Too heavy blackhole in Milky Way

The standard model for blackhole formation predicts an upper bound on the mass of blackhole depending also on environment since the available amount of matter in environment is bounded. In the case of Milky Way the bound is about 20 solar masses. Now however a blackhole like entity (BHE) with mass about 70 solar masses has been discovered (see this) . I am grateful for Wes Johnson for the link. Also the masses of BHEs producing the gravitational radiation in their fusion have been also unexpectedly high, which suggests that standard view about BHEs is not quite correct.

In TGD framework the blackhole-like entities (BHEs) are volume filling flux tubes: the thickness of the flux tube is roughly proton Compton length. Also asymptotic states of stars are BHEs in this sense: the flux tube radius is some longer p-adic length scale coming in half octaves. The model leads to a correct lower bound for the radius and mass satisfied by neutron stars and standard blackholes. Also the masses of very light stars can be understood.

Model in its recent form does not give upper bound for the mass. For time reversed BHEs - analogs of white holes (WHEs) possibly identifiable as quasars - the mass of WHE comes from a tangling long cosmic string and there is no obvious upper bound. Even galactic BHEs would correspond to WHEs made quantum jump to BHEs at the level of magnetic body: in this state the flux tube forming counter the magnetic field is fed back from environment. A breathing spaghetti.

In standard model the mechanism for the formation of blackhole is different since there is no flux tube giving the dominant dark energy/dark matter contribution. Therefore the upper bound for mass - if there exists such - is expected to increase. An upper bound could come from the transformation of de-entangling of flux tube so that spaghetti would straighten.

The simplest model predicts that only the flux tube mass contributes. The mass of the ordinary matter going to BHE would transform back to dark energy/mass of the flux tube. The process would be time reversal of the process making sense in zero energy ontology (see this and this) in which the magnetic energy of flux tube transforms to ordinary matter: time reversal for the TGD counterpart of inflation.

See the article Cosmic string model for the formation of galaxies and stars or the chapter of "Physics in many-sheeted space-time" with the same title.

See the article Cosmic string model for the formation of galaxies and stars or the chapter of "Physics in many-sheeted space-time" with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

Blackholes, quasars, and galactic blackholes

In the sequel I summarize the dramatic progress which has taken place in the understanding of blackhole like entities (BHEs) in TGD framework. This picture allows to see also stars as BHEs. A more detailed representation can be found in the article Cosmic string model for the formation of galaxies and stars.

I have discussed a model of quasars earlier (see this) . The model is inspired by the notion of MECO and proposes that quasar has a core region analogous to black hole in the sense that the radius is apart from numerical factor near unit r_S=2GM. This comes from mere dimensional analysis.

1. Blackholes in TGD framework

In TGD the metric of blackhole exterior makes sense and also part of interior is embeddable but there is not much point to consider TGD counterpart of blackhole interior, which represents failure of GRT as a theory of gravitation: the applicability of GRT ends at r_S. The following picture is an attempt to combine ideas about hierarchy of Planck constant and from the model of solar interior (see this) deriving from the 10 year old nuclear physics anomaly.

1. The TGD counterpart of blackhole would be maximally dense spaghetti formed from monopole flux tube. Stars would not be so dense spaghettis. A still open challenge is to formulate precise conditions giving the condition r_S= 2GM. The fact that condition is "stringy" with T= 1/2G taking formally the role of string tension encourages the spaghetti idea with length of cosmic string/flux tube proportional to r_S.
   
   
2. The maximal string tension allowed by TGD is determined by CP₂ radius and estimate for Kähler coupling strength as 1/α_K ≈ 1/137 and is roughly T_max∼ 10^-7.5/G suggesting that in blackhole about 10^7.5 parallel flux tubes with maximal string tension and with length of about r_S give rise to blackhole like entity. Kind of dipole core consisting of monopole flux tubes formed by these flux tubes comes in mind. The flux tubes could close to short flux tubes or flux tubes could continue like flux lines of dipole magnetic field and thicken so that the energy density would be reduced.
   
   
3. This picture conforms with the proposal that the integer n appearing in effective Planck constant h_eff=n× h₀ can be decomposed to a product n=m× r associated to space-time surface which is m-fold covering of CP₂ and r-fold covering of M⁴. For r=1 m-fold covering property could be interpreted as a coherent structure consisting of m almost similar regions projecting to M⁴: one could say that one has field theory in CP₂ with m-valued fields represented by M⁴ coordinates. For r=1 each region would correspond to r-valued field in CP₂.
   

   This suggests that Newton's constant corresponds apart from numerical factors 1/G= mℏ/R², where R is CP₂ radius (the radius of geodesic circle). This gives m∼ 10^7.5 for gravitational flux tubes. The deviations of m from this value would have interpretation in term of observed deviations of gravitational constant from its nominal value. In the fountain effect of super-fluidity the deviation could be quite large (see this) .
   

   Smaller values of h_eff are assigned in the applications of TGD with the flux tubes mediating other than gravitational interactions, which are screened and should have shorter scale of quantum coherence. Could one identify corresponding Planck constant in terms of the factor r of m: h_eff = rhbar₀? TGD leads also to the notion of gravitational Planck constant hbar_gr= GMm/v₀ assigned to the flux tubes mediating gravitational interactions - presumably these flux tubes do not carry monopole flux.
   
   

4. Length scale dependent cosmological constant should characterize also blackholes and the natural first guess is that the radius of the blackhole corresponds to the scaled defined by the value of cosmological constant. This allows to estimate the thickness of the flux tube by a scaling argument. The cosmological constant of Universe corresponds to length scale L=1/Λ^1/2∼ 10²⁶ m and the density ρ of dark energy corresponds to length scale r= ρ^-1/4 ∼ 10^-4 m. One has r= (8π r)^1/4Ll_P^1/2 giving the scaling law (r/r₁)= (L/L₁)^1/2. By taking L₁=r_s(Sun)=3 km one obtains r₁= .7× 10^-15 m rather near to proton Compton length 1.3× 10^-15 m and even nearer to proton charge radius .87× × 10^-15 m. This suggests that the nuclei arrange into flux tubes with thickness of order proton size, kind of giant nucleus. Neutron star would be already analogous structure but the flux tubes tangled would not be so dense.
   

   Denoting the number of protons by N, the length of flux tube would be L₁≈ Nl_p== xr_S (l_p denotes proton Compton length) and the mass would be Nm_p. This would give x as x= (l_p/l_Pl)² ∼ 10³⁸. Note that the ratio of the volume filled by the flux tube to the M⁴ volume V_S defined by r_S is
   

   V_tube/V_S = (3/8) (l_P/l_Pl)² × (l_p/r_S)²∼ 10 (r_S(Sun)/r_S)² .
   

   The condition V_tube/V_S<1 gives a lower bound to the Schwartschild radius of the object and therefore also to its mass: r_S>10^1/2r_S(Sun) and M>10^1/2M(Sun). The lower bound means that the flux tube fills the entire M⁴ volume of blackhole. Blackhole would be a volume filling flux tube with maximal mass density of protons (or rather, neutrons -) per length unit and therefore a natural endpoint of stellar evolution. The known lower limit for the mass of stellar blackhole is few stellar masses (see this) so that the estimate makes sense.
   
   

5. An objection against this picture are very low mass stars with masses below .5M(Sun) (see this) not allowed for k≥ 107. They are formed in the burning of hydrogen and the time to reach white dwarf state is longer than the age of the universe. Could one give up the condition that flux tube volume is not larger than the volume of the star. Could one have dark matter in the sense of n₂-sheeted covering over M⁴ increasing the flux tube volume by factor n₂.
   
   
6. This picture does not exclude star like structure realized in terms of analogs of protons for scaled up variants of hadron physics M₈₉ hadron physics would have mass scale scaled up by a factor 512 with respect to standard hadron physcs characterized by Mersenne prime M₁₀₇. The mass scale would correspond to LHC energy scale and there is evidence for a handful of bumps having interpretation as M₈₉ mesons. It is of course quite possible that M₈₉ baryons are unstable against transforming to M₁₀₇ baryons.
   
   
7. The model for star (see this) inspired by the 10 year old nuclear physics anomaly led to the picture that protons form at least in the core dark proton sequences associated with the flux tube and that the scaled up Compton length of proton is rather near to the Compton length of electron: there would be zooming up of proton by a factor about 2¹¹∼ m_p/m_e. The formation of blackhole would mean reduction of h_eff by factor about 2^-11 making dark protons and neutrons ordinary.
   
   

Can one see also stars as blackhole like entities?

The assignment of blackholes to almost any physical objects is very fashionable, and the universality of the flux tube structures encourages to ask whether the stellar evolution to blackhole as flux tube tangle could involve discrete steps involving blackhole like entities but with larger Planck constant and with larger radius of flux tube.

1. Could one regard stellar objects as blackholes labelled by various values of Planck constant h_eff? Note that h_eff is determined essentially as the dimension n of the extension of rationals (see this and this). The possible p-adic length scales would correspond to the ramified primes of the extension. p-Adic length scale hypothesis selects preferred length scales as p≈ 2^k, with prime values of k preferred. Mersennes and Gaussian Mersennes would be in favoured nearest to powers of 2.
   

   The most general hypothesis is that all values of k in the range [127,107] are allowed: this would give half-octaves spectrum for p-adc length scales. If only odd values of k are allowed, one obtains octave spectrum.
   
