeed discovered stars and galaxies older than the universe (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/JWagain.pdf">this</A>).
</OL>
The model should also explain how the core of the daughter star is generated.
<OL>
<LI> The TGD based model is motivated by the problem caused by the fact that stellar fusion cannot produce elements heavier than iron plus the fact that the model for their production in supernova explosions has problems. Also the observed abundances of lighter elements are problematic. "Cold fusion", which is usually admitted as a real phenomenon, is the third problem (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/cfagain.pdf">this</A>, <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/krivit.pdf">this</A>, and <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/proposal.pdf">this</A>).
<LI> The TGD based model assumes that the dark "cold fusion" of dark nucleons produces nuclei with much smaller binding energy than that of normal nuclei and can occur at low temperatures. The potential energy wall preventing the occurrence of fusion is much lower if it scales as the inverse size scale of the dark nuclei. This predicts the formation of dark nucleon sequences which can transform to ordinary nuclei by the reduction of the value of h<sub>eff</sub> and liberate in this process almost all ordinary nuclear binding energy. This process would lead to the generation of the core of the protostar and when the temperature is high enough, ordinary nuclear fusion reactions begin.
<LI> In this framework elements heavier than Fe would be formed outside stellar interiors during the period leading to the formation of the protostar. Also the formation of the cores of planets could involve this process but would not lead to the ignition temperature at which ordinary nuclear fusion begins. The seeds for the formation of stars could correspond to tangles of thickening cosmic strings producing ordinary matter as the energy of the string is liberated.
</OL>
</p><p>
<B>Are the abundances of elements independent of cosmic time?</B>
</p><p>
The model predicts that effects of reprocessing, which are central in the standard model, would be weak and the abundances produced by the nuclear fusion itself inside the star should depend only weakly on cosmic time! The TGD Universe would be an expanding steady state Universe!
</p><p>
ZEO strengthens this prediction. The sequence of reincarnations leads to an asymptotic state: the abundances of the nuclei in the interstellar space should not depend on time: this was actually one of the first "almost-predictions" of the TGD inspired model of nuclei as string-like entities (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/nuclstring.pdf">this</A>). Standard model makes different prediction: the abundances of the heavier nuclei should gradually increase as the nuclei are repeatedly re-processed in stars and blown out to interstellar space in a supernova explosion. What is the situation in real life?
</p><p>
Amazingly, there is empirical support for this highly non-trivial
prediction of TGD (see <A HREF="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0305004">this</A>). The 25
measured elemental abundances (elements up to Sn(50, 70) (tin) and
Pb(82, 124) (lead)) of a 12 billion years old galaxy turned out to be
very nearly the same as those for the Sun. For instance, oxygen abundance
was 1/3 of that from that estimated for the Sun. Standard model would
predict that the abundances should be .01-.1 from that for the Sun as
measured for stars in our galaxy. The conjecture was that there must be
some unknown law guaranteeing that the distribution of stars of various
masses is time independent. The alternative conclusion would be that
heavier elements are created mostly in the interstellar gas and dust.
</p><p>
The findings of JWST, in particular the discovery of stars and galaxies which seem to be older than the Universe, conforms with this picture.
</p><p>
See the article <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/planetmodel.pdf">A model for planets</A> or the <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/planetmodel.pdf">chapter </A> with the same title.
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-30217986595190937472024-03-01T03:12:00.000-08:002024-03-01T21:13:09.165-08:00JWST is revolutionizing also astrobiologyJWST continues to make discoveries revolutionizing not only the cosmology and astrophysics, but also the views about the evolution of life. The talk "Nobody Expected JWST To Find Signs of Oceans on Makemake and Eris + More From Kuiper Belt" of Anton Petrov (see <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5JeMlIJ2h8">this</A>) told about the newest findings related to the Kuiper belt and about surprising findings related to the dwarf planets Eris and Makemake.
</p><p>
<B> Second Kuiper belt?</B>
</p><p>
Consider first the discoveries related to the Kuiper belt made by satellite New Horizons. The Kuiper belt seems to be either much thicker than thought or that there are actually two of them. According to the findings of New Horizons satellite, the latter option looks more plausible. The candidate for a new Kuiper belt consists of a very dense dust. Solar wind could have blown the dust from the inner Kuiper belt to this region but this explanation is not very plausible.
</p><p>
TGD view of the formation of astrophysical objects
(see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/magnbubble1.pdf">this</A> and <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/magnbubble2.pdf">this</A>)
suggests the possibility of belt like structures and even spherical layers. The empirical findings suggesting that ionosphere involves plasmoids as primitive non-biological life forms suggests the symbiosis of biomolecules associated with the dust particles with plasmoids led to the development of primordial life forms (see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/hem.pdf">this</A>).
</p><p>
What came as a surprise to me was that the Kuiper belt is the most colored object in the solar system. The explanation would be the presence of organic molecules emitting light at visible frequencies. This also explains the reddish color of the belt. Also Pluto and many dwarf planets have turned out to have relatively young surface layers with an organic chemistry involving highly complex organic molecules, in particular molecules with ring structures. This suggests that the chemical life developed at the outskirts of the solar system and then moved inwards.
</p><p>
<B> Dwarf planets are not we expected them to be</B>
</p><p>
JWST provided information suggesting that Eris and Makemake have oceans and complex surface chemistry. This makes them candidates for the seats of primordial chemical life. Orcus, Pluto, Haumea, Quaoar, and Makemake are dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt extending from the distance 30 AU of Neptune to the distance of 50 AU. Also some solar system's moons such as Neptune's Triton and Saturn's Phoebe might have originated in the Kuiper belt. Even the Moon could have emerged by a collision of an object possibly coming from Kuiper belts with Earth. Eris, at a distance of 68 AU and Makemake at a distance of 46 AU are examples of dwarf planets located outside the Kuiper belts.
</p><p>
In a sharp conflict with expectations, Pluto, dwarf planets and many moons are very active and involve a complex organic chemistry giving them their reddish colors. For instance, Pluto is very active. It possesses a thin exosphere and 5 moons creating tidal effects, which also can provide metabolic energy. JWT has now managed to provide information of elements present at the surface of Eris and Makemake and even isotope ratios D/H and C13/C12 at the surface of Eris and Makemake. This allows us to conclude that the surface is very young. An interesting question is how the active surface structure has emerged. Also evidence for geochemical processes, solid state convection, and subsurface oceans have been found. These oceans seem to resemble Enceladus, which is a moon of Saturn regarded as a strong candidate for simple exterrestrial life. All that is needed by life on the Earth, including oceans, seems to be present.
</p><p>
<B> The TGD view of the findings</B>
</p><p>
In the TGD view of life, the TGD counterparts of both gravitational and electromagnetic fields have a fundamental role, in particular the long range electric and magnetic fields of both Sun, Earth, and other planets would are important (see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/hem.pdf">this</A>). The electric body of Earth provides electric fields in the ionosphere, which is in many respects analogous to cell membrane. Earth resides at the outskirts of the electric body of the Sun.
</p><p>
One of the very first predictions of TGD was that any body with gravitational mass must have electric charge although it can be arbitrarily weak. The negative electric charge generating electric fields can be generated by the Pollack effect transforming protons of ordinary matter to dark protons at the magnetic bodies of various objects. Dark particles have an effective Planck constant which can be much larger than ordinary Planck constant. Darkness in this sense explains the missing baryonic matter and plays a key role in TGD based biology. Galactic dark matter in turn can correspond to what colleagues call dark energy and would be associated with long cosmic strings, whose thickening to monopole flux tubes is the TGD counterpart for the decay of the inflaton field generating ordinary matter.
</p><p>
Negative charges are a basic aspect of living systems: DNA, cell, and Earth itself are basic examples. The delicacy is that the charge separation generated in this way is between the biological body and magnetic body rather than the system and its environment in the ordinary sense. Charge separation is like loading of a battery and requires energy. The formation of biomolecules as bound states of simpler constituents could provide the energy needed by this process. Water and the formation of silicates would be essential ingredients. Also galactic cosmic rays could have served as a source of this energy in Kuiper belts.
</p><p>
In the TGD based model for the terrestrial life the role of quantum is central. The gravitational
Planck constant ℏ<sub>gr</sub>= GMmβ<sub>0</sub> introduced by Nottale defines gravitational Compton length Λ<sub>gr</sub>= ℏ<sub>gr</sub>/m= r<sub>s</sub>/2β<sub>0</sub>, r<sub>s</sub>= 2GM as a fundamental scale to which one can assign gravitational Compton frequency f<sub>gr</sub>=1/Λ<sub>gr</sub> and gravitational Compton energy e<sub>gr</sub>= h/f<sub>gr</sub> as biologically interesting parameters. The following table gives these parameter for β<sub>0</sub>≈ 1 assignable to the magnetic body of Earth and possibly also for other planets, their moons and dwarf planets. For the system formed by the Sun and inner planets one would have β<sub>0</sub>≈ 2</sup>-11</sup>. For the system formed by the Sun and outer planets one would have β<sub>0</sub> ≈ 2</sup>-11</sup>/5. The following table gives these parameter for β<sub>0</sub>≈ 1 assignable to the magnetic body of Earth. Scaling gives the values of these parameters assignable to the magnetic body of the system formed by the object and Sun.
</p><p>
The table gives for Earth, Pluto, some dwarf planets, and some moons of the solar system, their masses M and radii R using Earth mass M<sub>E</sub> and radius R<sub>E</sub> as units. Also gravitational Compton lengths Λ<sub>gr</sub>= ℏ<sub>gr</sub>/m= r<sub>s</sub>/2β<sub>0</sub> for β<sub>0</sub>=1 and corresponding energies E= h/Λ<sub>gr</sub> (h is ordinary Planck constant) are given.
</p><p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Object</th>
<th>M/M<sub>E</sub></th>
<th>R/R<sub>E</sub></th>
<th>Λ<sub>gr</sub>/μ m</th>
<th>e<sub>gr</sub>/eV</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Earth</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>5e+03</td>
<td>2.48e-03</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pluto</td>
<td>.00218</td>
<td>0.18</td>
<td>10.9</td>
<td>0.11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eris</td>
<td>.0028</td>
<td>.182</td>
<td>14.0</td>
<td>.09</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceres</td>
<td>1.57e-04</td>
<td>.07</td>
<td>0.79</td>
<td>1.58</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Enceladus</td>
<td>1.8e-05</td>
<td>.04</td>
<td>.09</td>
<td>13.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Titan</td>
<td>0.023</td>
<td>.4</td>
<td>115.0</td>
<td>0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ganymede</td>
<td>.025</td>
<td>.413</td>
<td>125.0</td>
<td>.001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Moon</td>
<td>.0123</td>
<td>.2727</td>
<td>61.5</td>
<td>.02</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p><p>
Note that for Earth the gravitational Compton energy is 2.48 meV. For the Earth the gravitational Compton frequency, possibly associated with a fundamental biological rhythm, is especially high. For the Earth the Λ<sub>gr</sub> is for solar gravitational magnetic body with β<sub>0</sub>≈ 2<sup>-11</sup> equal to R<sub>E</sub>/2 and corresponds to f<sub>gr</sub>=50 Hz which is EEG frequency. For Mars β<sub>0</sub>≈ 2<sup>-11</sup>/5 one has Λ<sub>gr</sub>≈ R<sub>E</sub>/4≈R<sub>Mars</sub>/2 and the gravitational Compton frequency f<sub>gr</sub>≈100 Hz is at the top of EEG spectrum. In a good approximation, one obtains from the table estimates for Λ<sub>gr</sub> and e<sub>gr</sub> by the replacement eV→ .1 meV and μ m→ 1 cm
</p><p>
See for instance the articles <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/magnbubble1.pdf">Magnetic Bubbles in TGD Universe: Part I</A>, <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/magnbubble2.pdf">Magnetic Bubbles in TGD Universe: Part II</A>, and <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/hem.pdf">About long range electromagnetic quantum coherence in TGD Universe</A>.
