Objections against the notion of Pollack battery

The basic counter-arguments against the notion of Pollack battery relate to dynamics.

1. The number of dark protons matters. According to the findings of Pollack, every fourth proton in the water in the EZ region is transferred to the magnetic body. This is quite a large number. This provides an order of magnitude estimate of the maximum amount of charge transferred via quantum tunnelling followed by the reverse Pollack effect. If the electrodes are wrinkled, as would happen for the ase of SiNT, the area of the electrodes increases and so does the maximal number of dark protons.
2. The time scale for the lifetime of (H₃ O₂)^- phase is attosecond in water. The large fraction of dark protons would give reason for optimism. In the case of DNA, RNA, and cell membrane the region with negative charge is stable and formation of dark nuclei from dark protons should imply the stability against the reverse Pollack effect.
3. At what speed does the transfer to the opposite electrode by quantum tunnelling occur? The tunneling probability could be estimated based on the existing formula for quantum tunnelling by simply replacing Planck constant h with h_eff. The tunnelling rate is an exponent exp(-X) of a term X proportional to 1/ℏ.

   The intuitive expectation is that for ordinary Planck constant X is very large in the scales considered so that tunnelling probability is essentially zero. However, the replacement ℏ → ℏ_gr,E= GM_em_p/β₀ ∼ 10¹³ for a proton could make X∝ 1/ℏ_gr small enough. An additional parameter possibly needed as a multiplicative factor is the amplitude for OH → O^- + dark proton decay. The optimistic first guess is that this parameter is of order 1.

Consider now an estimate for the tunnelling amplitude A, whose modulus squared gives the tunnelling probability.

1. Apart from the numerical factor of order one, the amplitude A can be written as an exponent and represents the value of a wave function at point L at E₂. In the classically forbidden region 0<x<L the wave function is an exponentially decreasing function. ∫₀^yk(x)dx is analogous to a plane wave exp(iky) with imaginary momentum. By using the relationship k(x)= p(x)/ℏ and p(x)= (2m(E-V(x)) between wave vector and momentum, one obtains

   A= exp(-X)

   X= (1/h_eff) ∫₀^L p(x)dx .

   p(x)=(2m(E-V(x))^1/2.

   In the recent case, V(x) is Coulomb energy V(x)= eE₀x for the proton and m is proton mass. In the Earth's gravitational field one has h_eff =ℏ_gr,E = GM_Em_p/β₀= r_s(E)m_p/2β₀, r_s(E)∼ 1 cm. The velocity parameter β₀= v₀/c≤ 1 has a spectrum of values but there are arguments supporting β₀∼ 1 as the most plausible value for the Earth. For the Sun the value β₀∼ 2^-11 is favored.

2. The boundary condition is that the proton, kicked by Pollack effect from the electrode E₁, arrives at rest to the electrode E₂. This gives

   E= V(L) = eE₀L = eV₀

   where E₀ is a constant electric field of the battery and V₀ the voltage between E₁ and E₂. This gives

   p(x)= (2m_p(V(L)-V(x))^1/2 = (2m_pV₀)^1/2 (1-x/L)^1/2

   The integral appearing in the definition of X can be calculated analytically and one obtains

   X= [(4×2^1/2/3] (eV₀/m_p)^1/2× L/r_s(E) .

3. An order of magnitude estimate is obtained by assuming eV₀=1 eV implying eV₀/m_p∼ 10^-9, L=10 cm. For β₀=1, this gives

   X∼ 6× 10^-4 .

   The value happens to be quite near to the value of β₀∼ 2^-11 for the Sun. The value of X is so small that exp(-X) ∼ 1 is true in a good approximation.

The conclusion is that, unless the additional coefficient possibly present is very small, the tunnelling probability can be large enough.

See the article Are Pollack batteries possible? and the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

The dark matter particle detected by LUX-ZEPLIN detector is identifiable as dark pion of M89 hadron physics predicted by TGD!

I just learned of a direct detection of dark matter. The news was published already towards the end of 2025 (see this. I glue part of the news here.

The LUX-ZEPLIN detector (see this) at the Sanford Underground Research Facility, located 1,500 meters beneath the former Homestake Gold Mine, recorded 8 candidate dark matter interaction events over 1,000 days of operation that carry statistical certainty of 5.2 sigma crossing the discovery threshold physicists require for particle physics announcements. The detector uses 10 tonnes of ultra-pure liquid xenon cooled to minus 108 degrees Celsius, surrounded by water tanks shielding against cosmic rays that would overwhelm the faint dark matter signal at shallower depths.