   

2. The counterpart of Schwartchild radius would be r_S(k)= (L(k)/L(107))²r_S corresponding to the scaling of maximal string tension proportional to 1/G by L(107)/L(k)², where k is consistent with p-adic length scale hypothesis.
   

   The flux tube area would be scaled up to L(k)²= 2^k-107L(107)², and the constant x== x(107) would scale to x(k)=2^k-107x. Scaling guarantees that condition V(tube)/V_S does not change at all so that the same lower bound to mass is obtained. Note that the argument do not give upper bound on the mass of star and this conforms with the surprisingly large masses participating in the fusion of blackholes producing gravitational radiation detected at LIGO.
   
   

3. The favoured p-adic length scales between p-adic length scale L₁₀₇ assignable to black hole and L(127) corresponding to electron Compton length assignable to solar interior are the p-adic length scale L(113)= 8L(127) assignable to nuclei, and the length scale L(109), which corresponds to p near prime power of two.
   
   
   1. For k=109 (assignable to deuteron) the value of the mass would be scaled by factor 4 to a lower about 12 km to be compared with the typical radius of neutron star about 10 km. The masses of neutron stars around about 1.4 solar masses, which is rather near to the lower bound derived for blackholes. Neutron star could be seen the last phase transition in the sequence of p-adic phase transition leading to the formation of blackhole.
      
      
   2. Could k=113 phase precede neutron stars and perhaps appear as an intermediate step in supernova? Assuming that the flux tubes consist of nucleons (rather than nuclei), one would have r_S(113)= 64 r_S giving in the case of Sun r_S(113)=192 km.
      
      
   3. For k=127 the p-adic scaling from k=107 would give Schwartschild radius r_S(127) ∼ 2²⁰r_S. For Sun this would give r_S(127)=3× 10⁹ m is roughly by factor 4 larger than the radius of the solar photosphere radius 7× 10⁸ meters. k=125 gives a correct result. This suggests that k=127 corresponds to the minimal value of temperature for ordinary fusion and corresponds to the value of dark nuclear binding energy at magnetic flux tubes.
      

      The evolution of stars increases the fraction of heavier elements created by hot fusion and also temperatures are higher for stars of later generations. This would suggest that the value of k is gradually reduced in stellar evolution and temperature increases as T∝ 2^(127-k)/2. Sun would be in the second or third step as far the evolution of temperature is considered. Note that the lower bound on radius of star allows also larger radii so that the allowance of smaller values of k does not lead to problems.
      
      

2. What about blackhole thermodynamics?

Blackhole thermodynamics is part of the standard blackhole paradigm? What is the fate of this part of theoretical physics in light of the proposed model?

2.1. TGD view about blackholes

Consider first the natural picture implied the vision about blackhole as space-filling flux tube tangle.

1. The flux tubes are deformations of cosmic strings characterized by cosmological constant which increases in the sequence of increasing the temperature of stellar core. The vibrational degrees of freedom are excited and characterized by a temperature. The large number of these degrees of freedom suggests the existence of maximal temperature known as Hagedorn temperature at which heat capacity approaches to infinity value so that the pumping of energy does not increase temperature anymore.
   

   The straightforward dimensionally motivated guess for the Hagedorn temperature is suggested by p-adic length scale hypothesis as T= xhbar/L(k) , where x is a numerical factor. For blackholes as k=107 objects this would give temperature of order 224 MeV for x=1. Hadron physics giving experimentally evidence for Hagedorn temperature about T=140 MeV near to pion mass and near to the scale determined by Λ_QCD, which would be naturally relate to the hadronic value of the cosmological constant Λ.
   

   The actual temperature could of course be lower than Hagedorn temperature and it is natural to imagine that blackhole cools down. The Hagedorn temperature and also actual temperature would increase in the phase transition k→ k-1 increasing the value of Λ(k) by a factor of 2.
   
   

2. The overall view about the situation would be that the thermal excitations of cosmic string die out by emissions assignable perhaps to black hole jets and also going to the cosmic string until a state function reduction decreasing the value of k occurs and the process repeats itself.
   

   The naive idea is that this process eventually leads to ideal cosmic string having Hagedorn temperature T= hbar/R and possible existing at very low temperature: this would conform with the idea that the process is the time reversal of the evolution leading from cosmic strings to astrophysical objects as tangles of flux tube. This would at least require a phase transition replacing M₁₀₇ hadron physics with M₈₉ hadron physics and this with subsequent hadron physics. One must of course consider also all values of k as possible options as in the case of the evolution of star. The hadron physics assignable to Mersenne primes and their Gaussian counterparts could only be especially stable against a phase transition increasing Λ (k).
   
   

2.2. What happens to blackhole thermodynamics in TGD?

Blackhole thermodynamics (see this) has produced admirable amounts of literature during years. What is the fate of the blackhole thermodynamics in this framework? It turns out that the the dark counterpart of of Hawking radiation makes sense if one accepts the notion of gravitational Planck constant assigned to gravitational flux tube and depending on masses assignable to the flux tube. The condition that dark Hawking radiation and flux tubes at Hagedorn temperature are in thermal radiation implying T_B,dark= T_H. The emerging prediction T_H is consistent with the value of the hadronic Hagedorn temperature.

1. In standard blackhole thermodynamics the blackhole temperature T_B identifiable identifiable as the temperature of Hawking radiation (see this) is essentially the surface gravity at horizon and equal to T_B= κ/2π= hbar/4π r_S is analogous to Hagedorn temperature as far as dimensional analysis is considered. One could think of assigning T_B to the radial pulsations of blackhole like object but it is very difficult to understand how the thermal isolation between stringy degrees of freedom and radial oscillation degrees of freedom could be possible.
   
   
2. The ratio T_B/T_H ∼ L_p/4π r_S would be extremely small for ordinary value of Planck constant. Situation however changes if one has
   

   T_B= hbar_eff/4π r_S ,
   

   with hbar_eff= nhbar₀=hbar_gr, where hbar_gr is gravitational Planck constant.
   

   The gravitational Planck constant hbar_gr was originally introduced by Nottale (see this and this) assignable to gravitational flux tube (presumably non-monopole flux tube) connecting dark mass M_D and mass m (M and m touch the flux tubes but do not define its ends as assumed originally) is given by
   

   hbar_gr= GM_Dm/v₀ ,
   

   where v₀<c is velocity parameter. For the Bohr orbit model of inner planets Nottale assumes M_D= M(Sun) and β₀=v₀/c≈ 2^-11. For blackholes one expects that one has β₀<1 is not too far from β₀=1.
   

   The identification of M_D is not quite clear. I have considered the problem how v₀ and M_D are determined in (see this and this). For the inner planets of Sun one would have β₀∼ 2^-11 ∼ m_e/m_p. Note that the size of dark proton would be that of electron, and one could perhaps interpret 1/β₀ as the h_eff/hbar assignable to dark protons in Sun. This would solve the long standing problem about identification of β₀.
   
   

3. One would obtain for the Hawking temperature T_B,D of dark Hawking radiation with h_eff=h_gr
   

   T_B,D= (ℏ_gr/ℏ) T_B= (1/8π β₀)× (M_D/M) × m .
   

   For k=107 blackhole one obtains
   

   T_B,D/T_H = ( ℏ_gr/ℏ)× T_B× (L(107)/xℏ)= (1/8π β₀(107))× (M_D/M) × (L(107)m/xℏ) .
   

   For m=m_p this gives
   

   T_B,D/T_H = ℏ_gr/ℏ) T_B× (L(107)/xℏ)= (1/8π x β₀(107))× (M_D/M) × (m_p/224 MeV) .
   

   The order of magnitude of thermal energy is determined by m_p. The thermal energy of dark Hawking photon would depend on m only and would be gigantic as compared to that of ordinary Hawking photon.
   
   

4. Thermal equilibrium between flux tubes and dark Hawking radiation looks very natural physically. This would give
   

   T_B,D/T_H=1
   

   giving the constraint
   

   (ℏ_gr/ℏ) T_B ×( L(107)/xℏ)= (1/8π x β₀)× (M_D/M) (m_p/224 MeV)=1 .
   

   on the parameters. For M/M_D=1 this would give xβ₀≈ 1/6.0 conforming with the expectation that β₀ is not far from its upper limit.
   
   

5. If ordinary stars are regarded as blackholes in the proposed sense, one can assign dark Hawking radiation also with them. The temperature is scaled down by L(107)/L(k) and for Sun this would give factor of L(107)/L(125)=2^-9 if one requires that r_S(k) corresponds to solar radius. This would give
   

   T_B(dark,k)→ (ℏ_gr/ℏ)× (L(107)/L(k)) T_B= (2^(k-107)/2/8π β₀)× (M_D/M) × m .
   

   For k=125 and M_D= M this would give T_B(dark,125)= m/2π.
   

   The condition T_B,D= T_H for k=125 would require scaling of β₀(107) to β(125)= 2^-9β₀(107) ≈ 2^-11. This would give β₀(107)≈ 1/4 in turn giving x ≈ .66 implying T_H≈ 149 MeV. The replacement of m_p=1 GeV with correct value .94 GeV improves the value. This value is consistent with the value of hadronic Hagedorn temperature so that there is remarkable internal consistency involved although a detailed understanding is lacking.
   