(see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/hem.pdf">this</A>)
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-61540020195894694152024-02-26T20:19:00.000-08:002024-02-26T20:19:34.793-08:00Could a TGD analog of Weinstein's proposal help to define the QFT limit of TGD?Eric Weinstein has proposed "Geometric Unity", which is a proposal for a unification of the standard model and gravitation based on the notion of 14-D manifold U(14), which according to my understanding is the bundle of metrics of X reducing locally to a product space-time and 10-D internal space which could consist of 4× 4 symmetric matrices. Weinstein wants to endow U(14) with some additional structure and explain gauge symmetries in terms of the fiber of U(14) consisting of symmetric 4× 4 matrices. Group SO(10) acts as the 10-bein group of this space in the Euclidean case and the proposal is that it acts as a gauge group.
</p><p>
The first problem is that if the 10-bein group defines the gauge group, the gauge group for a Minkowskian signature of X is non-compact variant of SO(10), which is the group of isometries for the space of M<sub>10</sub> with Euclidean signature. In gauge theories non-compactness of the gauge group implies the loss of unitarity. Weinstein admits that his proposal works only in the Euclidean case.
</p><p>
Second problem is posed by the general coordinate invariance. General coordinate transformations do not induce a mere gauge transformation of the matrix of M<sub>10</sub> as they should. This could mean severe difficulties in the realization of the general coordinate invariance.
</p><p>
In the TGD framework, one of the challenges is the more precise definition of the QFT limit of TGD. In this article I will consider a variant of Weinstein's theory obtained by replacing H=M<sup>4</sup>× CP<sub>2</sub> with M<sup>4</sup>× S<sup>n</sup> as a possible manner to approach the problem. For n=9 and n=10 one obtains SO(n+1) as maximal isometry group and holonomy group. It turns out that one can obtain standard model symmetries but the predicted number of fermion families turns out to be wrong. In TGD fermion families have a topological explanation. M can be replaced by a sphere S<sup>n</sup>, and n=10 gives 4 generations and n=8 and n=9 2 generations. For larger values of n the number generations increases exponentially. Whether the QFT model could serve as a phenomenological description of the family replication phenomenon remains open.
</p><p>
In this article, I will consider a variant of Weinstein's theory obtained by replacing H=M<sup>4</sup>× CP<sub>2</sub> with M<sup>4</sup>× S<sup>n</sup>. For n=9 and n=10 one obtains SO(n+1) as maximal isometry group and holonomy group. It turns out that one can obtain standard model symmetries but the predicted number of fermion families turns out to be wrong. In TGD fermion families have a topological explanation. M can be replaced by a sphere S<sup>n</sup>, and n=10 gives 4 generations and n=8 and n=9 2 generations. For larger values of n the number generations increases exponentially. Whether the QFT model could serve as a phenomenological description of the family replication phenomenon remains open.
</p><p>
See the article <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/WeinsteinTGD.pdf">Could a TGD analog of Weinstein's proposal help to define the QFT limit of TGD?</A> or the <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/WeinsteinTGD.pdf">chapter</A> with the same title.
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-52507249918219182112024-02-23T21:21:00.000-08:002024-03-03T00:26:30.821-08:00Are planets and stars quantum gravitational harmonic oscillators in some sense?I learned (thanks to Mark McWilliams and Grigol Asatiani) about a proposal that black-hole like stars, gravatars, could develop Russian doll-like nested structures, nestars (see <A HREF="https://www.space.com/the-universe/stars/black-hole-like-gravastars-could-be-stacked-like-russian-tea-dolls">this</A>). Gravastar is a star proposed to replace blackhole. It has a thing layer of matter at horizon and de-Sitter metric in the interior. Nestar would consist of nested gravastars.
</p><p>
The proposal is interesting from the TGD point of view because TGD raises the question whether stars and astrophysical objects in general could have a layered structure.
<OL>
<LI> One of the early "predictions" of TGD for stars coming from the study of what spherically symmetric metrics could look like, was that it corresponds to a spherical shell, possibly a hierarchical layered structure in which matter is condensed on shells. p-Adic length scale hierarchy suggests shells with radii coming as powers of 2<sup>1/2</sup>.
<LI> Nottale's model for planetary systems suggests Bohr orbitals for planets with gravitational Plack constant GMm/β<sub>0</sub>. The value of the velocity parameter β<sub>0</sub>=v<sub>0</sub>/c≤1 is from the model of Nottale about 2<sup>-11</sup> for the inner planets and 1/5 times smaller for the outer planets. This might reflect the fact that originally the planets or what preceded them consisted of gravitationally dark matter or that the Sun itself consisted of gravitationally dark matter and perhaps still does so.
</OL>
<B>1. Could harmonic oscillator model for stars and planets make sense?</B>
</p><p>
The Nottale model is especially interesting and one can look at what happens inside the Sun or planets, where the mass density is in a good approximation constant and gravitational potential is harmonic oscillator potential. Could particles be concentrated around the orbitals predicted by the Bohr model of harmonic oscillator with radii proportional to n<sup>1/2</sup>, n=1,2,3,.. . The lowest state would correspond to S-wave concentrated around origin, which is not realized as Bohr orbit. The wave function has nodes and would give rise to spherical layers of matter.
</p><p>
One can perform the simple calculations to deduce the energy values and the radii of Bohr orbits in the gravitatational harmonic oscillator potential by using the Bohr orbit model.
<OL>
<LI> The gravitational potential energy for a particle with mass m associated with a spherical object with a constant density would be GmM(r)/r = GMmr<sup>2</sup>/R<sup>3</sup>, where M is the mass of the Sun and R is the radius of the object. This is harmonic oscillator potential.
<LI> The oscillator frequency is
</p><p>
ω= (r<sub>S</sub>/R)<sup>3/2</sup>/r<sub>S</sub>,
</p><p>
where r<sub>s</sub>= 2GM is the Schwartschild radius of the object, about 3 km for the Sun and 1 cm for Earth.
<LI> The orbital radii for Bohr orbits are proportional to n<sup>1/2</sup> inside the star. By the Equivalence Principle, the radius does not depend on particle mass. One obtains
</p><p>
r<sub>n</sub> = n<sup>1/2</sup> (2β<sub>0</sub>)<sup>-1/2</sup> (r<sub>S</sub>/R)<sup>1/4</sup> × R.
</OL>
</p><p>
Of course, one must remember that in the recent Sun and Earth ordinary matter is probably not gravitationally dark: only the particles associated with the U-shaped monopole flux tubes mediating gravitational interaction could be gravitationally dark and would play an important role in biology.
</p><p>
The situation could have been different when the planets formed. I have proposed a formation mechanism by an explosive generation of gravitationally dark magnetic bubbles ("mini big bangs"), which then condensed to planets (see <A HREF ="https;//tgdtheory.i/public_html/articles/magnbubble1.pdf">this</A> and <A HREF ="https;//tgdtheory.i/public_html/articles/magnbubble2.pdf">this</A>).
This would explain why the value of β_0 for the Earth interior is the same as for the system formed by the interior planets and Sun. The simple calculations to be carried out that for the outer planets only the core region emerged in this way and the gravitational condensation gave rise to the layer above it. The core should have the properties of Mars in order that it could correspond to S-wave state.
</p><p>
The model of stars and planets as gravitational harmonic oscillators turns out to be surprisingly successful. It turns out that the radius of the core of Earth corresponds to the Bohr radius for the first orbital, which suggests that the core of Earth, and more generally of the inner planets and Mars corresponds to an S-wave ground state. For the Sun the $n=1$ S-wave orbital is 1.5 times the solar radius.
</p><p>
For the outer planets the first Bohr radius is larger than the radius of the planet, which suggests that they are formed by gravitational condensation of matter around the core. The wild guess is that the core has the radius of Mars. Also the rings of Jupiter (and probably also of Saturn) can be understood quantitatively, which gives strong support for the assumption that the core is Mars-like. This picture would suggest that at the fundamental level the planetary system is very simple.
</p><p>
<B> 2. Application of the oscillator model to solar system</B>
</p><p>
In this section the above simple model is applied to the solar system.
</p><p>
<B> 2.1 Oscillator model for the Sun and Earth</B>
</p><p>
Consider first the model for the Sun.
<OL>
<LI> For the Sun one has r<sub>S</sub>/R = 4.3×10<sup>-6</sup>. For β<sub>0</sub>=2<sup>-11</sup> for the inner planets one obtains r<sub>1</sub>= 1.45R so that this value of β<sub>0</sub> is too small. For β<sub>0</sub>=10<sup>-3</sup> would give r<sup>1</sup>≈ R. Solar interior would correspond to ground the S-wave concetrated around origin for β<sub>0</sub>≤ 0<sup>-3</sup>.
</p><p>
β<sub>0</sub>=1 gives r<sub>1</sub>=.032R, which is smaller than the radius of the solar core about .2R. β<sub>0</sub>=0.026 would give r<sub>1</sub>= .2R. r<sub>25</sub> would be near to the solar radius. The set of the nodes of a harmonic oscillator wave function would be rather dense: at the surface of the Sun the distance between the nodes would be .1R. Note that the convective zone extends to .7R.
</OL>
</p><p>
What about the Earth?
<OL>
<LI> One has r<sub>S</sub>= 1 cm and R= 6,378 km. At the surface of Earth β<sub>0</sub>=1 is the favoured value and would give r<sub>1</sub>= ≈ 151.6 km. The radius of the inner inner core is between 300 km and 400 km. n=4 would correspond to 300 km and n=7 to 400 km. β<sub>0</sub> scales like (r<sub>1</sub>/R<sub>E</sub>)<sup>2</sup>. At the surface of Earth one would have n = (R<sub>E</sub>/r<sub>1</sub>)<sup>2</sup>≈1784 and the distance between two nodes would be R<sub>E</sub>/2n≈1.8 km.
<LI> One can write β<sub>0</sub>(r<sub>1</sub>) as
β<sub>0</sub>(r<sub>1</sub>)= (151.6/r<sub>1</sub>)<sup>2</sup>.
<OL>
<LI> For r<sub>1</sub>=3471 km, the core radius, this gives β<sub>0</sub>≈1.9× 10<sup>-3</sup>.
<LI> The gravitational Compton length of the Sun is one half of Earth's radius, which conforms with the Expanding Earth hypothesis, and is not far from the radius of the core. This gives β<sub>0</sub>= 2.2× 10<sup>-3</sup>.
<LI> For r<sub>1</sub>=R<sub>E</sub>, one has β<sub>0</sub>≤5.6× 10<sup>-3</sup>, which is quite near to the nominal value of β<sub>0</sub>=2<sup>-11</sup> for the magnetic body of the Sun, the Earth interior would correspond to the ground state S-wave concentrated around origin.
</p><p>
β<sub>0</sub>≈ 1 should hold true above the surface of the Earth, which suggests that it characterizes the gravitational magnetic body of Earth.
</OL>
</OL>
<B>2.2 The radii of first Bohr orbits for planets modelled as gravitational harmonic oscillators?</B>
<p>The above observations raise the question whether the value of β<sub>0</sub> for Sun and inner/outer planets is such that both the entire Sun or its core and the cores of at least some rocky planets correspond to the ground state S-waves for the value of the gravitational Planck constant assigned with the planet. The allowed n ≥ 1 states could correspond to layers above the core.</p>
<p>Note that the Bohr orbital in plane corresponds to a wave function for Schrödinger equation localized to an orbital located near the orbital plane and that there are several orbitals for a given value of n. This state could have been the primordial dark matter state and the recent state could carry some information about this state.</p>
<p>The condition r<sub>1</sub> ≤ R<sub>p</sub> requires</p>
</p><p>
r<sub>S,P</sub>/R<sub>P</sub> ≤ 4β<sup>2</sup><sub>0</sub>(Sun,P) .
