What MIP*= RE could mean in TGD Universe?

The MIP*=RE means that quantum entanglement has a crucial role in quantum computation. One the other hand, HFFs would not allow to use quantum entanglement to quantum computational purposes. This looks at first a bad news from the TGD point of view, where HFFs are highly suggestive. One must be however very careful with the basic definitions.

1. The notion of finite measurement resolution in TGD

Measurement resolution is one of the basic notions of TGD.

1. There are intuitive physicist's arguments demonstrating that in TGD the operator algebras involved with TGD are HFFs provides a description of finite measurement resolution. The inclusion of HFFs defines the notion of resolution: included factor represents the degrees of freedom not seen in the resolution used (see this) and this).

   Hyperfinite factors involve new structures like quantum groups and quantum algebras reflecting the presence of additional symmetries: actually the "world of classical worlds" (WCW) as the space of space-time surfaces as maximal group of isometries and this group has a fractal hierarchy of isomorphic groups imply inclusion hierarchies of HFFs. By the analogs of gauge conditions this infinite-D group reduces to a hierarchy of effectively finite-D groups. For quantum groups the infinite number of irreps of the corresponding compact group effectively reduces to a finite number of them, which conforms with the notion of hyper-finiteness.

   It looks that the reduction of the most general quantum theory to TGD-like theory relying on HFFs is not possible. This would not be surprising taking into account gigantic symmetries responsible for the cancellation of infinities in TGD framework and the very existence of WCW geometry.

2. Second TGD based approach to finite resolution is purely number theoretic (see this) and involves adelic physics as a fusion of the real physics with various p-adic physics as correlates of cognition. Cognitive representations are purely number theoretic and unique discretizations of space-time surfaces defined by a given extension of rationals forming an evolutionary hierarchy: the coordinates for the points of space-time as a 4-surface of the imbedding space H=M⁴× CP₂ or of its dual M⁸ are in the extension of rationals defining the adele. In the case of M⁸ the preferred coordinates are unique apart from time translation. These two views would define descriptions of the finite resolution at the level of space-time and Hilbert space. In particular, the hierarchies of extensions of rationals should define hierarchies of inclusions of HFFs.

For hyperfinite factors the analog of MIP*=RE cannot hold true. Doesn't the TGD Universe allow a solution of all the problems solvable by Turing Computer? There is however a loophole in this argument

1. The point is that for the hierarchy of extensions of rationals also Hilbert spaces have as a coefficient field the extension of rationals!. Unitary transformations are restricted to matrices with elements in the extension. In general it is not possible to realize the unitary transformation mapping the entangled situation to an un-entangled one! The weakening of the theorem would hold true for the hierarchy of adeles and entanglement would give something genuinely new for quantum computation!
2. A second deep implication is that the density matrix characterizing the entanglement between two systems cannot in general be diagonalized such that all diagonal elements identifiable as probabilities would be in the extension considered. One would have stable or partially stable entanglement (could the projection make sense for the states or subspaces with entanglement probability in the extension). For these bound states the binding mechanism is purely number theoretical. For a given extension of p-adic numbers one can assign to algebraic entanglement also information measure as a generalization of Shannon entropy as a p-adic entanglement entropy (real valued). This entropy can be negative and the possible interpretation is that the entanglement carries conscious information.

2. What about the situation for the continuum version of TGD?

At least the cognitively finitely representable physics would have the HFF property with coefficient field of Hilbert spaces replaced by an extension of rationals. Number theoretical universality would suggest that HFF property characterizes also the physics of continuum TGD. This leads to a series of questions.

1. Does the new theorem imply that in the continuum version of TGD all quantum computations allowed by the Turing paradigm for real coefficients field for quantum states are not possible: MIP*⊂ RE? The hierarchy of extensions of rationals allows utilization of entanglement, and one can even wonder whether one could have MIP*= RE at the limit of algebraic numbers.
2. Could the number theoretic vision force change also the view about quantum computation? What does RE actually mean in this framework? Can one really assume complex entanglement coefficients in computation. Does the computational paradigm makes sense at all in the continuum picture?

   Are both real and p-adic continuum theories unreachable by computation giving rise to cognitive representations in the algebraic intersection of the sensory and cognitive worlds? I have indeed identified real continuum physics as a correlate for sensory experience and various p-adic physics as correlates of cognition in TGD: They would represent the computionally unreachable parts of existence.

   Continuum physics involves transcendentals and in mathematics this brings in analytic formulas and partial differential equations. At least at the level of mathematical consciousness the emergence of the notion of continuum means a gigantic step. Also this suggests that transcendentality is something very real and that computation cannot catch all of it.

3. Adelic theorem allows to express the norm of a rational number as a product of inverses of its p-adic norms. Very probably this representation holds true also for the analogs of rationals formed from algebraic integeres. Reals can be approximated by rationals. Could extensions of all p-adic numbers fields restricted to the extension of rationals say about real physics only what can be expressed using language?

Also fermions are highly interesting in the recent context. In TGD spinor structure can be seen as a square root of Kähler geometry, in particular for the "world of classical worlds" (WCW). Fermions are identified as correlates of Boolean cognition. The continuum case for fermions does not follow as a naive limit of algebraic picture.