   
   

6. The flux of ordinary Hawking thermal radiation is T⁴_B/ℏ³. The flux of dark Hawking photons would be T⁴_B,dark/ℏ_gr³ = (ℏ_gr/ℏ) T_B⁴ and therefore extremely low also now also. In principle however the huge energies of the dark Hawking quanta might make them detectable. I have already earlier proposed that T_B(h_gr) could be assigned with gravitational flux tubes so that thermal radiation from blackhole would make sense as dark thermal radiation having much higher energies.
   

   One can however imagine a radical re-interpretation. BHE is not the thermal object emitting thermal radiation but BHE plus gravitational flux tubes are the object carrying thermal radiation at temperature T_H= T_B. For this option dark Hawking radiation could play fundamental role in quantum biology as will be found.
   
   

7. What about the analog of blackhole entropy given by
   

   S_B= A/4G= π l_Pl²T_B² ,
   

   where A= 4π r_S² is blackhole surface area. This corresponds intuitively to the holography inspired idea that horizon decomposes to bits with area of order l_P²?
   

   The flux tube picture does not support this view. One however ask whether the volume filling property of flux tube could effectively freeze the vibrational degrees of flux tubes. Or whether these degrees of freedom are thermally frozen for ideal blackhole. If so, only the ends of he flux tubes at the surface or their turning points (in case that they are turn back) can oscillate radially. This would give an entropy proportional to the area of the surface but using flux tube transversal area as a unit. This would give apart from numerical constant
   

   S_B= A/4L(k)² .
   
   

2.3. Constraint from ℏ_gr/ℏ>1

Under what conditions mass m can interact quantum gravitationally and are thus allowed in h_gr for given M_D?

1. The notion of h_gr makes sense only for h_gr>h. If one has h_gr<h assume h_gr=h. An alternative would be h_gr=→ h₀=h/6 for h_gr<h₀. This would given GM_Dm/v₀>hbar_min (hbar_min=hbar or hbar/6) leading
   

   m>( β₀ℏ/2r_S(M_D)) × (ℏ_min/ℏ) .
   

   This condition is satisfied in the case of stellar blackholes for all elementary particles.
   
   

2. One can strengthen this condition so that it would satisfied also for gravitational interactions of two particles with the same mass (M_D=m). This would give
   

   m/m_Pl>β₀^1/2 .
   

   For β₀=1 this would give m=m_Pl, which corresponds to a mass scale of a large neuron and to size scale 10^-4 m. β₀(125)=2^-11 gives mass scale of cell and size scale about 10^-5 meters. β₀(127)≈ 2^-12 corresponding to minimum temperature making hot fusion possible gives length scale about 10^-6 m of cell nucleus. A possible interpretation is that the structure in cellular length scale have quantum gravitational interaction via gravitational flux tubes. Biological length scales would be raised in special position from the point of view of quantum gravitation.
   
   

3. Also interactions of structures smaller than the size of cell nucleus with structures with size larger the size of cell nucleus are possible. By writing the above condition as (m/m_Pl)(M_D/m_pl)>β₀, one sees that from a given solution to the condition one obtains solutions by scaling m→ xm and M_D→ M_D/x. For β₀(127)≈ 2^-11 corresponding to the scale of cell nucleus the atomic length scale 10^-10 m and length scale 10^-4 m of large neuron would correspond to each other as "mirror" length scales. There would be no quantum gravitational interactions between structures smaller than cell nucleus. There would be master-slave relationship: the smaller the scale of slave, the larger the scale of the master.
   
   

2.4. Quantum biology and dark Hawking radiation

The scaling formula β₀(k)∝ 1/L(k) with flux tube thickness scale given by L(k) allows to estimate β₀(k). In this manner one obtains also biologically interesting length scales. An interesting question is whether the scales for the velocities of Ca waves (see this) and nerve pulse conduction velocity could relate to v₀.

1. The tube thickness about 10^-4 m, which corresponds to ordinary cosmological constant being in this sense maximal corresponds to the p-adic length scale k=171. The scaling of β₀∝ 1/L(k) gives v₀(171)∼ 4.7 μm/s. In eggs the velocity of Ca waves varies in the range 5-14 μm/s, which roughly corresponds to range k∈ {171,170,169,168}.
   

   In other cells Ca wave velocity varies in the range 15-40 μm/s. k=165 corresponds to 37.7 μm/s near the upper bound 40 μm/s. The lower bound corresponds to k=168. k=167, which corresponds to the larges Gaussian Mersenne in the series assignable to k∈{151,157,163,167} the velocity is 75 μm/s.
   
   

2. For k=127 gives v₀∼ 75 m/s. k=131 corresponds to v₀= 18 m/s. These velocities could correspond to conduction velocities for nerve pulses in accordance with the view that the smaller the slave, the larger the master.
   
   

I have already earlier considered that dark Hawking radiation could have important role in living matter. The Hawking/Hagedorn temperature assuming x=1/6.0 k=L(171) has peak energy 38 meV to be compared with the membrane potential varying in the range 40-80 meV. Room temperature corresponds to 34 meV. For k=163 defining Gaussian Mersenne one would have peak energy about .6 eV: the nominal value of metabolic energy quantum is .5 eV. k=167 corresponds to .15 eV and 8.6 μm - cell size. Even dark photons proposed to give bio-photons when transforming to ordinary photons could be seen as dark Hawking radiation: Gaussian Mersenne k=157 corresponds to 4.8 eV in UV. Could CMB having peak energy of .66 meV and peak wavelength of 1 mm correspond to Hawking radiation associated with k= 183? Interestingly, cortex contains 1 mm size structures.

To sum up, these considerations suggest that biological length scales defined by flux tube thickness and cosmological length scales defined by cosmological constant are related.

See the article Cosmic string model for the formation of galaxies and stars or the chapter of "Physics in many-sheeted space-time" with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

The relationship between p-adic time and discrete flow of geometric time defined by quantum jumps

There could be a relationship between quantal flow of geometric time by SSFRs and p-adic variant of time coordinates giving a reason why for p-adicity.

1. TGD predicts geometric time as a real variant and p-adic variants in extensions of various p-adics induced by given extension of rationals (adelic space-time and adelic geometric time). Real and p-adic times share discrete points in the extension of rationals considered: roots of octonionic polynomials defining space-time surfaces as roots for their "real" and "imaginary" parts in quaternionic sense (see this). The roots of the real polynomial with rational coefficients giving octonionic polynomial as its continuation define space moments of M⁴ linear time assignable to special SSFRs. p-Adic time associated with the p-adic balls assignable the points are not well-ordered. One cannot tell about two moments of time which is earlier and which later.
   
   
2. This could relate to the corresponding lack of well ordering related to "clock time" associated with self at given level of evolutionary hierarchy defined by the extension of rationals. The increase of "clock time" as a distance between tips of CD for a sequence of small state function reductions (weak measurements) occurs only in statistical sense and "clock time" can also decrease. The moments of time correspond to roots of the real polynomial define "special moments in the life of self", one might say.
   

   At the limit of infinite-D extension the roots of the polynomial define algebraic numbers forming a dense set in the set of reals. Cognitive representation becomes dense set. These "special moments" need not however become dense.
   
   

3. One can raise an interesting question inspired by self inspection. As one types text, it often happen that the letters of the word become in wrong order, change places, and even jump from a word to another one. The experienced order of letters assignable to a sequence of SSFRs is not the same as the order of letters representing the order for the moments of geometric time. When one is tired, the phenomenon is enhanced.
   

   Neuroscientists can certainly propose an explanation for this. But could this be at deeper level quantum effect based on the above mechanism and have a description in terms of p-adicity assignable to prime p defining a ramified prime for the extension of rationals involved? When one is tired the metabolic resources have petered out and the IQs n=h_eff/h₀ defined by dimensions of extensions of rationals for the distribution of extensions tend to reduce, cognitive resolution for time becomes lower and mistakes of this kind become worse.
   
   

See the article Latest progress in TGD or the chapter Zero Energy Ontology and Matrices of "Towards M- matrix".

For a summary of the earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

Cosmological time anomalies and zero energy ontology

Zero energy ontology (ZEO) replaces ordinary ontology in TGD based view about quantum states and quantum jump (see this). It came as a surprise that the new view about time allows to understand several time anomalies of cosmology. I have already earlier considered strange findings of Minev et al about state function reduction in atomic systems in terms of ZEO (see this). In neuroscience Libet's findings that volition is preceded by neural activity can be understood to. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions involve also strange time anomalies (see this). The general explanation of time anomalies would be ZEO plus quantum coherence up to cosmological scales made possible by dark matter in TGD sense. This would give completely unexpected direct connection with TGD inspired theory of consciousness and cosmology. The following considerations can be found from the article "Cosmic string model for the formation of galaxies and stars")

Consider first ZEO.

1. In ZEO zero energy states are superpositions of space-time surfaces inside causal diamond (CD) identified as preferred extremals of the basic action principle of TGD. CD is cartesian product of causal diamond cd of M⁴ and of CP₂. The preferred extremals analogous to Bohr orbits have boundaries - ends of space-time - at the light-like boundaries of CD. There is a fractal hierarchy of CDs and given CD is an imbedding space correlate for a conscious entity - self - consciousness is universal.
   