</p><p>
<p>Using M<sub>e</sub> and R<sub>e</sub> as units, this condition reads for inner planets as</p>
</p><p>
r<sub>S,P</sub>/R<sub>P</sub> < 1
</p><p>
<p>and for outer planets as</p>
</p><p>
r<sub>S,P</sub>/R<sub>P</sub> < K<sup>2</sup> ,
</p><p>
<p>where one has K = 1 or K = 1/5 depending on what option is assumed.</p>
<ol>
<li>The first option giving K = 1 assumes that the principal quantum numbers n are of the form n = 5k, k = 1,2,.. for the outer planets. This is possible although it looks somewhat un-natural.</li>
<li>The second option, proposed originally by Nottale <a href="#bcast">[Nottale]</a>, is β(outer) = Kβ(inner), K = 1/5.</li>
</ol>
<p>Recall that the prediction for the radius of the first Bohr orbital is</p>
</p><p>
r<sub>1</sub>/R<sub>P</sub> = (2β<sub>0</sub>)<sup>-1/2</sup> < (r_s/R<sub>P</sub>)<sup>1/4</sup> .
</p><p>
<p>It is interesting to see whether the condition holds true (see <a href="https://starlust.org/the-planets-in-order-from-the-sun/">this</a>).</p>
<B> 2.3.1 Rocky planets</B>
<p>Consider first the rocky planets, which include inner planets and Mars. For Mercury the ratio r<sub>1</sub>/R<sub>Mars</sub> is (R<sub>E</sub>/R<sub>Mars</sub>)(M<sub>Mars</sub>/M<sub>E</sub>)<sup>1/4</sup>) ( r<sub>1</sub>(E)/R<sub>E</sub>) ≈ .388 . For Venus and Earth with nearly equal masses, which suggests that Venus has also a core of nearly the same radius, which corresponds to r<sub>1</sub>≈ .36R.</p>
<p>For Mars, which is also a rocky outer planet, the condition for the K=1/5 option gives the value of r<sub>1</sub>/R} for Mars by a scaling the value .36 for the Earth by the factor (1/K)<sup>1/2</sup>× (R<sub>E</sub>/R<sub>Mars</sub>)(M<sub>Mars</sub>/M<sub>E</sub>)<sup>1/4</sup> ≈ .931 so that one r<sub>1</sub>= .33R<sub>Mars</sub>. The situation for the mantle region would be very similar to that for the Earth. Note that the values of r<sub>1</sub>(P)/r<sub>P</sub> are rather near to each other, which suggests that all are formed by the condensation of the mantle on top of the core.</p>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Planet</th>
<th> M<sub>P</sub>/M<sub>E</sub> </th>
<th> R<sub>P</sub>/R<sub>E</sub> </th>
<th> r<sub>1</sub>/R<sub>P</sub> </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mercury</td>
<td>0.0553</td>
<td>0.383</td>
<td>.39</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Venus</td>
<td>0.815</td>
<td>0.949</td>
<td>.35</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Earth</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0.36</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mars</td>
<td>0.107</td>
<td>0.532</td>
<td>.54</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>What is truly remarkable and raises hope that the proposed model has something to do with reality, that in the case of Earth r<sub>1</sub> is identifiable as the core radius.</p>
<B>2.3.2Giant planets</B>
<p>The outer planets are gas giants apart from Mars and apart from Neptune, which is an ice giant. The following table gives the values of the radius r<sub>1</sub> for the first oscillator orbit assuming K=1/5.</p>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Planet</th>
<th> M<sub>P</sub>/M<sub>E</sub> </th>
<th> R<sub>P</sub>/R<sub>E</sub> </th>
<th> r<sub>1</sub>/R<sub>P</sub> </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jupiter</td>
<td>317.8</td>
<td>11.21</td>
<td>5.16</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Saturn</td>
<td>95.2</td>
<td>9.45</td>
<td>4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Uranus</td>
<td>14.5</td>
<td>4.01</td>
<td>3.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Neptune</td>
<td>17.1</td>
<td>3.88</td>
<td>3.2</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>For K=1/5 the values of r<sub>1</sub> for the giant planets are systematically larger than the orbital radius. The reason for this is that the large value of the mass of the planet increases like R<sub>P</sub><sup>3</sup> and makes ℏ<sub>gr</sub> ∝ r_s/R<sub>P</sub> large. For K=1, also allowed by the Nottale model,r<sub>1</sub> would be replaced by .45 r<sub>1</sub>. Also now r<sub>1</sub>/R<sub>P</sub> > 1 would be true.</p>
<p>What is interesting is that r<sub>1</sub>/R<sub>P</sub> >1 is true also for the Sun.</p>
<B>2.3.3 Dwarf planets, Pluto, and some moons</B>
<p>One can also estimate the values of r<sub>1</sub> for some dwarf planets (Table 3) known to be promising places for the evolution of organic life and the Moon and some moons of Jupiter and Saturn.</p>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Object</th>
<th>M/M<sub>E</sub></th>
<th>R/R<sub>E</sub></th>
<th> r<sub>1</sub>/R </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pluto</td>
<td>.00218</td>
<td>0.1818</td>
<td>.27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eris</td>
<td>.0028</td>
<td>.182</td>
<td>.28</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceres</td>
<td>1.57× 10<sup>4</sup></td>
<td>.2725</td>
<td>.17</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Moon</td>
<td>.0123</td>
<td>.074</td>
<td>.17</td>
</tr>
</table>
</p><p>
<B>2.4 Do giant planets have a shell structure for gravitational harmonic oscillator in some sense?</B>
</p><p>
The above observations give r<sub>1</sub>/R<sub>P</sub> >1 for the outer planets. The reason is that the large radius of the plane implies large mass and this in turn makes the gravitational Planck constant large. Should one accept that the giant planes are analogous to the ground state S-waves of the harmonic oscillator (whatever this means!) or have a layered structure suggested by the gravitational harmonic oscillator potential and they have a rocky core as an analog of the S-wave state with a size predicted by the equality? There are suggestions that giant planets could have a rocky core containing metals for which there is evidence (see <A HREF="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2019/11/aa36288-19/aa36288-19.html">this</A>) with smaller mass.
<OL>
<LI> A natural mechanism for the formation of the giant planet would be gravitational condensation of matter from the environment around the core region.
</p><p>
The crucial assumption would be that the gravitational Planck constant GMm/\beta_0 is determined by the mass M<sub>core</sub> of the core region rather than the mass of the entire planet. This would reduce the value of R<sub>1</sub>.
<LI> The first wild guess for the core region is as a rocky planet, either Mars or Earth. This determines the mass and radius of the core and it would correspond to the S-wave state of a gravitational harmonic oscillator with gravitational Planck constant proportional to M<sub>E</sub> or M<sub>M</sub>. The n=1 harmonic oscillator orbital corresponds to the radius of the core. For definiteness let us consider Mars with K=1/5 as a guess for the core region.
<LI> The region outside the core could correspond in the first approximation to harmonic oscillator orbitals determined by the average density with radii given as r<sub>n</sub>= n<sup>1/2</sup>R<sub>core</sub>(P).
</OL>
</p><p>
One can develop a more detailed model as follows.
<OL>
<LI> Newton's law for circular Bohr orbits and quantization condition for angular momentum in the gravitational potential V(R)= GmM(R)/R, where M(R) is
</p><p>
M(R) = M(core) + M(layer)×[(R/R<sub>P</sub>)<sup>3</sup>-(R<sub>core</sub>/R<sub>P</sub>)<sup>3</sup>) .
</p><p>
Slightly below R(core) the force is harmonic force the interior R increases, the gravitational potential approaches to harmonic oscillator potential determined by M<sub>P</sub>. For outer planets the average density is considerably smaller than the density of the core.
<LI> The first condition is
</p><p>
v<sup>2</sup>/R= dV(R)/dR = -d(GM(R)/R)/dR = GM(R)/R<sup>2</sup>-G(dM/dR)/R,
</p><p>
where one has
</p><p>
dM/dR= 3R^2/R<sub>P</sub><sup>3</sup> .
</p><p>
One obtains
</p><p>
v(R)<sup>2</sup>= (1/2)× (r<sub>S</sub>(core)/R- 3r<sub>S</sub>(layer)× (R/R<sub>P</sub>)<sup>3</sup>).
<LI> The second condition corresponds to the quantization of the angular momentum
</p><p>
vR= GM(core)/β<sub>0</sub>
</p><p>
gives for R the equation
</p><p>
R/R<sub>E</sub>= (r<sub>S</sub>(core)/R<sub>E</sub>)/β<sub>0</sub>v(R) .
</p><p>
Mars is the natural choice for the core. From these data the radii of the Bohr orbits can be calculated. Near the boundary of the core the radii would go like n<sup>1/2</sup>R<sub>M</sub>. For large enough radii one would obtain harmonic oscillator potential.
</OL>
Jupiter serves as a representative example. One has M<sub>J</sub>= 317.8M<sub>E</sub> and R<sub>J</sub>= 11.2R<sub>E</sub>≈22.4R<sub>M</sub>. The density of Jupiter is fraction .22 of the density of Earth. Most of the mass of Jupiter would be generated by the gravitational condensation of gas from the atmosphere. At least the dark matter at the gravitational magnetic body would be at the harmonic oscillator orbitals.
</OL>
</p><p>
<B>2.4. Could one understand the rings of Jupiter and Saturn in terms of a gravitational analog of a hydrogen atom?</B>
</p><p>
Could one understand the rings of Saturn and Jupiter in terms of Bohr orbits with a small principal quantum number n for the gravitational analog of a hydrogen atom assuming the same gravitational Planck constant as for the interior of the planet and determined by the mass of the core?
</p><p>
The basic formulas for hydrogen atom generalize and one obtains that the radius of hydrogen atom as
a<sub>0</sub>= ℏ/2α m<sub>e</sub>, α= e<sup>2</sup>/4πℏ is replaced with a<sub>gr</sub>= ℏ<sub>gr</sub>/2α<sub>gr</sub>m, ℏ<sub>gr</sub>= GM<sub>Mars</sub>m/β<sub>0</sub>, α<sub>gr</sub>= GM<sub>Mm</sub>/4πℏ<sub>gr</sub>= GMm β<sub>0</sub>/4π. This gives
</p><p>
a<sub>gr</sub> =(2π/β<sub>0</sub><sup>2</sup>)× (r<sub>S,Mars</sub><sup>2</sup>/r<sub>S,J</sub>) .
</p><p>
Consider Jupiter as an example. By using M<sub>J</sub>/M<sub>Mars</sub>≈ 3178 and β<sub>0</sub>≈2<sup>-11</sup>/5, one obtains the estimate a<sub>gr</sub>= (π/3.178)/× 10<sup>4</sup> ≈ 10<sup>4</sup> km. The radius of Jupiter is 7.4× 10<sup>4</sup> km. a<sub>gr</sub> is proportional to the square of the mass of the core. That orders of magnitude are correct, is highly encouraging. The radii of Bohr orbits are given by r<sub>n</sub>=n^2a<sub>gr</sub>. Could the radii for the rings correspond to n=3 Bohr orbit?
</p><p>
See the article <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/planetmodel.pdf">A model for planets</A> or the <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/planetmodel.pdf">chapter </A> with the same title.
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-12651478201110452652024-02-20T03:47:00.000-08:002024-02-20T22:40:18.153-08:00A fresh look at M8-H duality and Poincare invariance
M<sup>8</sup>-H duality is a proposal to integrate geometric and number theoretic visions of TGD. M<sup>8</sup>-H duality has several questionable features. For various reasons it seems that M<sup>8</sup> must be replaced with its complexification M<sup>8</sup><sub>c</sub> interpreted as complexified octonions O<sub>c</sub>. This however leads to several problems. The modified variant of M<sup>8</sup>-H duality identifying M<sup>8</sup> as a quaternionic sub-space of octonions O with a number theoretic norm defined by Re(o<sup>2</sup>), rather than oo*, solves these problems.
</p><p>
The proposal has been that octonionic polynomials P(o) define the number theoretic holography. Their roots would define 3-D mass shells for which mass squared values are in general complex and the initial data for the holography would correspond to 3-surfaces at these mass shells. Also this assumption has problems. There is however no need for this assumption: the holography on the H side is induced by the M<sup>8</sup>-H duality!
</p><p>
The hierarchy of polynomials defines a hierarchy of algebraic extensions defining an evolutionary hierarchy central for all applications of TGD and one must have it. Luckily, the recent realization that a generalized holomorphy realizes the holography at the H side as roots for pairs of holomorphic functions of complex (in generalized sense) coordinates of H comes to rescue. It can be strengthened by assuming that the functions form a hierarchy of pairs of polynomials.