1. The quantization of the induced spinors in TGD looks different in discrete and continuum cases. Discrete case is very simple since equal-time anticommutators give discrete Kronecker deltas. In the continuum case one has delta functions possibly causing infinite vacuum energy like divergences in conserved Noether charges (Dirac sea).
2. I have proposed (see this) how these problems could be avoided by avoiding anticommutators giving delta-function. The proposed solution is based on zero energy ontology and TGD based view about space-time. One also obtains a long-sought-for concrete realization for the idea that second quantized induce spinor fields are obtained as restrictions of second quantized free spinor fields in H=M⁴× CP₂ to space-time surface. The fermionic variant of M⁸-H-duality (see this) provides further insights and gives a very concrete picture about the dynamics of fermions in TGD.

These considerations relate in an interesting manner to consciousness. Quantum entanglement makes in the TGD framework possible telepathic sharing of mental images represented by sub-selves of self. For the series of discretizations of physics by HFFs and cognitive representations associated with extensions of rationals, the result indeed means something new.

3. What about transcendental extensions?

During the writing of this article an interesting question popped up.

1. Also transcendental extensions of rationals are possible, and one can consider the generalization of the computationalism by also allowing functions in transcendental extensions. Could the hierarchy of algebraic extensions could continue with transcendental extensions? Could one even play with the idea that the discovery of transcendentals meant a quantum leap leading to an extension involving for instance e and π as basic transcendentals? Could one generalize the notion of polynomial root to a root of a function allowing Taylor expansion f(x)= ∑ q_n xⁿ with rational coefficients so that the roots of f(x)=0 could be used define transcendental extensions of rationals?
2. Powers of e or its root define and infinite-D extensions having the special property that they are finite-D for p-adic number fields because e^p is ordinary p-adic number. In the p-adic context e can be defined as a root of the equation x^p-∑ pⁿ/n!=0 making sense also for rationals. The numbers log(p_i) such that p_i appears a factor for integers smaller than p define infinite-D extension of both rationals and p-adic numbers. They are obtained as roots of e^x-p_i=0.
3. The numbers (2n+1)π (2nπ) can be defined as roots of sin(x)=0 (cos(x)=0. The extension by π is infinite-dimensional and the conditions defining it would serve as consistency conditions when the extension contains roots of unity and effectively replaces them.
4. What about other transcendentals appearing in mathematical physics? The values ζ(n) of Riemann Zeta appearing in scattering amplitudes are for even values of n given by ζ(2n)= (-1)ⁿ⁺¹ B_2n (2π)²ⁿ/2(2n+1)!. This follows from the functional identity for Riemann zeta and from the expression ζ(-n)= (-1)ⁿ B_n+1/(n+1) ( (B(-1/2)=-1/2) (see this). The Bernoulli numbers B_n are rational and vanish for odd values of n. An open question is whether also the odd values are proportional to πⁿ with a rational coefficient or whether they represent "new" transcendentals.

4. What does one mean with quantum computation in TGD Universe?

The TGD approach raises some questions about computation.

1. The ordinary computational paradigm is formulated for Turing machines manipulating natural numbers by recursive algorithms. Programs would essentially represent a recursive function n→ f(n). What happens to this paradigm when extensions of rationals define cognitive representations as unique space-time discretizations with algebraic numbers as the limit giving rise to a dense in the set of reals.

   The usual picture would be that since reals can be approximated by rationals, the situation is not changed. TGD however suggests that one should replace at least the quantum version of the Turing paradigm by considering functions mapping algebraic integers (algebraic rational) to algebraic integers.

   Quite concretely, one can manipulate algebraic numbers without approximation as a rational and only at the end perform this approximation and computations would construct recursive functions in this manner. This would raise entanglement to an active role even if one has HFFs and even if classical computations could still look very much like ordinary computation using integers.

2. ZEO brings in also time reversal occurring in "big" (ordinary) quantum jumps and this modifies the views about quantum computation. In ZEO based conscious quantum computation halting means "death" and "reincarnation" of conscious entity, self? How the processes involving series of haltings in this sense differs from ordinary quantum computation: could one shorten the computation time by going forth and back in time.
3. There are many interesting questions to be considered. M⁸-H duality gives justifications for the vision about algebraic physics. TGD leads also to the notion of infinite prime and I have considered the possibility that infinite primes could give a precise meaning for the dimension of infinite-D Hilbert space. Could the number-theoretic view about infinite be considerably richer than the idea about infinity as limit would suggest (see this). The construction of infinite primes is analogous to a repeated second quantization of arithmetic supersymmetric quantum field theory allowing also bound states at each level and a concrete correspondence with the hierarchy of space-time sheets is suggestive. For the infinite primes at the lowest level of the hierarchy single particle states correspond to rationals and bound states to polynomials and therefore to the sets of their roots. This strongly suggests a connection with M⁸ picture.

See the article MIP*= RE: What could this mean physically? or the chapter Evolution of Ideas about Hyper-finite Factors in TGD.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

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