   
2. Zero energy states can be seen as superpositions of state pairs with members assigned to the opposite boundaries of CD. ZEO predicts that in ordinary or "big" state function reductions (BSFRs) the arrow of time of system changes and remains unaffected in "small" state functions (SSFRs), which are TGD counterpart for "weak" measurements and associated with a sequence of unitary evolution for the state assignable to the active boundary CD, which also shifts farther from the passive boundary. Passive boundary is unaffected as also members of state pairs at it.
   
   
3. Subjective time is identified as a sequence of SSFRs and correlates strongly with clock time identifiable as the distance between the tips of CD and increasing in statistical sense during the sequences of SSFRs.
   
   
4. BSFR corresponds to state function reduction at active boundary of CD which becomes passive. This forces the state at passive boundary to change. Passive boundary becomes active. BSFR means the death of self and reincarnation with an opposite arrow of time. Thus the notion of life cycle is universal and life can be lieved in both directions.
   
   
5. What happens to CD in long run? There are two options.
   
   
   1. The original assumption was that the location of formerly passive boundary is not changed. This would mean that the size of CD would increase steadily and the outcome would be eventually cosmology: this sounds counter-intuitive. Classically energy and other Poincare charges are conserved for single preferred extremal could fail in BSFRs due to the fact that zero energy states cannot be energy eigenstates.
      
      
   2. The alternative view suggested strongly M⁸-H duality (see this) is that the size of CD is reduced in BSFR so that the new active boundary can be rather near to the new passive boundary. One could say that the reincarnated self experiences childhood. In this case the size of CD can remain finite and its location in M⁸ more or less fixed. One can say that the self associated with the CD is in a kind of Karma's cycle living its life again and again. Since the extension of rationals can change in BSFR and since the number of extensions larger than given extension is infinitely larger than those smaller than it, the dimension of extension identifiable in terms of effective Planck constant increases. Since n= h_eff/h₀ serves as a kind of IQ, one can say that the system becomes more intelligent.
      
      

Cosmic redshift but no expansion of receding objects: one further piece of evidence for TGD cosmology

"Universe is Not Expanding After All, Controversial Study Suggests" was the title of very interesting Science News article (see this) telling about study, which forces to challenge Big Bang cosmology. The title of course involved the typical exaggeration.

The idea behind the study was simple. If Universe expands and also astrophysical objects - such as stars and galaxies - participate the expansion, they should increase in size. The observation was that this does not happen! One however observes the cosmic redshift so that it is too early to start to bury Big Bang cosmology. This finding is however a strong objection against the strongest version of expanding Universe. That objects like stars do not participate the expansion was actually known already when I developed TGD inspired cosmology for quarter century ago, and the question is whether GRT based cosmology can model this fact naturally or not.

The finding supports TGD cosmology based on many-sheeted space-time. Individual space-time sheets do not expand continuously. They can however expand in jerk-wise manner via quantum phase transitions increasing the p-adic prime characterizing space-time sheet of object by say factor two of increasing the value of h_eff=n× h for it. This phase transition could change the properties of the object dramatically. If the object and suddenly expanded variant of it are not regarded as states of the same object, one would conclude that that astrophysical objects do not expand but only comove. The sudden expansions should be observable and happen also for Eart. I have proposed a TGD variant of Expanding Earth hypothesis along these lines (see this).

Stars as reincarnating conscious entities

One can apply ZEO to the evolution of stars. The basic story (see this) is that the star is formed from he interstellar gas cloud, evolves and eventually collapses to a white dwarf, degenerate carbon-oxygen core, supernova or even blackhole if the mass of the remnant resulting in explosion throwing outer layers of the star away is in the range of 3-4 solar masses. Only very massive stars end up to supernovas. The type of the star depends on the abundances of various elements in the interstellar gas from which they formed and believed to contain heavier elements produced by earlier supernovas.

There are however several anomalies challenging the standard story. There are stars older than Universe (see this)). There is also evidence that the abundances of heavier elements in the early cosmology are essentially the same as for modern stars (see this). TGD based explanation is discussed earlier.

Karma's cycle option for the stellar evolution could explain these anomalies.

1. Stars would be selves in Karma's cycle with their magnetic bodies reincarnating with a reversed arrow of time in a collapse to blackhole/white hole like entity (BHE/WHE) - depending on the arrow of time. This would follow by a stellar evolution leading to an asymptotic state BHE/WHE corresponding to maximum size of CD followed by a collapse to BHE or WHE. Also ordinary stars would correspond to BHEs/WHEs characterized by p-adic length scale L(k) longer than L(107) assignable to GRT blackholes. In standard time direction WHE would look like blackhole evaporation.
   
   
2. This would allow stars older than the Universe and suggests also universal abundances. Note however that the abundances would strongly depend on the abundances of the interstellar gas and matter produced by the magnetic energy of flux tube. "Cold fusion" as dark fusion could produce elements heavier than Fe and light elements Li, Be, B, whose abundances for fusion in stellar core is predicted to be much much smaller than the observed abundances in the case of old stars. The lifetimes of stars depend on their type. Also a universal age distribution of stars in stellar clusters not depending appreciably on cosmic time is highly suggestive. I remember of even writing about this. Unfortunately I could not find the article.
   
   

To put it more generally, the hierarchy of CDs implies that the Universe decomposes effectively to sub-Universes behaving to some degree independently. The view about Karma's cycles provides a more precise formulation of the pre-ZEO idea that systems are artists building themselves as 4-D sculptures. In particular, this applies to mental images in TGD based view about brain.

1. One could perhaps say that also quantum non-determinism has classical correlates. CDs would be the units for which time-reversing BSFRs are possible. Also SSFRs affecting CDs could have classical space-time correlates. M⁸-H duality predicts that the time evolution for space-time surface inside CDs decomposes to a sequence of deterministic evolutions glued together along M⁴ time t=r_n hyperplanes of M⁴ defining special moments in the life of self at which the new larger CD receives a new root t=r_n. The non-deterministic discontinuity could be localized to the 2-D vertices represented by partonic 2-surfaces at which the ends of light-like partonic orbits meet.
   
   
2. The M⁴ hyperplanes t=r_n correspond to the roots of a real polynomial with rational coefficients defining the space-time surfaces at the level of M⁸ as roots for the real or imaginary part in quaternionic sense for the octonionic continuation of the polynomial. These moments of time could correspond to SSFRs.
   
   
3. The finite classical non-determinism is in accordance with the classical non-determinism predicted at the limit of infinitely large CD and vanishing cosmological constant at which classical action reduces to Kähler action having a huge vacuum degeneracy due to the fact than any space-time surface having Lagrangian manifold (vanishing induced Kähler form) as CP₂ projection is a vacuum extremal. The interpretation of this degeneracy interpreted in terms of 4-D spin glass degeneracy would be that at the limit of infinitely large CD the extension of rationals approaches to algebraic numbers and the roots t=r_n becomes dense and the dynamics becomes non-deterministic for vacuum extremals and implies non-determinism for non-vacuum extremals.
   
   

No time dilation for the periods of processes of quasars

There are strange findings about the time dilation of quasar dynamics challenging the standard cosmology . One expects that the farther the object is the slower its dynamics looks as seen from Earth. Lorentz invariance implies red shift for frequencies and in time domain this means the stretching of time intervals so that the evolution of distant objects should look the slower the longer their distance from the observer is. In the case of supernovae this seems to be the case. What was studied now were quasars at distances of 6 and 10 billion years and the time span of the study was 28 years. Their light was red shifted by different amounts as one might expect but their evolution went on exactly the same rhythm. This looks really strange.

In GRT the redshift violates conservation of four-momentum. In TGD cosmic redshift reduces to the fact that the tangent spaces of the space-time surface for target and receiver differ by a Lorentz boost. Redshift does not mean non-conservation of four-momentum but only that the reference frames are different for target and observer. The size for the space-time sheets assignable to the systems considere must be large, of the order of the size scale L defined by the size of the recent cosmology to which one assigns the Hubble constant. In the flux tube picture this means that the flux tubes have length of order L but thickness would be about R=10^-4 meters - the size scale of large neuron. Photons arrive along flux tubes connecting distant systems. Note that CMB corresponds to 10 times longer peak wavelength.

I have already earlier discussed this time anomaly but what I have written is just the statement of the problem and and some speculations about its solution in terms of ZEO. A valuable hint is that the time anomaly appears for quasars- very heavy objects - but not for supernovae - much lighter objects. This suggests that the redshift depends on the masses of the objects considered.

1. One considers an approximately periodic process. It is quite possible that this process is not classical deterministic process at space-time level but that one has sequence of SSFRs (weak measurements) or even BSFRs for a subsystem of the target. These processes replace quantum superposition of space-time surfaces inside CD with a new one and SSFR also increases its size in statistical sense. A natural Lorentz invariant "clock time" for the target is the distance between the tips of CD - light-cone proper time. Both M⁴ linear coordinates and light-cone Robertson-Walker coordinates are natural coordinates for space-time sheets with 4-D M⁴ projection.
   

   "Clock time" must be mapped to M⁴ linear time for some space-time sheet. The Minkowski coordinates for the CD are determined only modulo Lorentz boost leaving the light-like boundary of CD invariant. In general the M⁴ coordinates of the target and observer are related by a Lorentz boost and this gives rise to cosmological redshift and also gravitational reshift.
   