</p><p>
Twistor lift strongly suggests that M<sup>4</sup> and space-time surfaces allow a Kähler structure and what I call Hamilton-Jacobi structure. These structures force a breaking of Poincare and even Lorentz invariance unless they are dynamically generated. It indeed turns out that M<sup>8</sup>-H duality generates them dynamically.
</p><p>
See the article <A HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TGDcritics.pdf">A fresh look at M<sup>8</sup>-H duality and Poincare invariance</A> or the <A HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/TGDcritics.pdf">chapter</A> with the same title.
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-38312634498196057462024-02-14T22:02:00.000-08:002024-02-28T06:08:24.679-08:00Direct evidence for cosmic strings in TGD sense from weak lensingThe cosmic plot is finally starting to unravel! For almost twenty years I have been trying to communicate a TGD-based theory for the galactic dark matter but in vain. Now empiria has come to rescue.
</p><p>
There is now evidence for dark matter filaments from the detection of weak-lensing caused by them (see the <A HREF="
https://subarutelescope.org/en/results/2024/02/07/3367.html">popular article</A>). See also the <A HREF="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-023-02164-w">article</A> "Weak-lensing detection of intracluster filaments in the Coma cluster" by HyeongHan et al in Nature Astronomy, 2024. This kind of dark filaments are a basic prediction of TGD and their classical energy corresponds to dark energy.
</p><p>
Before radiation-dominated cosmology, the matter in the TGD Universe matter consists of extremely massive objects, which I call cosmic strings. In TGD, the spacetimes correspond to 4-surfaces M<sup>4</sup>×CP<sub>2</sub> and cosmic strings are string-like 3-surfaces. The monopole flux associated with these string-like objects stabilizes them against splitting. They are typically more or less perpendicular to the galaxies they have generated in a local decay process and create a gravitational field in the plane of the galaxy behaving like 1 over transversal distance.
</p><p>
The string tension alone explains the constant velocity spectrum of distant stars and the model avoids the problems of the &Lamgda;CDM and MOND. However, cosmic strings are unstable against decaying into ordinary matter by thickening, which reduces the string tension, and in this process galaxies are formed. In particular, the collisions of the cosmic strings trigger decay to ordinary matter as the TGD counterpart of inflation.
</p><p>
The extremely fast star formation in the very early universe, recently observed by JWT, is a mystery for which an explanation is proposed in terms of giant black holes which, contrary to standard wisdom, were born before the galaxies and formed directly from plasma rather than as the end result of evolution (see <A HREF="https://scitechdaily.com/unlocking-the-secrets-of-cosmic-dawn-the-primordial-race-between-black-holes-and-galaxies/">this</A>). The above picture explains the star formation in terms of the production of matter in the decay of cosmic string to monopole flux tubes. The above picture picture explains the rapid star formation in terms of the production of matter in the decay of cosmic string to monopole flux tubes.
</p><p>
For the TGD vision of the formation of galaxies see for instance <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/galaxystars.pdf">this</A>, <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/galjets.pdf">this</A>, <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/magnbubble1.pdf">this</A>, and <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/magnbubble2.pdf">this</A> .
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-15301949008857142542024-02-14T20:46:00.000-08:002024-02-14T20:49:09.543-08:00Which Came First: Supermassive Black Holes or Galaxies?
The revolution initiated by the the James Webb Telescope continues: see the <A HREF= "https://scitechdaily.com/unlocking-the-secrets-of-cosmic-dawn-the-primordial-race-between-black-holes-and-galaxies/">popular article</A> and the article <A HREF="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad1bf0">“Which Came First: Supermassive Black Holes or Galaxies? Insights from JWST” </A> by Joseph Silk et al published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
</p><p>
The objects identified as gigantic primordial blackholes are introduced to explain the extremely fast formation for a few million years after the Big Bang. After this period the formation of stars should have slowed down and the recent galaxies and galactic blackholes would evolve very slowly.
</p><p>
The very existence of this kind of blackholes is in conflict with the standard general relativistic wisdom, which assumes that blackholes were formed as the final state of the development. The primordial blackholes should be formed directly from the concentrations of the primordial plasma without formation of stars. Their presence would catalyze the rapid formation of stars and lead to formation of galaxies.
</p><p>
These visions can be seen as part of the desperate battle of general relativity based cosmology in order to survive the empirical facts. In the TGD framework, space-time is replaced with a 4-surface in H=M^4xCP_2: this predicts standard model symmetries and unifies gravitation and standard model. The choice of H is unique both mathematically and physically.
</p><p>
The TGD based space-time concept led to a new view of cosmology involving cosmic strings (not those of GUTS) as string-like objects carrying monopole magnetic fluxes. They are extremely thin 4-surfaces with a huge string tension carrying energy having interpretation as analog of dark energy. They provide explanation for the galactic dark matter involving only string tension as a paerameter and solving the problems of LambdaCDM and MOND.
<OL>
<LI> Cosmic strings dominated before the radiation dominated phase and their decay to ordinary matter was the TGD counterpart of inflation. Cosmic strings were unstable against the thickening of their 1-D M^4 projection to a 3-D flux tube. The string tension of the thickened portion of the flux tubes formed a tangle and the associated dark energy transformed to ordinary matter forming a galaxy around it. Also collisions of cosmic strings generated this kind of tangles.
<LI> This decay process as an analogy of inflation generated ordinary matter, galaxies and stars and generated the counterparts of the postulated primordial blackholes. During this period the formation of stars was extremely rapid and later slowed down as the findings of the JWT demonstrate.
</OL>
See for instance <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/galaxystars.pdf">this</A>, <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/galjets.pdf">this</A>, <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/magnbubble1.pdf">this</A>, and <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/magnbubble2.pdf">this</A> .
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-41180846800671420622024-02-12T19:59:00.000-08:002024-02-12T21:41:01.925-08:00Missing baryon problem from the TGD point of view
The following piece of text was meant to be a comment to an FB post telling about the missing baryon problem (see <A HREF="https://www.thestatesman.com/technology/science/scientists-find-part-universes-missing-matter-1503008379.html">this</A>). My FB is however plagued by a virus, which makes the addition of comments very difficult: the page disappears just when I try to add the comment. This happened also now.
</p><p>
What is the problem of missing baryonic matter.
<OL>
<LI> 1/7 of the matter of the Universe is dark matter in the sense of galactic dark matter. The identification of the dark matter is still a mystery. LambdaCDM people have decided dark matter to be some exotic particles forming halos around galaxies. MOND people have decided that Newtonian gravity is modified for weak fields.
<LI> Besides 30 per cent of the ordinary matter, baryons, seems to be missing. This is known as the missing baryon problem (see <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_baryon_problem">this></A>).
</p><p>
The prosaic explanation for the puzzle is that with the available technology we are not able to detect the missing part of ordinary matter and it has been argued that the missing baryonic matter can be assigned with long filamentary structures. This explanation might be correct.
</OL>
What can one say about dark matter in the TGD framework?
<OL>
<LI> In the TGD Universe, the radiation dominated phase was preceded by cosmic string dominance. They would have decayed to ordinary matter like inflaton fields and led to the radiation dominated Universe.
<LI> The galactic dark matter could be actually dark energy assignable with long cosmic strings with a gigantic string tension. Monopole flux would make them stable. This dark energy would decay to ordinary matter since the cosmic strings are unstable against thickening and generation of flux tube tangles giving rise to ordinary galaxies.
</p><p>
This process would be the TGD counterpart of inflation: inflaton fields would be replaced by cosmic strings. This view predicts the flat velocity spectra of galaxies using only string tension as a parameter and makes a long list of predictions allowing us to understand the anomalies of LambdaCDM and MOND.
<LI> TGD predicts also matter behaving like dark matter. This analog of dark matter is identifiable as h<sub>eff</sub>>h phases of THE ordinary matter and could contribute to the missing baryonic matter. I have used to talk about dark matter but this matter need not be galactic dark matter, which could be mostly dark energy for cosmic strings. The dark phases can have arbitrarily long quantum coherence scales and they play a fundamental role in living matter as controllers of the ordinary matter. In TGD inspired biology dark protons identified as this kind of phase at monopole flux tubes play an essential role.
</p><p>
What could one say about the missing baryonic matter in this framework? I have considered this question in more detail earlier (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi_public_html/articles/krivit.pdf">this</A>), and the following general comment explains why ordinary baryons should transform to dark ones during the cosmic evolution.
<OL>
<LI> Could the missing ordinary matter correspond to h<sub>eff</sub>>h phases of the ordinary matter? The intuitive view is that the density of dark protons is much smaller than the number of ordinary protons. Could this be true only in the regions containing high density of ordinary matter. Could the fraction of ordinary protons be much larger than that of dark protons only in the regions where the visible matter is concentrated.
<LI> Why would ordinary nucleons transform to dark nucleons? Evolution means the increase of complexity. In the TGD Universe this means the increase of h<sub>eff</sub>, which corresponds to a dimension of algebraic extension of rationals characterizing polynomials which at the fundamental level characterize space-time regions. Number theoretic evolution would transform the ordinary matter to dark matter as h<sub>eff</sub>>h phases residing at the monopole flux tubes. Could 30 per cent of ordinary matter have transformed to dark matter in this sense?
</OL>
See the article <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/krivit.pdf">Cold fusion, low energy nuclear reactions, or dark nuclear synthesis?</A> or the chapter <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/coldfusionagain.pdf">Cold Fusion Again</A>.
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-58208179655931449542024-02-11T23:34:00.000-08:002024-02-11T23:48:48.443-08:00Could classical electromagnetic and gravitational fields give rise to collective consciousness in even historical time scales?
Paul Kirsch made an interesting question about whether the proposed gravitational and electric collective levels of consciousness assignable to Sun and planet could carry information about the history of biosphere and human kind. It is interesting to consider this question quantitatively by using the basic length and time scales predicted by TGD inspired quantum biology.
<OL>
<LI> For the gravitational magnetic body of Earth the gravitational Compton length is L<sub>gr</sub>= GM<sub>E</sub>/2/β<sub>0</sub> ≈.5 cm (β<sub>0</sub>=1). For Sun one has L<sub>gr,S</sub>≈ R<sub>E</sub>/2 (β<sub>0</sub>= 2<sup>-11</sup> for the inner planets), where R<sub>E</sub> the radius of Earth. The corresponding time scales are rather short: .16 ns for the Earth and 10 μs for the Sun.
<LI> For the electric fields of Earth and Sun the values of "IQ" defined by the electric Planck constant h<sub>eff</sub>= ℏ<sub>em</sub> are considerably higher than for the corresponding gravitational fields.
<OL>
<LI> The electric Compton length L<sub>p,em</sub> for protons in the case of Earth corresponds to the thickness of the thermosphere where the plasmoids would live, which puts bells ringing.
<LI> For the Sun the electric Compton length L<sub>p,em</sub> is about 1 AU, the distance of Earth from the Sun, bells are ringing again. The time scales T<sub>p,em</sub> = L<sub>p,em</sub>/c would be rather short. For the Earth one would give T<sub>p,em</sub> ≈ 4.8 ms, the time scale of the nerve pulse. For the Sun one would have T<sub>p,em</sub> ≈8 minutes. This time scale might be perhaps assigned with short term memories or an attention span of some kind. For the electron the time scale is 26.7 hours which is slightly longer then one day (24 hours).
<LI> For a pair formed by say charge Z and mass M and Sun, the electric Compton length and time are scaled up by a factor Zm<sub>p</sub>/M from those of protons. This factor is in general smaller than one so that historical times scales cannot be obtained by increasing the charge.
</OL>
</OL>
The natural guess is that electric and gravitational fields correspond to collective consciousness of some kind. Could it be the collective consciousness of the human kind or of the biosphere? Could our understanding of our physical environment rely on direct sensory experience of these collective levels of consciousness about their electromagnetic and gravitational bodies? Could our science based conscious information be represented on astrophysical scales so that the target of science could determine the scale of the corresponding cognitive representations?
<OL>
<LI> Consider first gravitational magnetic bodies.