Dark matter particles theorized as Weakly Interacting Massive Particles with masses between 10 and 1,000 times the proton mass produce tiny flashes of scintillation light and ionization when they collide with xenon nuclei, distinguishable from radioactive background through their characteristic dual-signal fingerprint.

The detected events carry particle masses consistent with a 65 proton-mass dark matter candidate, within the theoretical range predicted by supersymmetric extensions of the standard model. Independent verification is already underway at the PandaX-4T detector in China and the XENONnT detector in Italy's Gran Sasso Laboratory, with results expected within six months.

What has TGD to say about the claimed 5 sigma discovery?

1. One of the most dramatic predictions of TGD is a scale hierarchy of standard model physics labelled by Mersenne primes and their Gaussian counterparts. This hierarchy would correspond to the hierarchy of color partial waves associated with the Dirac equation in H= M⁴× CP₂ in which space-times are 4-surfaces obeying a slightly non-deterministic holography.

   The mass scales of leptons and hadrons of a given standard model physics would be proportional to the inverse of the square root of the Mersenne or Gaussian Mersenne characterizing the scaled copy (for the most recent articles about p-adic thermodynamics, replacing Higgs mechanism see this and this). For instance, for electron one would correspond to Mersenne prime M₁₂₇ =2¹²⁷-1.

2. Ordinary hadrons would correspond Mersenne prime M₁₀₇= 2¹⁰⁷-1.The Mersenne prime M₈₉ would correspond to mass scale, which is 512 times the mass scale of ordinary hadron physics. During about 2 decades pieces of evidence for M₈₉ hadron physics at LHC have been accumulating (see for instance this, this and this). M₈₉ hadron physics would dramatically modify the model for the energy production in the Sun (see this).
3. TGD predicts a hierarchy of effective Planck constants h_eff coming as integer multiples of its minimal value considerably larger than ordinary Planck constant. The phases with non-standard value of Planck constant would behave like dark matter since vertices involving fermions with particles having different values of h_eff are not possible. The 2-vertex changing the value of h_eff is however possible and phase transitions changing h_eff are possible.
4. A TGD based explanation for the LUX-ZEPLIN events interpreted in terms of dark matter would be as a pion of M₈₉ hadron physics identifiable as a scaled up copy of ordinary M₁₀₇ hadron with a mass scale which is 512 times higher but having a non-standard value of effective Planck constant so that the M₈₉ hadrons would be like dark matter. The scaling of the mass .134 MeV of the ordinary pion by factor 512 gives mass of 67 GeV. This is exactly the reported mass if proton mass 940 MeV is approximated as 1 GeV (the error is 6 per cent)!

   M₈₉ hadrons would be created as a phase of ordinary matter with scaled up valued of effective Planck constant guaranteeing that at quantum criticality for the phase transition the Compton lengths of M₈₉ hadrons, scaled by factor h_eff/h are same as for ordinary hadrons. This requires that the ratio of h_eff/h equals to the ratio p-adic length scales associated with M₁₀₇ and M₈₉ equal to 2^(107-89)/2= 2⁹=512.

One can apply the scaling argument to estimate already mass of scaled variants of other quarks.

1. The mass of the neutral kaon is about 498 MeV. The mass of the strange quark would be from the additivity of mass squared equal to m_s= m_K/2²∼ 352 MeV. The mass of M₈₉ s quark would be 176 GeV, which is not far from top quark mass 173 GeV.

   The mass of M₈₉ s quark would be 176 GeV, which is not far from top quark mass m_t=173 GeV. I proposed recently (see this that the top quark corresponds to M₈₉ u quark. I did not realize that the scaling argument allows only the interpretation as M₈₉ s quark.

2. The mass of c quark is estimated to be 1.5 GeV or 1.275 GeV. The M₈₉ c quark is estimated to have mass of 750 GeV or 63.75 GeV.
3. The mass of b quark is estimated to in the range 4.2-4.7 GeV M₈₉ b is estimated to have mass in the range 2400 GeV-2350 GeV.
4. I proposed recently in an article discussing toponium (see this top quark that it actually corresponds to a quark of M₈₉ hadron physics and the real top corresponds to the mass of 28 GeV or 30 GeV assignable explaining the Aleph anomaly this would predict that the mass of M₈₉ t quark is about 1400 or 1500 GeV.