   

2. The information about SSFR or BSFR at the target must be communicated to the observer so that the space-time sheets in question must be connected by flux tubes carrying the photons. CD must contain both systems and naturally has cosmological size given by L so that flux tubes have thickness about R. The M⁴ time coordinate must be common to both systems. The natural system to consider is center of mass system (cm) in which the sum of the momenta of two systems vanishes.
   
   

Do quasars and galactic blackholes relate by time reversal in ZEO?

This picture combined with zero energy ontology (ZEO) based view about ordinary state functions changing the arrow of time and occurring even in astrophysical scales leads to a tentative view about quasars and galactic blackholes as time reversals of each other.

1. Quasars could be seen as analogs of white holes feeding the mass of cosmic string out to build the galactic tangle and part of the mass of thickening tangle would transform to ordinary matter. They would initiate the formation of galaxy meaning emergence of increasing values of h_eff in the hierarchy of Planck constant. Cosmic string would basically feed the mass and energy liberated in the decay of magnetic energy at cosmic strings thickening to flux tubes to ordinary matter and serving in the role of metabolic energy driving self-organization.
   
   
2. Galactic blackholes could be perhaps indeed analogs of blackholes as time reversals of quasars - "big" (ordinary) state function reduction would transform quasar as white hole to a galactic blackhole. Now the system would be drawing back the mass from the surroundings to the flux tube and maybe cosmic string. The process could be like breathing. In zero energy ontology breathing could indeed involve a sequence of states and their time reversals.
   
   

This raises also the question whether the evolution of stars could be seen as a time reverse for the formation of blackholes: kind of growth followed by a decay perhaps since the values of Planck constant h_eff would be reduced. The climax of his evolution would correspond to maximal values of h_eff. The evolution of life would be certainly this kind of climax.

See the article Cosmic string model for the formation of galaxies and stars or the chapter of "Physics in many-sheeted space-time" with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

Some aspects of the TGD inspired model of blackhole like objects

This posting was inspired by a Youtube video (thanks to Howard Lipman for a link) telling about galaxies separated by millions of ligt-year moving in synch. The posting summarizes some ideas and results of the article Cosmic string model for the formation of galaxies and stars.

The Youtube video suggests that Electric Universe hypothesis (EU) explains the flood of various anomalies found in cosmology. In its extreme version EU states that also gravitation and even nuclear physics reduces to electromagnetism. The view that gravity alone determines the structure of the Universe in long scales is certainly wrong on basis of empirical findings. But the view that electromagnetism does it alone is also wrong. Both gravitation and other standard model interactions are needed also in astrophysics and cosmology in all length scales.

What is nice that SAFIRE group approaches the situation purely experimentally and tries to find how much nuclear physics of Sun can be produced in low temperature plasma in lab. I have written about the findings of SAFIRE group comparing EU to TGD earlier (see this).

TGD view about space-time and classical fields

Also a new spacetime concept is indeed. TGD as a modification of Einstein's vision follows solely from the requirement that classical conservation laws are not lost as in general relativity. Space-time is replaced with a 4-D surface in 8-D H=M⁴×CP₂, and can regarded as a generalization of string world sheet.

Space-time surfaces are minimal surfaces with 2-D singularities: partonic 2-surfaces and 2-D string world sheets so that string model like theory emerges as a "sub-theory": 2-D surfaces carry the data coding for the space-time surfaces in strong form of holography suggests strongly by general coordinate invariance alone.

This leads to new view about classical fields, in particular magnetic fields.

1. Besides ordinary Maxwellian magnetic fields replaced by flux quanta with vanishing total flux represented as topology of space-time surface also monopole flux tubes having no Maxwellian correlates are predicted. They are stable and need no currents as sources. They explain magnetic fields in cosmic scales and solve the maintenance problem of the Earth's magnetic field.
   

   The understanding of the strange behavior of the magnetic field of Mars is the latest application: only the manopole part is present since the core has not yet split to inner core and outer core creating the ordinary magnetic field by its currents. The motion of monopole flux tubes induces currents (Birkeland currents in particular), which create the TGD counterparts of ordinary magnetic fields. Auroras are indeed obtained also in Mars although it has very small ordinary magnetic field (see this) .
   
   

2. Monopole magnetic flux tubes provide carriers of dark energy for which the identification as an exact classical correlate of dark matter is suggested by quantum classical correspondence. The flux tubes defining the counterparts of ordinary magnetic fields mediate gravitational interactions as kind of wave guides along with gravitational interactions are mediated. Two kinds of flux tubes forming a fractal hierarchy are involved. Ordinary Einsteinian space-time emerges at QFT limit and is not a good approximation when one wants to understand the formation of galaxies, stars and other astrophysical objects. Situation is same in biology.
   
   

Number theoretical universality and hierarchy of Planck constants

A generalization of quantum theory emerges from number theoretical vision motivated by the need to understand mathematical correlates of cognition. This involves number theoretical universality so that p-adic physics as correlate for cognition has a hierarchy of Planck constants labelling dark matter as phases of ordinary matter and making them selves visible with interaction with ordinary matter. For the application to the formation of stars and galaxies (see this).

1. p-Adic length scale hypothesis makes a long list of correct predictions about stellar masses and provides a new view about blackhole like entities (BHEs). Even ordinary stars would have BHEs asymptotic states meaning that they correspond to volume filling flux tube tangles labelled by p-adic length scale. The Schwartschild radius of generalizes BHE would be the radius of the star. This predicts correctly the lower limits for blackholes, neutron stars, and radius of Sun. One can also understand why very low mass stars can have so small radii.
   
   
2. Blackhole thermodynamics is replaced a modification of ordinary blackhole thermodynamics for particles at the counterparts of ordinary flux tubes at Hawking temperature T(Hawking) and for the excitations of monopole flux tubes at Hagedorn temperature T(Hagedorn). The condition of thermal equilibrium stating that the Hawking and Hagedorn temperatures are identical - T(Hawking)= T(Hagedorn) - leads to several correct predictions, in particular a correct prediction for hadronic Hagedorn temperature prevailing at the flux tubes of the TGD counterpart of GRT blackhole identified as volume filling flux tube tangle. The Hawking temperature as Hagedorn temperature is gigantic as compared to its GRT counterpart.
   

   A very strong correlation between physics in short and very long scales is implied by the length scale dependent cosmological constant predicted by the twistor lift of TGD. Cosmological constant characterizes also stars and even hadrons. Length scale dependence meaning that &Lamba; approaches zero in long length scales solves the standard problem of GRT based cosmology. The sign of the cosmological constant is correct. Recall that huge size and wrong sign of the cosmological constant turned out to be lethal for superstring models.
   
   

3. Also BHEs are predicted to have structure and dynamics. They have a lot of hair and internal degrees of freedom since almost Hagedorn temperature corresponds to huge number of different thermal states. This allows to understand why blackholes can be active and passive. The standard view about BHEs is simply wrong as already Einstein emphasized.
   
   

Zero energy ontology and new view about time

Zero energy ontology (ZEO) leads to a new view about quantum measurement and quantum jump. ZEP predicts both arrows of time and that the arrow of time changes in the ZEO counterpart of ordinary state function reduction but not in the counterpart of "weak" measurement. The second prediction is that quantum jumps can occur in all scales at the level of dark matter (h_eff phases of ordinary matter). For instance, ZEO leads to the understanding of various time anomalies such as the existence of stars older than the universe and the very paradoxical fact that abundances do not seem to depend on cosmic time.

1. The key point is that cosmology decomposes to cosmologies within cosmologies within .... These sub-cosmologies correspond to causal diamonds (CD) with more or less fixed location in H=M⁴ ×CP₂ and defining sub-universes. This is due to failure of the complete classical determinism in TGD.
   

   These sub-cosmologies evolve and re-incarnate with opposite arrow of time again and again. This happens in astrophysical counterpart of ordinary state function reduction. This implies local ageing of the sub-cosmology, say star. One can say that the object is located in fixed position in M⁴ as 4-D object. Hence arbitrarily old stars can be found located at arbitrary small values of cosmological time, which is totally paradoxical in GRT view. Obviously this is a dramatic deviation from the standard views about time.
   
   

2. These sub-cosmologies, say stars, evolve by small state function reductions ("weak" measurements) and are replaced with a new one with reversed arrow of time in "big" (ordinary) state function reduction (BSFR). The arrow of time means that only second boundary of CD changes and second remains unaffected and that the distance between the tips of CD increases in statistical sense.
   

   This defines stellar Karma's cycle but applies in all scales. Even human scales: in TGD Universe we would live again and again and every time it gets better in statistical sense since big state function reductions tend to increase the dimension of extension of rationals defining kind of IQ. Various stages of stellar evolution correspond to different re-incarnations and asymptotic states reached before BSFR correspond white dwarfs, neutron stars, carbon-oxygen cores, blackholes,...
   
   

For instance, SAFIRE group has found evidence for the occurrence of "cold fusion" in low temperature plasma. The model involves plasmoids - one of the earliest TGD inspired ideas about quantum biology and counterpart for monopole flux tube (see this). The TGD based explanation involves in an essential manner gravitational flux tubes and the TGD view about nuclear physics based on the notion of dark nuclei. One cannot therefore understand plasma without including dark gravitational interactions and gravitational Planck constant ℏ_gr with huge value reflecting the fact that gravitation has long range and is non-screened interaction so that quantum correlation lengths typically proportional to ℏ_gr become large - of the order of ordinary Schwartschild radius for ordinary blackholes and of the order of the size scale of the star in the general case.