<OL>
<LI> For the Milky Way the mass is about 1.55× 10<sup>12</sup>M<sub>S</sub>, the gravitational Compton length L<sub>gr</sub> would be for β<sub>0</sub>=1 equal to about L<sub>gr</sub>≈ 1.55×10<sup>12</sup> × β<sub>0</sub>(Sun) km ≈.8×10<sup>9</sup> km, which would give T<sub>gr</sub> ≈ .8× 10<sup>7</sup> seconds, which rather near to year which is 3.2× 10<sup>7</sup> seconds! For β<sub>0</sub>=1/4 one would obtain a year. Also now the bells are ringing.
<LI> To get historical time scales in the gravitational case, one should have a larger astrophysical object, perhaps a local galaxy cluster. Galaxy clusters have masses 10<sup>2</sup>-10<sup>3</sup> times the mass of the Milky Way. This would give a time scale of 100-1000 years which is historical.
</OL>
<LI> What about electric Compton time for the Milky Way in the case of dark protons? Galaxy is estimated to have a Coulomb charge of about 10<sup>31</sup> Coulombs. For β<sub>0</sub>=1, this would give for proton Compton time of about T<sub>em,p</sub>=10<sup>15</sup> years, considerably longer than the age about 10<sup>10</sup> years of the cosmos!
</OL>
As already noticed, the increase of the charge Z of the particle paired with a large mass does not allow us to get historical time scales.
<OL>
<LI> The gravitational Compton length does not depend on the mass of the particle (Equivalence Principle).
<LI> Quite generally, the increase of the charge of the paired particle is accompanied by corresponding increase of the mass which tends to reduce the value of electric Compton length from that for protons (or electrons).
<LI> The example of DNA illustrates the situation in the electric case.
<OL>
<LI> DNA is exceptional since there is constant change density of 2 elementary charges per nucleotide making the charge of DNA very large. Therefore DNA maximizes the electric Compton length and time. The length of DNA does not however increase these parameters.
<LI> Human DNA has about 3.2× 10<sup>8</sup> base pairs. Base has an average mass of 320 proton masses. Base pair has a charge of 2e. The mass and charge are scaled by a factor of order 10<sup>11</sup> from those of protons. Hence the charge per mass ratio using proton mass as a unit is about 1/320. The electric Compton lengths and times are scaled down by factor about 1/320.
<LI> For DNA, T<sub>em,p</sub>=10<sup>15</sup> years for proton-Milky-Way pair would scale down to T<sub>em,DNA</sub>= 3× 10<sup>12</sup> years, still 300 times longer than the estimated age of the Universe. For an ion with charge Z and mass of Mega Dalton (million proton masses) electrically paired with the Milky Way, one would have T<sub>em</sub>= Z × 10<sup>9</sup> years and thus same order of magnitude as the age of the Universe.
<LI> The charge/mass ratio is for biomolecules in general smaller than for DNA so that as macroscopic quantum systems they would correspond to shorter Compton lengths and times. For instance, for ions with mass number A, one would have T<sub>em,A</sub>=T<sub>em,p</sub>/A.
</OL>
</OL>
See the article <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/hem.pdf">About long range electromagnetic quantum coherence in TGD Universe</A> or the <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/hem.pdf">chapter</A> with the same title.
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-42392300479974730972024-02-07T22:44:00.000-08:002024-02-07T22:44:09.693-08:00Did plasmoid life serve as a midwife for biological life?
Somehow the plasmoid life should have evolved to biological life. The natural guess is that biomolecules evolved in the dust particles interacting with the plasmoids. For instance, they are known to become electrically charged. Carbonaceous chondrites (see <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonaceous_chondrite">this</A>) are especially interesting dust particles since they contain water, silicates, and basic organic molecules such as amino acids serving as natural candidates for the storage of metabolic energy. Chondrites also contain glass balls, which must have emerged from liquid silicon, which suggests the occurrence of dielectric breakdowns. The TGD based model of ball lightning <A HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/balllightning.pdf">this</A>) involves the transformation of silicate to silicon in liquid phase. The presence of the molecules pairing with their dark analogs (in information theoretic sense) could have led to the evolution of the chemical metabolic energy storage.
</p><p>
Could carbonaceous chondrites associated with double plasma membranes with layers having opposite charges have evolved in the thermospheres of the planets and stars from systems involving mostly silicates and water to systems containing basic information molecules like DNA, RNA, amino acids and tRNA? Could plasmoids have served as midwives in the process?
</p><p>
Here the theory of Oparin (see <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Oparin">this</A>) and the support for it provided by Miller-Urey experiment (see <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller Urey_experiment">this</A>) provide guidelines. Oparin suggested that life evolved in a strongly reducing (able to donate electrons and thus becoming easily oxidized) atmosphere lacking oxygen and containing methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapor.
</p><p>
In the Miller-Urey experiment a system assumed to simulate an ancient ocean containing very simple organic molecules was studied. Also heat gradient was involved. Lightnings were simulated as dielectric breakdowns in a strong voltage. Almost all amino-acids necessary for life emerged in the process. I have commented on the more recent findings related to this experiment from the TGD point of view in <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/pollackoparin.pdf">this</A> and <A HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/henegg.pdf">this</A>).
This leads to a long series of questions.
<OL>
<LI> In the thermosphere the scale is that of a protocell. Could the protocell be realized as a double plasma membrane containing carbonaceous chondrites?
<LI> Could carbonaceous chondrite act like a strongly reducing atmosphere? Could the chondritic water take the role of the ocean in the Urey-Miller experiment and could the thermal gradient of the thermosphere replace the thermal gradient? Could dielectric breakdowns in the voltage of the double plasmoid membrane replace the lightnings?
</p><p>
Pollack effect requires energy feed. Could generalized Pollack effect induce the formation of the basic biomolecules such as amino-acids as bound states <A HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/balllightning.pdf">this</A>). Could the binding of oxygen to silicon to form silicates by the generalized Pollack effect make the chondrites strongly reducing by removing the free oxygen?
<LI> Did proto cellular life evolve in this way and migrate to the surface of Earth? At the surface of Earth the possibly existing oceans had a very low oxygen content and the energy flux from the Sun was too low (faint Sun paradox). It seems that the oxygen based photosynthesizing multicellular life could not evolve at the surface of the Earth. This conforms with the presence of multicellular fossils before the Cambrian explosion that occurred about 500 million years ago.
<LI> TGD suggests that the photosynthesizing, oxygen based multicellular life actually developed in the underground oceans below the surface of Earth, in the womb of Mother Gaia, where the conditions for the development of photosynthesis and multicellulars were more favorable (see <A HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/expearth2021.pdf">this</A> and <A HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/preCE.pdf">this</A>). It bursted to the surface of Earth in the Cambrian Explosion in which photosynthesizing multi-cellulars suddenly appeared. In the TGD Universe, the dark photons from the core of Earth might have provided the metabolic energy: the thermal radiation from the core is in the same energy range as solar radiation.
</OL>
See the article <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/hem.pdf">About long range electromagnetic quantum coherence in TGD Universe</A> or the <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/hem.pdf">chapter</A> with the same title.
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-55170838699837690072024-02-06T23:39:00.000-08:002024-02-06T23:41:12.374-08:00What about the electric body of the Sun?
In the Zoom session, Ville Saari made a question related to the Sun as an astrophysical quantum system, and I realized that although I had estimated the electric Planck constant h<sub>em</sub> for the Sun.
<OL>
<LI> Recall, that the electric Planck constant h<sub>em</sub> for the pair determined by a relatively small charge Z and the charged system with large charge Q, is as a generalization of the gravitational Planck constant determined by the formula h<sub>em</sub>= Qe<sup>2</sup>/β<sub>0</sub>, where β<sub>0</sub>=v<sub>0</sub>/c <1 is a velocity parameter.
</p><p>
For the Earth, there are reasons to believe that β<sub>0</sub>≈ 1 holds true in the gravitational case. This implies that h<sub>em</sub> has minimal value. For the inner planets of the Sun, Mercury, Venus, and Earth, one has in a good approximation β<sub>0,S</sub>= 2<sup>-11</sup> as was deduced by Nottale. For the outer planets, one would have β<sub>0</sub>=2<sup>-11</sup>/5.
<LI> The charge is identified as the electric flux over a surface containing the charge. In the case of a spherically symmetric charge density within a sphere of radius R one has
</p><p>
Q = ε<sub>0</sub> ES= ε<sub>0</sub> × E(R)× 4π R<sup>2</sup>,
</p><p>
where ε<sub>0</sub>= 8.85× 10<sup>-12</sup> C/Vm is the dielectric constant of vacuum. Note that one has E(R) ∝ 1/R<sup>2</sup>. One can restrict the consideration to the surface of the system so that E(R) is the electric field at the surface, S is the surface area of the sphere, and R is the radius of the sphere.
<LI> One can use the scaling law
Q<sub>S</sub>/Q<sub>E</sub>= (E<sub>S</sub>/E<sub>E</sub>)× (R<sub>S</sub>/R<sub>E</sub>)<sup>2</sup> .
</p><p>
to deduce Q<sub>S</sub> for the Sun from Q<sub>E</sub>. From the values
R<sub>S</sub>≈ 6.9 × 10<sup>8</sup> m and R<sub>E</sub>≈ 6.3× 10<sup>6</sup> m, one has
R<sub>S</sub>/R<sub>E</sub> ≈ 101.
</p><p>
For the Earth one has E<sub>E</sub>=.1-.3 keV/m. For the charge of Earth one obtains the estimate Q≈ 4.4x× 10<sup>6</sup> C =27.5× 10<sup>24</sup>e. To get some perspective, note that aluminium capacitors can have a maximum charge of about 10<sup>3</sup> C whereas the maximal charge of a van de Graaff generator is about .14 C. From C= 6.24 × 10<sup>18</sup>e one obtains ℏ<sub>em,E</sub> ≈ 2.75x × 10<sup>25</sup>/β<sub>0,E</sub>, x in the range [1,3].
</p><p>
The value of the electric field at the surface of the Sun is E<sub>S</sub>= 1.5 V/m: this gives E<sub>S</sub>/E<sub>E</sub>= x× 10<sup>-2</sup>, x in the range [1,3] and
</p><p>
Q<sub>S</sub>/Q<sub>E</sub> ≈eq x× 100, x in the range [1.3,.43] .
<LI> Using these data, one can estimate the ratio h<sub>eff,S</sub>/h<sub>eff,E</sub>. For the inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth), in the case of gravity, β<sub>0,E</sub>=1 and β<sub>0,S</sub>= 2<sup>-11</sup>. If one assumes the same values in the electric case, one obtains the estimate
</p><p>
h<sub>eff,S</sub>>/h<sub>eff,E</sub>= (Q<sub>S</sub>/Q<sub>E</sub>) × (β<sub>0,E</sub>/β<sub>0,S</sub>) .
</p><p>
h<sub>eff,E</sub>= E<sub>E</sub> 4π R<sup>2</sup>/β<sub>0,E</sub> has been already estimated and is much larger than the gravitational Planck constant.
</OL>
Consider now the electrical Compton wavelengths for the Earth and the Sun and restrict the consideration to the proton.
<OL>
<LI> In the case of the Earth, the electric Compton wavelength Λ<sub>em</sub>= h<sub>em</sub>/m for proton is Λ<sub>em,p</sub>≈ x× 650 km, x in the range [.33.,1] for a proton (m=m<sub>p</sub>). There are numerical factors of order 1 involved. The radius of the thermosphere is about 340-350 km, one half of the upper bound. This puts bells ringing since the thermosphere is the area where the terrestrial plasmoids live!
</p><p>
The gravitational Compton length of the Earth is same for all particles and given by Λ<sub>gr</sub>=.5 cm. One has
</p><p>
Λ<sub>em,p</sub>/Λ<sub>gr</sub>≈ 1.3x × 10<sup>8</sup> .
</p><p>
In the number theoretic sense, the electric body would be considerably smarter than the gravitational body.
</p><p>
For a capacitor with capacitance of 1 μF and at voltage 1 V, the charge would be 1 μ C. For β<sub>0</sub>=1 would have Λ<sub>em,p</sub>/Λ<sub>gr</sub>≈ 2.9× 10<sup>-3</sup> so that one would have Λ<sub>em,p</sub> ≈ 1.5 × 10<sup>-5</sup> m. Could electronic systems be intelligent and conscious at least on this scale?