This kind of estimates can be made also for leptons and baryons and M₈₉ electron would have mass about 250 GeV. The naive scaling of proton mass would give the mass of 512 GeV for M₈₉ nucleon. Needless to say, these predictions mean an entire scaled hadron physics to be tested at LHC.

See the article Comparing the S-matrix descriptions of fundamental interactions provided by standard model and TGD or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Empirical evidence for two arrows of time

https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61579273676681 Source: Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Canada, European Space Agency Planck Collaboration, Physical Review D, 2025 \subsection{Evidence that the Universe has two arrows of time} The scientists in Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Canada and European Space Agency Planck Collaboration have published in Physical Review D, 2025 evidence that the Universe has two arrows of time. The presence of two arrows of time is claimed to correspond to hemispherical asymmetry of the CMB. It is not obvious to me why the presence of two arrows of time would reflect itself via this asymmetry.

Could these findings be interpreted as a support for the zero energy ontology (ZEO) of TGD predicting that two arrows of geometric time are possible and that roughly one half of the Universe has both arrows of time?

1. In TGD, the view about the arrow of geometric time is more complex than in the framework of standard cosmology. The arrow of geometric time is associated with a given causal diamond (CD), which is analogous to a sub-cosmology in a Russian doll cosmology defined by a hierarchy of CDs with increasing size scales. A given CD can have both arrows of time and the arrow of time changes in the TGD counterpart of ordinary quantum measurement. The hierarchy of effective Planck constants labelling an infinite hierarchy of quantum coherence scales, which correspond to the size scales of the space-time surfaces and of CDs, is essential.
2. The meaning of the arrow of time used by the researchers is based on CPT as a symmetry. The proposal is that CPT would relate the two Universes with an opposite arrow of time: CPT would not be a trivial operation anymore. On the other hand, the time reversal in the sense of TGD inspired theory of consciousness does not reduce to time reversal as a discrete symmetry although one cannot exclude the possibility CPT - and TGD based views are closely related. It is assumed that the two arrows of time correspond to two half-cones of the light-cone. In the TGD framework, they would correspond to the two halves of a causal diamond CD as an intersection of future and past directed light-cones.

The TGD view of the arrow of time means roughly the following.

1. In quantum field theories there are two vacua as states annihilated by annihilation resp. creation operators. In the original picture of Dirac, all positive/negative energy states of fermions would be filled for these two vacua. In the standard QFT only the second vacuum is selected.
2. In TGD, a new quantum ontology, zero energy ontology (ZEO), solving the basic problem of quantum measurement theory, is forced because the classical time evolutions fail to be strictly deterministic. This non-determinism is absolutely essential for the non-triviality of quantum TGD and also for the TGD inspired view of consciousness. The mild non-determinism forces us to introduce additional discrete degrees of freedom implying that one must allow 3-D seats of classical non-determinism as carriers of quantum numbers in the interior the 4-D space-time surface obeying almost deterministic holography identified as cognitive degrees of freedom not present in standard physics.
3. In ZEO 3-D quantum states are replaced by zero energy states. In fermionic degrees of freedom, zero energy states in fermionic degrees of freedom correspond to pairs of 3-D many-fermion states assignable to the intersections of space-time surfaces with the opposite light-like boundaries of causal diamonds (CDs). These 3-D quantum states could be interpreted as initial and final states of a slightly non-deterministic time evolution. At the level of space-time surfaces, zero energy states are quantum superpositions of Bohr orbit-like space-time surfaces satisfying holography = holomorphy principle.
4. The states at the passive boundary of CD are unaffected by time evolution as small state function reductions (SSFRs). SSFRs define a generalization for a sequence of measurements of fixed observables. In standard QM these sequences leave the quantum state invariant meaning Zeno effect. In TGD, the Zeno effect is replaced with a sequence of SSFRs defining a flow of consciousness, self. In SSFR, the active boundary of CD is shifted, CD increases in statistical sense and the passive boundary suffers only a scaling leaving the 3-D quantum states at it invariant.
5. "Big" state function reduction (BSFR) is the counterpart of ordinary state function reduction. BSFR changes the roles of passive and active boundaries of CD so that the arrow of time is changed. At the level of conscious experience BSFR means death/falling asleep of self at a given level of self hierarchy.
6. In the TGD Universe, quantum coherence is possible in arbitrarily long scales. In cosmic scales stars older than the Universe can be explained by ZEO. Stars older than the Universe is an example of possible consequences of ZEO in cosmic scales.