We live in a world quantal in all scales at dark matter level. Quantum gravitation is everywhere, not only at Planck length scale. The Universe is a fractal tensor network quantum coherent in all scales. This explains also the sycnchoronous rotation of galaxies separated by millions of light years. Here superstring models get it completely wrong.

See the articles Cosmic string model for the formation of galaxies and stars and Comparing Electric Universe hypothesis and TGD.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

Badly behaving blackholes

There is an excellent video (thanks to Howard Lipman for a link) challenging the standard view about blackholes. In the sequel list some arguments that I remember.

The basic theoretical objection against blackholes was due to Einstein himself. The collapse of matter to single point is simply impossible. This objection has been however forgotten since doing calculations is much more pleasant activity than hard thinking, and an enormous literature have been produced based on this idealization. There is no doubt that blackhole like entities (BHEs) with about Schwartschild radius exist, but general relativity does not allow to say anything about the situation inside possibly existing horizon.

TGD was born as a solution to the fundamental difficulty of GRT due to the loss of classical conservation laws. In TGD framework BHEs correspond to volume filling flux tube tangles. Also galactic BHEs would correspond to a volume filling flux tube tangles.

In TGD framework also stars could be seen as BHEs having the flux tube thickness characterized by p-adic length scale as an additional parameter. GRT blackholes correspond to flux tube thickness about proton Compton length. For instance, Sun can be seen as a BHE and the size is predicted correctly (see this) .

The model for BHEs makes large number of correct predictions.

1. The minimal radii/masses of GRT blackholes and neutron stars are predicted correctly.
   
   
2. Ordinary blackhole thermodynamics is replaced with the thermodynamics associated with monopole flux tubes carrying galactic dark mass characerized by Hagedorn temperature and the thermodynamics gravitional flux tubes characerized by Hawking temperature but for gravitational Planck constant h_gr so that it is gigantic as compared to the ordinary Hawking temperature.
   

   In thermal equilibrium these temperatures are same and this predicts hadronic string tension correctly.
   
   

Consider now the empirical objections against BH paradigm in light of TGD picture.

1. The observations by ALMA telescope show that stars can be formed surprisingly near to galactic BHEs (see this). For instance, 11 young stars just forming have been found at distane of 3 ly from galactic BHE of Milky Way. This is impossible since the intense tidal forces and UV and X ray radiation should make impossible the condensation of stars from gas clouds.
   

   TGD explanation: Galaxies are formed as tangles on long thicknened cosmic string responsible for galactic dark matter as dark energy. Same mechanism give rise to stars as subtangles generating at least part of the orinary matter as decay of the magnetic energy of the flux tube as it thickens. Ordinary matter already present could concentrate around the tangle.
   

   One learns from the discussion in the above link that star formation involves bipolar flow consisting two jets in opposite directions believed to take care of angular momentum conservation: the star formed is thought to be formed from a rotating gas cloud (rotation would be around flux tube) having much larger angular momentum and part of must be carried out by jets naturally parallel to the flux tube. Also this gives support for the view that stars are tangles along flux tube. There are also hundreds of massive and much older stars in the vicinity of galactic BHE.
   

   Note that in TGD also these stars could be seen as BHEs but with different p-adic length scale characterizing the thickened flux tube.
   
   

2. "Non-hungry" BHEs are found.
   

   TGD explanation: In zero energy ontology to which quantum TGD relies, one must distinguish between BHEs and their time reversals, whilehole like objects (WHEs), analogous to white holes. WHEs would not be "hungry" but feed matter into environment. The counterparts or jets would flow into WHE and matter would flow out from WHE.
   
   

3. The standard theoretical belief is that in a dense star cluster only single blackhole can exist. If there are several blackholes, they start to rotate around each other and fuse to a smaller blackhole. A case with two blackholes have been however observed.
   

   TGD explanation: A possible explanation is that the objets are WHEs and their behavior is time reversal of BHEs.
   
   

4. The velocities of particles in the jets associated with a galactic BHEs are near light veloity and require extremely high energies and thus strong magnetic fields. No strong magnetic field has been however observed.
   

   TGD explanation: In TGD Maxwellian magnetic fields are replaced with flux tubes carrying quantized monopole flux not possible in Maxwellian world. Their existence allows to understand the presence of magnetic fields in even cosmological scales, the maintenance problem of Earth's magnetic field, and the recent findings about the magnetic field of Mars. Ordinary magnetic fields correspond to vanishing total flux and are indeed weak: it is these magnetic fields outside the jet which would have been measured. Galaxies are tangles in monopole flux tube and this is the carrier of very strong magnetic field associated with jets parallel to the flux tube.
   
   

5. Very distant galactic blackholes with distances in scale of million light years have radio jets in the same direction. This is very difficult to unders in standard view about cosmology.
   

   TGD explanation: The galactic BHEs would be associated with the same long cosmic string forming galaxies as tangles.
   
   

See the article Brief description of the model for for the formation of galaxies and stars.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

X boson makes a comeback!

The Hungarian physics group led by Attila Krasznahorkay, which reported for three years ago of having found new evidence for a new spin 1 boson - X boson - giving rise to 5th force, from an anomaly in the decay of Beryllium nucleus producing electron positron pairs. Now a popular article in New Scientist (see this) tells about a new anomaly in the physics of Helium nuclei found by this group and giving support for a new kind of interaction. Unfortunately the artcle is behind the paywall.

I wrote about the finding an article for 3 years ago. TGD makes quite dramatic prediction: there should be an entire fractal hierarchy of scaled copies of strong and electroweak interacions assignable to p-adic length scales coming as primes near certain powers of two. No fifth force but p-adically scaled variants of known interactions. In fact, a scaling hierarchy of dark variants of basic interactions is predicted so that there should be a lot of new physics to be found.

Also Gaussian primes are allowed as p-adic primes. Mersenne primes and their Gaussian counterparts are in special role and many elementary particles correspond to them. Also hadron physics and electroweak physics correspond to Mersennes. Ordinary hadron physics assignable to M₁₀₇ and there is a considerable evidence for the mesons of its scaled up variant assignable to M₈₉ from LHC forgotten because they could not be explained in terms of sparticles.

In TGD it would not be new force but X boson would be associated with a p-adically scaled down variant of ordinary pion scaled dow to nuclear scale labelled by p-adic length scales assignable Gaussian Mersenne M_G,k, k=113: this predicts the mass of the new particle correctly. It would decay via intermediate state, which is p-adically scaled down variant of Z boson of electroweak physics to e⁺e^- pair. The decays of ordinary pion would also take via p-adically scaled down Z boson and a new view about PCAC hypothesis emerges.

I glue here the earlier blog article about TGD based interpretation published at my blog 2016.

X boson as evidence for nuclear string model

Anomalies seem to be popping up everywhere, also in nuclear physics and I have been busily explaining them in the framework provided by TGD. The latest nuclear physics anomaly that I have encountered was discovered in Hungarian physics laboratory in the decays of the excited state ⁸Be* of an unstable isotope of ⁸Be (4 protons and 4 neutrons) to ground state ⁸Be (see this). For the theoretical interpretation of the finding in terms of fifth force mediated by spin 1 boson see this.

The anomaly manifests itself as a bump in the distribution of e⁺e^- pairs in the transitions ⁸Be*→ ⁸Be at certain angle between electrons. The theoretical interpretation is in terms of a production of spin 1 boson - christened as X - identified as a carrier of fifth force with range about 12 fm, nuclear length scale. The attribute 6.8σ tells that the probably that the finding is statistical fluctuation is about 10^-12: already 5 sigma is regarded as a criterion for discovery.

The assumption about vector boson character looks at first well-motivated: the experimental constraints for the rate to gamma pairs eliminate the interpretation as pseudo-scalar boson whereas spin 1 bosons do not have these decays. In the standard reductionistic spirit it is assumed that X couples to p and n and the coupling is sum for direct couplings to u and d quarks making proton and neutron. The comparison with the experimental constraints forces the coupling to proton to be very small: this is called protophoby. Perhaps it signifies something that many of the exotic particles introduced to explain some bump during last years are assumed to suffer various kinds of phobies. The assumption that X couples directly to quarks and therefore to nucleons is of course well-motivated in standard nuclear physics framework relying on reductionism.

1. Two observations, and the problems created by them

TGD inspired interpretation based on nuclear string model is based on two observations and potential problems created by them.

1. The first observation is that 12 fm range corresponds rather precisely to p-adic length scale for prime p≈ 2^k, k=113 assigned to the space-time sheets of atomic nuclei in TGD framework. The estimate comes from L(k)= 2^(k-151)/2L(151), L(151) ≈ 10 nm. To be precise, this scale is actually the p-adic Compton length of electron if it where characterized by k instead of k₀=127 labelling the largest not super-astrophysical Mersenne prime. k=113 is very special: it labels Gaussian Mersenne prime (1+i)^k-1 and also muonic space-time sheet.
   
   
2. A related observation made few days later is that the p-adic scaling of the ordinary neutral pion mass 135 MeV from k=107 to k=113 by 2^-(113-107)/2=1/8 gives 16.88 MeV! That p-adic length scale hypothesis would predict the mass of X with .7 per cent accuracy is hardly an accident. This would strongly suggest that X boson is k=113 pion.
   