<LI> The electric Compton wavelength of the proton for the Sun would be obtained from the scaling law
</p><p>
Λ<sub>em,S</sub>/Λ<sub>em,E</sub> = h<sub>em,S</sub>/h<sub>em,E</sub> = (Q<sub>S</sub>/Q<sub>E</sub>) (β<sub>0,E</sub>/β<sub>0,S</sub>)
</p><p>
from that for the Earth. This gives
</p><p>
Λ<sub>em,S</sub>/Λ<sub>em,E</sub> ≈ 2× 10<sup>5</sup>/x, x in the range [.33,1].
</p><p>
For the proton this would give Λ<sub>em,S</sub>≈ 1.3x× 10<sup>8</sup> km for β<sub>0,S</sub>=2<sup>-11</sup>. The astronomical unit AU, that is the distance of the Earth from the Sun is AU= 1.5 × 10<sup>8</sup> km! The Earth would live on the outskirts of the thermosphere, assignable to the inner planets of the Sun? Could this be a mere coincidence?
</p><p>
The interpretation would be in terms of a hierarchy of electric and magnetic bodies and the electric body for the Sun + inner planets would be near the top of the hierarchy.
<LI> What about the outer planets? Nottale noticed that for the outer planets β<sub>0</sub> scales by a factor of 1/5 to β<sub>0</sub>= 2<sup>-11</sup>/5 so that the electric Compton wavelength at the level of the entire planetary system would be about 5AU. The corresponding thermosphere can accommodate Mars, whose radius is roughly 4 times the radius of Earth, but no other outer planets. Mars and Sun living at the outer boundaries of two thermospheres of Sun would be very special in that the thermal gradients of plasma would be very strong: this is the prerequisite for self-organization as development of complexity. Mars and Sun would have a very special position in the planetary system.
</OL>
See the article <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/hem.pdf">About long range electromagnetic quantum coherence in TGD Universe</A> or the <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/hem.pdf">chapter</A> with the same title.
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-34564889219262922692024-02-06T02:22:00.000-08:002024-02-27T22:28:00.769-08:00Extraterrestrial life in space plasmas in the thermosphere, UAP, pre-life, fourth state of matter
Paul Kirsch sent a link to an article "Extraterrestrial Life in Space Plasmas in the Thermosphere, UAP, Pre-Life Fourth State of Matter" by Rhawn et al (see <A HREF="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377077692_Extraterrestrial_Life_in_Space_Plasmas_in_the_Thermosphere_UAP_Pre-Life_Fourth_State_of_Matter">this</A>) describing sensational findings giving support for the existence of plasma life forms 320 km above the Earth in thermosphere. I have been talking for decades about plasmoids as primordial life forms so that these findings are extremely interesting from the TGD point of view. Here is the abstract of the article.
</p><p>
<I> "Plasmas up to a kilometer in size, behaving similarly to multicellular organisms have been filmed on 10 separate NASA space shuttle missions, over 200 miles above Earth within the thermosphere. These self-illuminated "plasmas" are attracted to and may "feed on" electromagnetic radiation. They have different morphologies: 1) cone, 2) cloud, 3) donut, 4) spherical-cylindrical; and have been filmed flying towards and descending into thunderstorms; congregating by the hundreds and interacting with satellites generating electromagnetic activity; approaching the Space Shuttles. Computerized analysis of flight path trajectories, documents these plasmas travel at different velocities from different directions and change their angle of trajectory making 45 , 90 , and 180 shifts and follow each other. They've been filmed accelerating, slowing down; stopping; congregating; engaging in "hunter-predatory" behavior, and intersecting plasmas leaving a plasma dust trail in their wake. Similar lifelike behaviors have been demonstrated by plasmas created experimentally. "Plasmas" may have been photographed in the 1940s by WWII pilots (identified as "Foo fighters"); repeatedly observed and filmed by astronauts and military pilots and classified as Unidentified Aerial-Anomalous Phenomenon. Plasmas are not biological but may represent a form of pre-life that via the incorporation of elements common in space, could result in the synthesis of RNA. Plasmas constitute a fourth state of matter, are attracted to electromagnetic activity, and when observed in the lower atmosphere likely account for many of the UFO-UAP sightings over the centuries."</I>
</p><p>
To my best knowledge, this article, published in the Journal of Modern Physics, is the first article mentioning UFOs and UAPs. As becomes clear from the article, many of the findings have been known. Article says that there is still secrecy and fears related to the observations of plasma structures (plasmoids in the sequel) on Earth which are often interpreted as UFOs-UAP sightings. People do not want to get the label of a mad scientist. After 46 years as a mad scientist without funding and research positions, I understand their fears!
</p><p>
As becomes clear from the article, many of the findings have been known. Article says that there is still secrecy and fears related to the observations of plasma structures (plasmoids in the sequel) on Earth which are often interpreted as UFOs-UAP sightings. People do not want to get the label of a mad scientist. After 46 years as a mad scientist without funding and research positions, I understand their fears!
</p><p>
For more than 10 years ago (2007) I participated a conference held in Hessdalen, Norway, where "UFOs" appear regularly and learned that they behave like living intelligent beings and considered these objects in TGD framework (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/freenergy.pdf">this</A>). The findings related to plasmoids in the thermosphere support this kind of behavior both at the level of individuals and collectively. The structures involved can be very large: size scales range up to kilometer scale.
</p><p>
The article of Rhawn et al contains a detailed summary of both the history of the development of the theoretical ideas related to plasmoid as a self-organizing structure bringing in mind prebiotic life forms and discusses various findings supporting these speculations made in both lab and in thermosphere. The experiments carried out in the thermosphere satisfy stringent scientific requirements so that it is very difficult to dismiss the findings.
</p><p>
The difference between plasmoids and biological life forms might not be as large as one might think. Biology involves cold plasmas.
<OL>
<LI> Negatively and positively charged ions play a key role in the physics of cell membrane. One of the mysteries is what ionizes them! We have thought that electrolysis is understood. At least I find that I cannot understand it in terms of standard chemistry. The energies of ions gained in the electric fields involves are quite too small to induce ionization of atoms.
</p><p>
Intriguingly, also "cold fusion" (see <A HREF="https://tinyurl.com/hxbvfc7">this</A>), so bitterly hated by colleagues, appears in electrolytic systems and would involve formation of dark nuclei as dark proton sequences at monopole flux tubes decaying to ordinary nuclei and liberating almost all nuclear binding energy (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/coldfusioagain.pdf">this</A> and <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/krivit.pdf">this</A>). Magnetic flux tubes with large h<sub>eff</sub> would allow dissipationless acceleration of say dark charged particles to very high energies making it possible to ionize that atoms.
<LI> In the TGD Universe, the charged ions communicate with the magnetic body of the system using "dark" (in the TGD sense) Josephson radiation and cyclotron radiation (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/np2023.pdf">this</A>). Resonance, generalizing to multi-resonance, would be the basic mechanism. Same communications and control mechanisms would be realized in plasma life in which chemical realization of genetic code is not yet present. The genetic code could be realized in terms of dark protons and dark photons with genes realized as sequences of dark proton or dark photon triplets realizing genetic codons (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/harmonytheory.pdf">this</A>, <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/gcharm.pdf">this</A>, and <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TIH.pdf">this</A>).
</p><p>
The proposal is that genetic code is universal and based on so called completely unique icosa tetrahedral tessellation of hyperbolic 3-space H<sup>3</sup> involving tetrahedra, octahedra, and icosahedra and appearing naturally in the TGD framework (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/tessellationH3.pdf">this</A>). This tessellation could be realized in the plasma phase where crystal lattices are reported to appear. Information theoretically, biological life and plasma life could be very similar. Besides the basic morphologies of plasmoid mentioned in the abstract of the article, helical structures are formed and could serve as analogos of DNA and RNA and amino-acids: the information would be stored by the dark DNA realized as sequences of dark proton triplets.
<LI> One fascinating discovery is that the plasmoids seem to behave as if they were moving in water. Water is a key element of biological life. The temperatures in the thermosphere are in the range 200-500 Celsius and beyond the boiling point of water. What could serve as the plasma counterpart of water?
</p><p>
Long range coherence (mystery in the biology-as-nothing-but-chemistry approach) is required, in fact several scales of coherence are needed. In the TGD framework, the quantum coherence of the monopole flux tube network, making it behave more like a liquid rather than gas, would induce the coherence of water. Could the monopole flux tube network also transform the plasma phase to a liquid-like system?
</p><p>
What could make possible quantum coherence at such high temperatures? TGD suggests that cell membranes realize high Tc superconductivity (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/biosupercondI.pdf">this</A>, <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/biosupercondII.pdf">this</A> and <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/nervepulse.pdf">this</A>). High Tc superconductivity would be based on the hierarchy of h<sub>eff</sub>>h phases at monopole flux tubes for which cyclotron energies are scaled up by factor h<sub>eff</sub>/h.
</p><p>
The most recent version of the model of superconductivity (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/halfmonopole.pdf">this</A>) suggests that the transition to high superconductivity could quite generally involve the generation of what I call half-monopole flux tubes (possible as Maxwellian flux tubes requiring a current at the boundary to generate the magnetic field) with a disk-like cross section at a critical temperature Tc1 higher than Tc. At Tc, half-monopole flux tubes would fuse along their boundaries to monopole flux tubes with a spherical cross section (possible only for homologically non-trivial space-time surfaces) and requiring no current. The difference between the total cyclotron energies associated with these configurations would be proportional to h<sub>eff</sub>/h and the critical temperature would increase with h<sub>eff</sub>/h.
<LI> The plasmoids are reported to have a double layered structure with both layers consisting of plasma with the inner layer carrying a negative charge and outer layer a positive charge. This structure is very similar to the double lipid layer associated with the cell membrane. Also these structures could be generalized Josephson junctions such that the voltage between the layers would define the counterpart of membrane potential.
</p><p>
The layers could be super conductors forming a generalized Josephson junction (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/pulse.pdf">this</A> and see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/nmp2023.pdf">this</A>). There would be monopole flux tubes transversal to the layers and the difference of energies for charged particles at the two sides of the structure would be sum of Josephson energy ZeV and the difference of cyclotron energies h<sub>eff</sub>ZeB/m. The structure would communicate to its magnetic body by dark Josephson radiation. The communicated information would be about the electromagnetic environment coded by the modulations of the membrane potential in turn coded to frequency modulations of the Josephson radiation.
</p><p>
The message would be received by cyclotron resonance generating as a response a sequence cyclotron resonance pulses analogous nerve pulse patterns sent to the biological body where they would act as control commands. Neural system would rely on this mechanism. The response would generate an analog of stochastic resonance whereas the Josephson radiation would generate the analog of the reversal of stochastic resonance (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/taoshum.pdf">this</A>).
<LI> Also a gel-like behavior has been observed. Gel phases (see <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel">this</A>) are essential in biology and involve a network plus medium (see the Wikipedia article). The medium can be gas, liquid, or solid and also the network can be one of these phases. Also the plasma phase could serve in the role of medium in the recent situation. The network formed by the monopole flux tubes and carrying dark particles as h<sub>eff</sub>>h phases of ordinary particles could play the role of the network and together with the plasma phase forming the medium give rise to a gel-like phase.
</p><p>
In the TGD framework, the Pollack effect (see <A HREF="https://www.cellsandgels.com/">this</A>), generating a gel phase by transferring ordinary protons to dark protons at monopole flux tubes and in this way creating negatively charged exclusion zones (EZs, such as cell interior and DNA double strand), would be a building brick of key mechanisms of quantum biology. Pollack effect requires energy and solar radiation provides it and Pollack effect would be a key mechanism of also photosynthesis.
</p><p>
As I developed a model for ball lightning (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/balllightning.pdf">this</A>), I realized that the Pollack effect generalizes. The particles could transform to dark particles at the magnetic body, not only by absorbing a photon, but by a formation of a molecular bound state. Pollack effect and its reversal could control transformation of silicates (quartz) to silicon in a liquid phase: the energy of lightning would provide this energy and in this way generate ball lightning as a primitive life form. Is the generalized Pollack effect one of the key mechanisms of plasma life?
<LI> Quite generally, the energies of dark particles increase with h<sub>eff</sub> and h<sub>eff</sub> tends to decrease spontaneously. The basic purpose of metabolic energy feed is to compensate for the decrease in the value of h<sub>eff</sub>. Plasmoids should use electromagnetic radiation as a metabolic energy source just as biological life forms use. Can one imagine a plasma counterpart of photosynthesis? Pollack effect is essential in the TGD based model of photosynthesis and defines a prebiotic form of photosynthesis, which would temporarily store energy to the magnetic body of the system, where dissipation is extremely small. The same temporary storage could take place when the metabolic energy, extracted from metabolites, is temporarily stored to MB in ADP→ ATP transformation.
</p><p>
It is known that plasmoids radiate even at the dark side of the Earth. This supports the view that they are able to store metabolic energy. The long term storage of metabolic energy could emerge when the charged dust particles interact with plasma and form colloidal gel phases (see <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid">this</A>) with it. The molecules of the dust particles would store the energy for longer periods of time. Carbonaceous chondrites (see <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonaceous_chondrite">this</A>)
are especially interesting dust particles since they contain water, organic molecules, and silicates. The model of ball lightning involves the transformation of silicate to silicon in liquid phase. The presence of the molecules pairing with their dark analogs (in information theoretic sense) could have led to the evolution of the chemical metabolic energy storage.
<LI> Plasmoids are found to gather above thunderstorms and descend to them. Thunderstorms involve large charges and strong electric fields and therefore give rise to MBs with very large values of h<sub>eff</sub>=h<sub>em</sub>, which has an interpretation as a measure for number theoretical complexity and also serves a universal IQ. Thunderstorms could also serve as metabolic energy storages. The acceleration of dark particles in the strong electric fields at monopole flux tubes would increase the value of h<sub>eff</sub> of the particles.
</OL>
One especially interesting experiment involves a charged conductor wire (a tether connecting a module to the satellite) carrying an Ohmic current making the wire charged. The charge generates a radial electric field.
<OL>
<LI> The nearly orthogonal motion of tether in the Earth's magnetic field B<sub>E</sub> gives rise to Faray effect generating to a voltage along the tether, which in turn induces an ohmic current and charge density creating a radial electric field. The current flows out at the other end of the tether. It is also possible to generate a current to the tether. The charge moving along the tether experiences Lorenz force orthogonal to B<sub>E</sub> and tether and forces motion. The article provides a quantitative view about the currents flowing along the tether, electric field strengths and total charges possible for the tether.
<LI> What is observed is that plasmoids gradually appear around this structure and make contacts with the wire. It is not clear whether they arrive from outer space or whether artificial prebiotic life forms are created as a response to the electromagnetic fields and electric current created by the electrons running in the tether!
</OL>
In the TGD framework, the wire carrying a charge could give rise to a very large electric Planck constant h<sub>eff</sub>= h<sub>em</sub>= QZe<sup>2</sup>/β<sub>0</sub>, where the velocity parameter β<sub>0</sub> satisfies β<sub>0</sub>=v<sub>0</sub>/c<1, is defined as generating large scale quantum coherence (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/hem.pdf">this</A>). Qe is the charge of the large object and Ze is the charge of the small object.
</p><p>
This proposal generalizes the notion of gravitational Planck constant introduced by Nottale (see <A HREF="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0310036">this</A>). I wrote just a few weeks ago two articles relating to this. The first one proposed a model of ball lightning (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/balllightning.pdf">this</A>) and lightning. The second article (see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/hem.pdf">this</A>) discussed large scale quantum coherence in presence of electrically charged objects carrying large electric charge (Earth is the basic example and the charged wire second one).
</p><p>
Plasmoids would gather around the tether since this would increase the value of "personal" h<sub>eff</sub> since the acceleration in the strong electric field would provide metabolic energy making it possible h<sub>eff</sub> increasing phase transition. The presence of a tether's magnetic body would also help to reach a higher level of collective consciousness.
</p><p>
One can estimate the value of h<sub>em</sub> for the tether system using the data provided in the Wikipedia articles (see <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodynamic_tether">this</A>).
<OL>
<LI> The current density can be written as j=ρ v, where ρ is the average charge density of the tether and v is the velocity parameter assignable to the electrons. This gives for the current I the expression I= ρ v S, where S is the cross sectional area of the tether. One can solve ρ as ρ= I/vS and from this the total charge of the tether as Q= ρ SL= IL/v.
<LI> One can use the length L=20 km of the tether and the reported typical values of the Ohmic current I and estimate v from a typical electron energy E as v=(2mE)<sup>1/2></sup>. From the Wikipedia article, the typical values I= 100 mA and E=10<sup>2</sup> eV. The latter gives v=2× 10<sup>-2</sup>c. This would give Q=.33 mC, that is Q≈ 2× 10<sup>15</sup>e. The value of h<sub>em</sub>/h=Qe<sup>2</sup>/β<sub>0</sub> would be for Z=1 and β<sub>0</sub>=1 equal to 8π α × 10<sup>15</sup>≈ 1.4× 10<sup>14</sup>. 10 Hz alpha frequency would correspond to the energy of order .06 eV which happens to correspond to the Coulomb energy assignable to the cell membrane potential. This value of h<sub>eff</sub> is near to the minimal value for which the cyclotron energy is above the thermal energy at room temperature.
</OL>
See the article <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/hem.pdf">About long range electromagnetic quantum coherence in TGD Universe</A> or the <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/hem.pdf">chapter</A> with the same title.
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-64748763118293350892024-02-03T23:59:00.000-08:002024-02-04T19:38:47.589-08:00Did the proposed Expansion of Earth during Cambrian Explosion lead to the formation of Moon?
The discussions related to the Expanding Earth hypothesis stimulated interesting questions. How planets and Moons would have been born in TGD-based astrophysics and could the formation of Moon relate to the Expanding Earth hypothesis (see for instance <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/preCE.pdf">this</A>) and whether the gradual growth of Moon's orbit could relate to it.
</p><p>
During the last year, I wrote two articles about the birth of stars and planets and also moons in TGD Universe last year (see <A HREF ="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/magnbubble1.pdf">this</A> and <A HREF = "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/magnbubble2.pdf">this</A>).
</p><p>
The first basic idea is the fractality of TGD-based cosmology, which follows from the TGD view of space-time as a 4-D surface in H=M<sup>4</sup>× CP<sub>2</sub>. Another key idea is the replacement of a smooth continuous cosmic expansion with a sequence of fast explosions.
<OL>
<LI> The scaled down versions of Big Bang would occur on different scales. For example, a star would produce shells of mass ejected in an explosion that would condense into planets.
<LI> The planets could also do the same and this would lead to the birth of shells, from these the rings would be born and from these the Moons would be born.
</OL>
The Cambrian explosion is also an explosion. The composition of the Moon is the same as that of the Earth. The crazy question that comes to mind (I can already hear my colleague's snoring laughter in my ears) is whether the Moon was born this way but .5 Gy ago (instead of 4.5 Gy), in the Cambrian explosion. This of course does not exclude the possibility that Moon was formed in a similar explosion for 4.5 billion years ago.
</p><p>
Can the Cambrian option be ruled out by comparing the ages of the Earth's Moon? Radiometric age determinations give the matter making up the Earth and the Moon (so not the Earth or the Moon itself!!) age estimates of 4.543 Gy and 4.46 Gy, i.e. an age difference of 80 million years.
<OL>
<LI> The age of the material composing Moon has been deduced from the radioactive decay of Zirconium and in the latest determination it increased by 40 million years. This inaccuracy is of the same order as the difference in the ages of the substances! So can the Moon be matter of the same age as the Earth? You can also critically ask why the Moon's and Earth's matter would be of different ages when the composition is the same? The most natural explanation is that the substance is the same and therefore of the same age.
<LI> Radioactive age determinations would therefore not rule out the hypothesis of the formation of the Moon in the Cambrian explosion. In such an explosion, a layer with a thickness of about 6 km would have been thrown out and taken with it both the life on the surface and the fossils if there were any! .5 billion years old fossils would be products of underground life!
</OL>
Is there any empirical evidence that the age of the Moon <I>cannot</I> be on the order of .5 billion years. Is there any evidence for the explosive origin of the Moon? Could one compare Theia hypothesis and the two variants of TGD proposal? Could the dynamics of the Moon-Earth system help here?
<OL>
<LI> It is known that the distance of the Moon from the Earth increases slowly: v=3.78 cm per year (see <A HREF="https://www.space.com/18145-how-far-is-the-Moon.html">this</A>). Could the recent rate for the increase of the orbital radius be interpreted in terms of cosmic expansion? The Hubble constant is about H= 70 km/sMpc, where parsec (pc) is 3.26 ly. This gives for the cosmic recession velocity of Moon v(now)= HR≈ 2.8 cm/y. This is 74 per cent of the observed velocity of increase for the orbital radius. This suggests that the velocity due to the explosion has gradually decreased and is approaching the cosmic recession velocity (, which increases linearly with the distance: this effect has been observed but surprisingly, has not been interpreted in terms of the cosmic recession velocity!).
</p><p>
Could the deviation v-v(now) be a remnant of the rapid increase in the orbital radius associated with the Cambrian explosion?
<LI> If Moon was born in about .5 billion years ago and the velocity would have been <I> constant</I> v= 3.78 cm/y, the Moon would have reached a distance of about 1.9× 10<sup>7</sup> m, which is about 2.97R<sub>E</sub> (three Earth radii) from the Earth and much smaller than R=60R<sub>E</sub> so that the speed should have been significantly faster at the beginning.
<LI> If the Moon was born in such an explosion 4.5 Gy ago, the same rough estimate assuming constant velocity v= 3.78 cm/y would give for the distance of the Moon R=26.7 R<sub>E</sub>, R<sub>E</sub>=6,357 km. This is roughly by a factor 1/2 smaller than the recent distance R=60R<sub>E</sub> of the Moon. This option looks more reasonable than the Cambrian option.
</p><p>
Cosmic expansion cannot explain the increase of the Moon's orbital radius. One would have dR/dt= HR giving the estimate R(t)= R<sub>E</sub>exp(v(now)t/R) and R(now)=eR<sub>E</sub> , which is consierably smaller than R= 60R<sub>E</sub>.
<LI> Could Theia hypothesis explain the growth of the distance of the Moon's to its recent in terms of the recoil momentum gained by the evaporated fragment giving rise to the Moon? This should have made the orbit elliptic. The orbit of the Moon is slightly elliptic: the eccentricity is .055 (see <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_of<sub>the_Moon">this</A>). One should also understand the mechanism, which distributed the remaining matter evenly along the surface of the Earth.
</p><p>
What is intriguing from the TGD point of view is that the radius of Earth could have increased by a factor 2 in the collision with Theia. This would explain the findings motivating the Expanding Earth hypothesis if the continents were formed already in the collision with the Theia.
</OL>
</p><p>
See the article <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/preCE.pdf">Expanding Earth Hypothesis and Pre-Cambrian Earth</A>
or the <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/preCEch.pdf">chapter</A> with the same title.
</p><p>
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-32919813504374116852024-02-02T23:05:00.000-08:002024-02-02T23:05:53.952-08:00Does Expanding Mars hypothesis make sense?There is a considerable <A HREF="https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/there-is-more-evidence-of-an-ancient-lake-with-flowing-rivers-on-mars">evidence</A> that ancient Mars has had lakes or even oceans.
</p><p>
This relates in an interesting way to the TGD based model explaining the Cambrian Explosion (roughly 500 million years ago) plus other strange geological observations.
</p><p>
A well-known problem in cosmology based on general relativity is that astrophysical objects do not seem to participate in cosmic expansion although they do co-move with it. In the TGD Universe cosmic expansion of astrophysical objects would occur as rapid jerks for. In accordance with this, the model assumes that Earth radius grew by a factor two in a rather short time scale. TGD indeed predicts a hierarchy of fundamental length scales coming as powers of two. This rapid expansion would have bursted the underground oceans, where photosynthesizing life had evolved, to the surface and gave rise to the recent oceans. This view has a lot of empirical support and the TGD based new physics allows to overcome the obvious objections.