   
3. There is however a problem. The decays to photon pairs producing pion in l=1 partial wave have not been however observed. This creates puzzle. If X is ρ meson like state with spin 1, it should have same mass as pionic X? This is not plausible.
   
   

The pleasant surprise was that the scaled Γ(π→ γγ) turned out to be consistent with the experimental bounds reported in the article! I must admit that it took almost two weeks to realize that the conclusion of the authors based on the limits on gamma pair decay was wrong in TGD framework.

ells about the new anomaly There is however a problem: the estimate for Γ(π, e⁺e^-) obtained by p-adically scaling the model based on decay virtual gamma pair decaying to e⁺e^- pair is by a factor 1/88 too low. One can consider the possibility that the dependence of f_π on p-adic length scale is not the naively expected one but this is not an attractive option. The increase of Planck constant seems to worsen the situation.

The dark variants of weak bosons appear in important role in both cold fusion and TGD inspired model for chiral selection. They are effectively massless below the scaled up Compton scale of weak bosons so that weak interactions become strong. Since pion couples to axial current, the decay to e⁺e^- could proceed via annihilation to Z⁰ boson decay to e⁺e^- pair. The estimate for Γ(π(113), e⁺e^-) is in the middle of allowed range. The success suggests that the couplings of mesons to p-adically scaled down weak bosons could describe semileptonic decays of hadrons and explain the somewhat mysterious origin of CVC and PCAC.

2. Effective action approach

One must construct the effective action for the process using relativistic approach and Poincare invariance.

1. The effective action in the fifth force proposal involves the term giving rise to the decay Z→ ⁸Be+X. ⁸Be*==Z is treated as effective U(1) gauge field Z_αβ = ∂_αZ_β - ∂_βZ_α expressible in terms of vector potential Z_α. The corresponding term in the effective action density is proportional to ε^αβγδ Z_αβ∂_γX ∂_δY. Here X is pseudoscalar meson and ⁸Be==Y scalar. The coupling constant parameter has dimensions of length squared.
   
   
2. In the recent case a reduction to the level of single color bond takes place so that Z_αβ is replaced with ρ_αβ representing spin 1 colored bond and pseudo-scalar X with the colored analog of π(113).
   
   
3. Second term in the effective action describes decays of pseudoscalar X to gamma pair and electron pairs. The scaling of standard model produces gamma+gamma decay rate below the experimental upper limit. The scaling of standard model produces a rate which is by a factor about 1/100 too small. The description in terms of coupling to p-adically scaled down variant of Z boson via axial current leads to a prediction consistent with experimental limits. Also the dark variant of Z boson can be considered as a model but now the rate is by order of magnitude smaller than the lower limit proposed in the article. Also the decay of ordinary pion could proceed by same mechanism.
   
   
   

3. Model for color bonds of nuclear strings

One should also construct a model for color bonds connecting nucleons to nuclear strings.

1. In nuclear string model nuclei are identified as nuclear strings with nucleons connected by color flux tubes, which can be neutral or charged and can have net color so that color confinement would be in question in nuclear length scale. The possibility of charged color flux tubes predicts the existence of exotic nuclei with some neutrons replaced by proton plus negatively charged color flux tube looking like neuron from the point of view of chemistry or some protons replaced with neutron plus positively charged flux tube. Nuclear excitation with energy determined buy the difference of initial and final color bond energies is in question.
   
   
2. The color magnetic flux tubes are analogous to mesons of hadron physics except that they can be colored and are naturally pseudo-scalars in the ground state. These pion like colored flux tube can be excited to a colored state analogous to ρ meson with spin 1 and net color. Color bonds would be rather long flux loops with size scale determined by the mass scale of color bond: 17 MeV gives estimate which as electron Compton length divided by 34 and would correspond to p-adic length scale k=121>113 so that length would be about 2^(121-113)/2=16 times longer than nuclear length scale.
   
   
3. If the color bonds (cb) are indeed colored, the mass ratio m(ρ,cb)/m(π,cb) need not be equal to m(ρ,107)/m(π,107)=5.74. If the ρ and π type closed string states are closed string like objects in the sense as elementary particles are so that there is a closed magnetic monopole flux tube along first sheet going through wormhole contact to another space-time sheet and returning back, the scaling m(ρ/π,107)/m(ρ/π,113)= 8 should hold true.
   
   

4. Model for ⁸Be* → ⁸Be +X

With these ingredients one can construct a model for the decay ⁸Be* → ⁸Be +X.

1. ⁸Be* could correspond to a state for which pionic color(ed) bond is excited to ρ type color(ed) bond. The decay of ⁸Be* → ⁸Be +X would mean a snipping of a color singlet π meson type closed flux tube from the color bond and leaving pion type color bond. The reaction would be analogous to an emission of closed string from open string. m(X)=17 MeV would be the mass of the color-singled closed string emitted equal to m(π,113)=17 MeV. The emitted π would be in l=1 partial wave so that resonant decay to gamma pair would not occur but decay to e⁺e^- pairs is possible just like for the ordinary pion.
   
   
2. Energy conservation suggests the identification of the excitation energy of ⁸Be* as the mass difference of ρ and π type colored bonds (cb): E_ex(⁸Be*)=m(ρ,cb)-m(π,cb)= m(π,113)= 17 MeV in the approximation that X is created at rest. If one has m(ρ,cb)/m(π,cb)= m(ρ)/m(π) - this is not necessary - this gives m(ρ,cb)≈ 20.6 MeV and m(π,cb)≈ 3.5 MeV.
   
   
3. This estimate is based on mass differences and says nothing about nuclear binding energy. If the color bonds carry positive energy, the binding energy should be localizable to the interaction of quarks at the ends of color bonds with nucleons. The model clearly assumes that the dynamics of color bonds separates from the dynamics of nuclei in the case of the anomaly.
   
   
4. The assumption about direct coupling of X to quarks and therefore to nucleons does not makes sense in this framework. Hence protophoby does not hold true in TGD and this is due to the presence of long color bonds in nuclear strings. Also the spin 1 assignment would be wrong.
   
   

To conclude, this new nuclear physics is physics of the magnetic body of nucleus and involves hierarchy of Planck constants in an essential manner, and the proposed solution to the mysteriously puzzle decay rate π(113)→ γγ could turn out to provide a direct experimental proof for the hierarchy of Planck constants. It also suggests a new approach to the leptonic decays of hadrons based on dark or p-adically scaled down variants of weak interactions The proposal for the explanation of the anomaly in charge radius of proton involves physics of the magnetic body of proton (see this). TGD inspired quantum biology is to high degree quantum physics of magnetic body. Maybe the physics of magnetic body differentiates to its own branch of physics someday.

For details see the article X boson as evidence for nuclear string model or the chapter Nuclear string model.

Some remarks about cosmic string model for the formation of galaxies and stars

The view about the role of new nuclear physics predicted by TGD in the model of solar interior gives excellent guidelines for attempts to develop a more detailed understanding about TGD counterparts of blackholes as volume filling flux tube tangles. One ends up to rather detailed picture making correct predictions about minimum radii of blackholes and neutron stars. The idea about ordinary stars as blackhole like objects emerges.

The standard blackhole thermodynamics is replaced by two thermodynamics. The first thermodynamics is assignable to the flux tubes as string like entities having Hagedorn temperature T_H as maximal temperature. The second thermodynamics is assignable to gravitational flux tubes characterized by the gravitational Planck constant h_gr: Hawking temperature T_B is scaled up by the ratio hbar_gr/hbar to T_B,D and is gigantic as compared to the ordinary Hawking temperature but the intensity of dark Hawking radiation is extremely low.

The condition T_H= T_B,D for thermodynamical equilibrium fixes the velocity parameter β₀=v₀/c appearing in the Nottale formula for hbar_gr and suggests β₀=1/h_eff for the dark nuclei at flux tubes defining star as blackhole like entity in TGD sense. This also predicts the Hagedorn temperature of the counterpart of blackhole in GRT sense to to be hadronic Hagedorn temperature assignable to the flux tube containing dark nuclei as dark nucleon sequences so that there is a remarkable internal consistency. In zero energy ontology (ZEO) quasars and galactic blackholes can be seen as time reversals of each other.

The cosmological time anomalies such as stars older than the Universe can be understood. In ZEO the time evolution for the zero energy states associated with causal diamonds (CDs) by sequences of small state function reductions (weak measurements) gives rise to conscious entity, self. Self dies and re-incarnates with an opposite arrow of time in big (ordinary) state function reduction reversing the arrow of time. These reincarnations define kind of universal Karma's cycle. If the Karma's cycle leaves the sizes of CDs bounded and their position in M⁴ unaffected, quantum dynamics reduces to a local dynamics inside CDs defining sub-cosmologies. In particular, the age distributions and properties of stars depend only weakly on the value of cosmic time - stars older than the Universe become possible in standard view about time.

The flux tube picture about galaxies and larger structures is discussed with application to some anomalies strongly suggesting the presence of coherence in scales of even billion light years. Also "too" fast spinning galaxies are discussed. The local galaxy supercluster Laniakea is discussed in the flux tube picture as a flux tube tangle in scale of .5 Gly.

See the article Cosmic string model for the formation of galaxies and stars or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

Self-organization and metabolism as dissipation with reserved arrow of time

It is found that Fr\"ohlich condensates are ruled out in quantum consciousness models (say the model of Penrose and Hameroff) (see this. The following represents how TGD based view allows to circument the problems of stanard quantum theories of biology and consciousnes.

The quantum-biological effects seem to be real. The problem is that the value of Planck constant is too small. By a factor of 1/100 in photosynthesis for instance. Quite generally, one can say that quantum consciousness theories relying on standard quantum mechanics - usually wave mechanics- have been excluded from the beginning. Planck constant is too small.

One can start with facts.

1. Coherence of living systems in macroscales is a fact. It cannot be explained by biochemistry for which quantum coherence lengths are of molecular size.
   
   
2. The coherence need not however be quantum coherence. It is enough that one has dark matter as h_eff=n×h₀ phases with quantum coherence in scale proportional toh_effand located at flux tubes. This can induce ordinary coherence of ordinary living matter as a forced coherence: ordinary matter would be like marching soldiers obeying commands. h_eff/h₀=n is both a measure for both scale of quantum coherence and for IQ of system at fundamental level as a measure for algebraic complexity (dimension for extension of rationals).
   
   
3. Remarkably, this picture generalizes to all self-organization processes, which generate coherence and require energy feed: this corresponds to generation of larger values of h_eff and requires metabolic energy feed to increase values of h_eff which tend to reduce spontaneously. We see dark matter in action everywhere, where we see self-organization. It is driven by magnetic bodies of systems carrying dark matter (see this).
   
   
4. There is even further amazing simplicication. In zero energy ontology self-organization is purely thermal process forced by generalization of second law: dissipation in opposite time direction. In dissipation system loses energy to the systems in environment. In time reverse dissipation seen from standard time direction system sucks energy from environmentand generates gradients ad structures instead of their decay. This is nothing but thermal metabolism! DNA replication, transcription, and RNA translation are basic examples of processes for which control level corresponds to time reversed zero energy state.
   
   

This is so stunningly simple that I am still shocked. Thermodynamics alone is enough: nothing else bedides possibility of both arrows of time.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

Local supercluster Laniakea from TGD point of view

In the following I try to concretize the ideas about monopole flux tube network as basic structure behind formation of astrophysical structures by discussing the supercluster Laniakea in this framework (the idea came from the question of Wes Johnson about how I understand Laniakea in TGD framework). There are two excellent videos about Laniakea (see this and this) .

Consider first the structure of Laniakea.

1. Wikipedia contains a nice article about Laniakea (see this). Laniakea is a local supercluster containing also Milky Way so that it is own home supercluster. Local supercluster is defined as a basin of a local flow of galaxies directed to the center of the super-cluster.
   

   There is a video giving view about the structure and dynamics of Laniakea is warmly recomommended (see this). Laniakea contains about 10⁵ galaxies, decomposes to four smaller super-cluster like entities and contains about 500 galaxy clusters.
   
   

2. The general picture supports the idea about fractal spaghetti formed by monopole flux tube or several of them. The presence of four smaller super-cluster type entities suggests quadrupole field as a rough starting point as one tries to gues the analog as field line topology. The first very naive guess is that the tangle defining the supercluster represents roughly the topology of quadrupole magnetic field in the first approximation: there would be pair of dipoles. One cannot of course fix the number of cosmic strings.
   

   The simplest starting point hypothesis is that there is just single closed cosmic string forming a structure analogous to that of quadrupole magnetic field. Reconnection can split smaller closed cosmic string from a closed cosmic string and this could correspond to a decay of galaxy to smaller galaxies. Therefore single cosmic string is certainly an approximation.
   

   Remark: Recall that cosmic strings are closed and one can have for instance helical structures. For instance, one could have two closed cosmic strings analogous to DNA double strands.
   

   Remark: Also non-monopole flux tubes are involved and the proposal is that gravitational interactions are mediated along these flux tubes emanating radially from the source. The flux for them is vanishing and there is no current needed to create the field. These flux tubes are not topologically stable against splitting.
   
   

3. Cosmic strings are assumed to form a fractal hierarchy and that in TGD inspired biology cosmic strings thicknened to monopole flux tubes are behind various linear biomolecules organized around them as ordinary matter. This leads to ask whether DNA double strand and the organization of DNA double strands to chromosomes might be more general phenomenon. Chromosomes consist of 4 strands, which allows to ask whether something similar happens even at the level of superclusters and that the topology of quadrupole field is involved.
   

   Interestingly, also Milky Way consists of four arms assignable spiral density waves for ordinary matter so that it is not clear whether the arms can be assigned with four poles of quadrupole. Fermi spheres are a peculiarity Milky Way possibly possibly related to a quadrupole structure of monopole flux tube topology suggesting two cosmic strings meeting at the nucleus of galaxy. There is evidence that Milky Way could be seen as being formed in a kind of cosmic collision. I have asked whether this is due to a cosmic highway accident at crossroad at which two cosmic string are passby very near to each other is in question. This could make sense if tangle as a quadrupole corresponds to two dipoles.
   
   

Consider next the dynamics of Laniakea. Reader can build his/her own views with the help of the beautiful videos (see this and this) demonstrating the velocity flow of visible parts of galaxies, which would be associated with tangles moving along cosmic strings.

1. Wikipedia mentions that Laniakea is not gravitationally bound. Also this suggests that the galaxies associated with it are tangles of one or more cosmic strings. The dynamics would correspond to motion in gravitational field constrained to be along the cosmic string.
   
   
2. The motion of galactic tangles and that of ordinary matter formed from it along cosmic string is free: this distinguishes TGD from halo model where one has spherical symmetry. This would mean rather lose binding but strong correlation produced by the cosmic string. Wikipedia says that most galaxy motions are directed inward towards Great Attractor: this would have explanation in terms of gravitational attraction. A good guess is that motion are along flux tube/cosmic string.
   
   

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

New surprises from Mars

Few days ago Nikolina Benedikovic gave a very interesting link relating to the new starting discovery related to Mars. The scientists have measured the seasonal variation of methane CO₂ and oxygen O₂ in the Gale Crater of Mars.

Consider first the newest findings.

1. The largest amount of methane CO₂ hitherto, 21 parts per billion volume units has been measured in Mars by Curiosity Mars rover (see this).
   

   The presence of high level of methane discovered by Curiosity has been known for years. Methane is associated with living organisms. At Earth it is produced by microbes but can be also created through interactions between rocks and water.
   

   Curiosity cannot determine whether the source is local or is the methane present everywhere and whether the source is biology or geology. The recent measurement gave an increased level of methane but it is not known how long the transient lasts and whether there is a seasonal variation. The transient however suggests that the source of methane is local. Chemically reactive soil containing sources and sinks of methane has been considered.
   
   

2. Also oxygen was observed to behave in an unexpected manner (see this). The knowledge of the surface chemistry allows to estimate the yearly variation of oxygen and the predictions confirm with measurements almost all the year. At spring time of Mars the rules of chemistry are however broken, and the concentration of oxygen rises as much as 30 per cent during spring and summer and the returns to the levels predicted by the chemistry. Something gives oxygen and then takes it back.
   
   

TGD based explanation relies on the proposal of underground life in the underground oceans for which evidence exists (see this). For some time ago I developed a model for the strange behavior of the Martian magnetic field (see this).

1. One can start from the TGD based Expanding Earth model (see this). providing also a vision about the evolution of life at Earth generalizing to model applying to all planetary systems. Life would have evolved in underground oceans of Earth shielded from cosmic rays and meteor and able to preserve high enough oxygen level. It would have burst to the surface in Cambrian Explosion in a rather short geological time scale as the radius of Earth increased by a factor 2 in a phase transition decreasing cosmological constant by factor 1/4. The sequence of these phase transition would provide quantum counterpart for the cosmological expansion of astronomical objects in TGD Universe as jerks and would correspond to smooth expansion in GRT picture. This vision would also solve Fermi's paradox. Most life in the cosmos would be still underground.
   
   
2. In Mars same would occur (the radius of Mars is 1/2 of the recent radius of Earth!). The core of Mars has not split to inner core and rotating outer core and only the dark monopole part of magnetic field would be significant in Mars, and would explain the strange findings about Martial magnetic field. Multi-cellulars able to photo-synthesize and breath oxygen would develop below the crust shielded against cosmic rays and meteors. The life underground would receive solar radiation as dark photons along monopole flux tubes of dark part of magnetic field predicted by TGD. This would make possible photosynthesis and metabolism
   
   
3. It is essential for life that oxygen in underground oceans does not leak out. At Earth ordinary magnetic field prevents this. At Earth Cambrian explosion meant decomposition of core of Earth to inner and outer core and the generation of the ordinary magnetic field of Earth by the charged currents in the outer core: this prevented the leakage of oxygen from the surface of Earth and the life could flourish at the surface of Earth. Same should happen also in Mars sooner or later.
   
   
4. The observed largest and varying amount of methane and oxygen in Gale Crater would represent local leakages of methane and oxygen. Could some oxygen using life forms emerge at surface of Mars at spring time and survive the summer (Martian year is 687 days) and receive their oxygen feed from the interior of Mars? This would be like some birds emigrating from southern hemisphere to northern hemisphere during summer.
   
   

See the article Could Mars have intra-planetary life? or the chapter Expanding Earth Model and Pre-Cambrian Evolution of Continents, Climate, and Life.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.