</p><p>
Consider first in more detail various motivations for the Expanding Earth model.
</p><p>
The geological motivation is that the continents seem to fit nicely to cover the entire surface of Earth if the radius of Earth is one half of its recent value. This observation (, which was not made by me) generalizes the tectonic plate theory of Wegener.
</p><p>
Biology provides further motivations.
<OL>
<LI>There are extremely few fossils from the time before the Cambrian explosion and almost all of them are single-celled. Life should have evolved extremely rapidly during the time of Cambrian Explosion.
<LI> The energy flow from the sun (faint Sun paradox) was too low for life to develop before the Cambrian Explosion.
<LI> The hypothesized oceans would have been far too low in oxygen for the development of oxygen based metabolism necessary for multicellular life.
<LI> Cosmic rays and meteor bombardment would have made it very difficult for the complex life forms to evolve at the surface of Earth.
</OL>
As if life had suddenly bursted to the surface of Earth.
<OL>
<LI> Did it emerge from subterranean oceans providing shield against meteorite bombardment and a warm enough environment? Could this have happened in a rather rapid increase of the Earth radius by factor 2 splitting the crust into continents and led to a formation of oceans having the required oxygen concentration.
<LI> But where did the necessary radiation that made photosynthesis leading to complex multicellulars come from? The temperature of the Earth's core happens to be such that the thermal radiation is concentrated at the same wavelengths as radiation from the Sun? It was also recently discovered that there is life so deep beneath the earth's surface that solar radiation cannot provide the metabolic energy.
</p><p>
Could one think that the radiation from the Earth's core served as a metabolic energy source. Could this energy source be still at work? The standard model based physics does not allow this. The new physics predicted by TGD allows this.
</OL>
For expanding Earth hypothesis, see for instance https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/expearth.pdf and https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/expearth2021.pdf .
What about underground life in Mars?
<OL>
<LI> The average density of Mars is near to that of recent Earth (mass is .1 Earth masses and radius roughly 1/2 of R_E). This leads to the question of whether Mars has already experienced a similar transition increasing its radius by 1/2 and density by factor 8? This would have brought the possible underground water to the surface. Later the water would have been lost. Mars would not have been as lucky as Earth.
<LI> The objection is that Mars has no plate tectonics.
The alternative option that I have discussed earlier is that Mars is still waiting for the expansion to take place. Intriguingly, it has the same radius as Earth before the Cambrian explosion. The ancient presence of oceans/large lakes does not support this view. One might however think that the water from underground oceans leaks to the surface and forms lakes and even shallow oceans.
</OL>
See for instance the article <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/preCE.pdf">Expanding Earth Hypothesis and Pre-Cambrian Earth</A>.
For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
</p><p>
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-29287025175781653722024-01-25T03:20:00.000-08:002024-01-26T23:29:54.761-08:00Modified Dirac equation and the holography=holomorphy hypothesis
The understanding of the modified equation as a generalization of the massless Dirac equation for the induced spinors of the space-time surface X<sup>4</sup> is far from complete. It is however clear that the modified Dirac equation is necessary.
</p><p>
Two problems should be solved.
<OL>
<LI> It is necessary to find out whether the modified Dirac equation follows from the generalized holomorphy alone. The dynamics of the space-time surface is trivialized into the dynamics of the minimal surface thanks to the generalized holomorphy and is universal in the sense that the details of the action are only visible at singularities which define the topological particle vertices. Could holomorphy solve also the modified Dirac equation? The modified gamma matrices depend on the action: could the modified Dirac equation fix the modified gamma matrices and thus also the action or does not universality hold true also for the modified Dirac action?
<LI> The induction of the second quantized spinor field of H on the space-time surface means only the restriction of the induced spinor field to X<sup>4</sup>. This determines the fermionic propagators as H-propagators restricted to X<sup>4</sup>. The induced spinor field can be expressed as a superposition of the modes associated with X<sup>4</sup>. The modes should satisfy the modified Dirac equation, which should reduce to purely algebraic conditions as in the 2-D case. Is this possible without additional conditions that might fix the action principle? Or is this possible only at lower-dimensional surfaces such as string world sheets?
</OL>
In the article <A HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/modDir.pdf">Modified Dirac equation and the holography=holomorphy hypothesis</A> a proposal for how to meet these challenges is proposed and a holomorphic solution ansatz for the modified Dirac equation is discussed in detail.
</p><p>
See the article <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/modDir.pdf">Modified Dirac equation and the holography=holomorphy hypothesis</A> or the chapter <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/wcwsymm.pdf">Symmetries and Geometry of the ”World of Classical Worlds”</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10614348.post-39881606201684136712024-01-23T03:30:00.000-08:002024-01-24T03:02:54.784-08:00Questions related to the notion of color symmetry in the TGD frameworkOne of the longstanding open problems of TGD has been which of the following options is the correct one.
<OL>
<LI> Quarks and leptons are fundamental fermions having opposite H-chiralities. This predicts separate conservation of baryon and lepton numbers in accordance with observations.
<LI> Leptons correspond to bound states of 3 quarks in CP<sub>2</sub> scale. This option is simple but an obvious objection is that they should have mass of order CP<sub>2</sub> mass. Baryons could decay to 3 leptons, which is also a problem of GUTs.</OL>
I haven't been able to answer this question yet and several arguments supporting the quarks + leptons option have emerged.
</p><p>
Consider first what is known.
<OL>
<LI>Color is real and baryons are color singlets like leptons.
<LI>In QCD, it is assumed that quarks are color triplets and that color does not correlate with electroweak quantum numbers, but this is only an assumption of QCD. Because of quark confinement, we cannot be sure of this.
</OL>
The TGD picture has two deviations from the QCD picture, which could also cause problems.
<OL>
<LI>The fundamental difference is that color and electroweak quantum numbers are correlated for the spinor harmonics of H in both the leptonic and quark sector. In QCD, they are not assumed to be correlated. Both u and d quarks are assumed to be color triplets in QCD, and charged lepton L and ν<sub>L</sub> are color singlets.
<OL>
<LI> Could the QCD picture be wrong? If so, the quark confinement model should be generalized. Color confinement would still apply, but now the color singlet baryons would not be made up of color triplet quark states, but would have more general irreducible representations of the color group. This is possible in principle, but I haven't checked the details.
<LI> Or can one assume, as I have indeed done, that the accompanying color-Kac Moody algebra allows the construction of "observed" quarks as color triplet states. In the case of leptons, one would get color singlets. I have regarded this as obvious. One should carefully check out which option works or whether both might work.
</OL>
<LI> The second problem concerns the identification of leptons. Are they fundamental fermions with opposite H-chirality as compared to quarks or are they composites of three antiquarks in the CP<sub>2</sub> scale (wormhole contact). In this case, the proton would not be completely stable since it could decay into three antileptons.
<OL>
<LI> If leptons are fundamental, color singlet states must be obtained using color-Kac-Moody. It must be admitted that I am not absolutely sure that this is the case.
<LI> If leptons are states of three antiquarks, then first of all, other electroweak multiplets than spin and isospin doublets are predicted. There are 2 spin-isospin doublets (spin and isospin 1/2) and 1 spin-isospin quartets (spin and isospin 3/2). This is a potential problem. Only one duplicate has been detected.
<LI> Limitations are brought by the antisymmetrization due to Fermi statistics, which drops a large number of states from consideration. In addition, masses are very sensitive to quantum numbers, so it will probably happen that the mass scale is the CP<sub>2</sub> mass scale for the majority of states, perhaps precisely for the unwanted states.
</OL>
</OL>
It is good to start by taking a closer look at the tensor product of the irreducible representations (irreps) of the color group (for details see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/mless.pdf">this</A>).
<OL>
<LI> The irreps are labeled by two integers (n<sub>1</sub>,n<sub>2</sub>) by the maximal values of color isospin and hypercharge. The integer pairs (n<sub>1</sub>,n<sub>2</sub>) are not additive in the tensor product, which splits into a direct sum of irreducible representations. There is however a representation for which the weights are obtained as the sum of the integer pairs (n<sub>1</sub>,n<sub>2</sub>) for the representations appearing in the tensor product.
</p><p>
Rotation group presentations simplified example. We get the impulse moment j1+j2,... |j1-j2|. Further, three quarks make a singlet.
<LI> On basis of the triality symmetry, one expects that, by adding Kac-Moody octet gluons, the states corresponding to (p,p+3)-type and (p,p)-type representations can be converted to each other and even the conversion to color singlet (0,0) is possible. This is the previous assumption that I took for granted and there is no need to give it up.
</OL>
Let's look at quarks and baryons first.
<OL>
<LI>U type spinor harmonics correspond to (p+1,p) type color multiplets, while D type spinor harmonics correspond to (p,p+2) type representations.
</p><p>
From these, quark triplets can be obtained by adding Kac-Moody gluons and the QCD picture would emerge. But is this necessary? Could one think of using only quark spinor harmonics?
<LI> The three-quark state UUD corresponds to irreducible representations in the decomposed tensor product. The maximum weight pair is (3p+2,3p+2) if p is the same for all quarks, while UDD with this assumption corresponds to the maximum weights (3p+1,3p+1+3). The value of p may depend on the quark, but even then we get (P,P) and (P,P+3) as maximal weight pairs. UUU and DDD states can also be viewed.
</p><p>
Besides these, there are other pairs with the same triallity and an interesting question is whether color singlets can be obtained without adding gluons. This would change the QCD picture because the fundamental quarks would no longer be color triplets and the color would depend on the weak isospin.
<LI> The tensor product of a (p,p+3)-type representation and (possibly more) gluon octets yields also (p,p)-type representations. In particular, it should be possible to get (0,0) type representation.
</p><p>
Consider next the identification of leptons.
<OL>
<LI>For leptons, neutrino nu<sub>L</sub> corresponds to a (p,p)-type representation and charged lepton L to a (p+3,p)-type representation.
<LI>Could charged antilepton correspond to a representation of the type UDD and antineutrino to a representation of the type UUD?
</p><p>
Here comes the cold shower! This assumption is inconsistent with charge additivity! UDD is neutral and corresponds to (p,p+3) rather than (p,p). You would expect the charge to be 1 if the correspondence for color and electroweak quantum numbers is the same as for the lepton + quark option!
</p><p>
UUD corresponds to (p,p) rather than (p,p+3) and the charge is 1. You would expect it to be zero. Lepton charges cannot be obtained correctly by adding charge +1 or -1 to the system.
</p><p>
In other words, the 3-quark state does not behave for its quantum numbers like a lepton, i.e. an opposite spinor with H-chirality as a spinor harmonic.
</p><p>
Therefore bound states of quarks cannot be approximated in terms of spinor modes of H for purely group-theoretic reasons. The reason might be that leptonic and quark spinors correspond to opposite H-chiralities. Of course, it could be argued that since the physical leptons are color singlets, this kind of option could be imagined. Aesthetically it is an unsatisfactory option.
</OL>
To sum up, the answers to the questions posed above would therefore be the following:
<OL>
<LI> Quark spinor harmonics can be converted into color triplets by adding gluons to the state (Kac-Moody). Even if this is not done, states built from three non-singlet quarks can be converted into singlets by adding gluons.
<LI> The states of the fundamental leptons can be converted into color singlets by adding Kac-Moody gluons. Therefore the original scenario, where the baryon and lepton numbers are preserved separately, is group-theoretically consistent.
<LI> Building of analogs of leptonic spinor harmonics from antiquarks is not possible since the correlation between color and electroweak quantum numbers is not correct. I should have noticed this a long time ago, but I didn't. In any case, there are also other arguments that support the lepton + quark option. For example, symplectic <I> resp.</I> conformal symmetry representations could involve only quarks <I> resp.</I> leptons
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For a summary of earlier postings see <a HREF= "https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/progress.pdf">Latest progress in TGD</A>.
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For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see <A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/tgdmaterials/curri.html">this</A>.
Matti Pitkänenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13512912323574611883noreply@blogger.com0