See for instance, this, this and this.

An objection against the notion of Pollack battery

The model of Pollack battery (see this) is now rather concrete. In the simplest situation the opposite electrodes could correspond to carbon nanotubes with modifications =C → -(C-OH) and =C→ -(C=O) respectively.

The model is very general. What is essential is that one has lattice type structure in =X- type units are replaced with -(X-OH)- and -(X=O)- type units for the two electrodes. For instance, carbon nanotubes could be replaced with silicon nanotubes (SiNT), which indeed do exist. Silicon nanotubes, the tubes are not smooth but wrinkled: this would increase the capacity to load charge.

Charging would take place by Pollack effect kicking protons to monopole flux tubes by the process -OH→ -O^-+ dark proton at monopole flux tube. The charging voltage would provide energy and the process could occur by tunnelling. The electrolyte would be a hydrophilic polymer acting as a catalyst for Pollack effect and possibly also as a storage of chemical energy generated in charging. During use O^- ions would provide electrons serving as charge carriers of Ohmic current running the load.

The objection against the proposal is that the energy difference between states -C-(C=O)-C + e^- and -(C-O^-)-C is large and of wrong sign so that e^- is tightly bound to -(C-O^-)-C and Ohmic current cannot be generated. I am not a chemist but I am able to use Google, which answers as follows.

"The energy difference between a neutral carbonyl group plus a free electron C-(C=O)-C + e^- and the resulting radical anion -C-(C-O-C^- is characterized by the electron affinity (EA) of the carbonyl compound. For simple aliphatic ketones like acetone, the energy difference is approximately in the range 0.0 to -0.5 eV. This indicates that the formation of the radical anion is typically isothermic or slightly endothermic in the gas phase."

This would suggest that the liberation of e^- to become a carrier of ohmic current does not require energy or occurs even spontaneously and is made possible so that the electric field of the battery generates ohmic current.

See the article Are Pollack batteries possible? and the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Allais effect again

The Allais effect (see this and this) was first reported by Maurice Allais in 1954. It involves an abrupt change in the azimuth of a paraconical pendulum s oscillation plane during the solar eclipse, totaling up to 13.5 degrees.

Empirical findings

Consider first a brief summary of the findings of Allais and others (see this and this).

1. Paraconical pendulum consists of a rigid rod of ∼ 1 meter and a metal ball. The bob, that is the weight at the bottom, has lense like shape. Paraconical pendulum differs from the conical pendulum in that the suspension point of the pendulum is not fixed but is a metal sphere able to roll without sliding in plane. Therefore it has 2 degrees of freedom rather than only one: both swinging and rotation around the vertical axis are possible.
2. In the absence of any other forces than the gravitation of Earth) paraconical pendulum can behave much like a conical or Foucault pendulum. The oscillation plane of the paraconical pendulum turned by 13,5 degrees during 14 minutes (see this). It is difficult to see how the gravitational fields of the Sun and Moon could explain this behaviour by changing the effective value of the Earth's gravitational acceleration.
3. Allais concludes from his experimental studies that the orbital plane approach always asymptotically to a limiting plane and the effect is only particularly spectacular during the eclipse. During solar eclipse the limiting plane contains the line connecting Earth, Moon, and Sun. Allais explains this in terms of what he calls the anisotropy of space.
4. Some experiments carried out during eclipse have reproduced the findings of Allais, some experiments not. In the experiment carried out by Jeverdan and collaborators in Romania it was found that the period of oscillation of the pendulum decreases by Δf/f∼ 5× 10^-4 (see this), which happens to correspond to the constant β₀=2^-11 appearing in the formula of the gravitational Planck constant for the Sun. It must be however emphasized that the overall magnitude of Δ f/f varies by five orders of magnitude. Even the sign of Δf/f varies from experiment to experiment.
5. There is also the finding by Popescu and Olenici, which they interpret as a quantization of the plane of oscillation of paraconical pendulum during solar eclipse (see this).
6. There is also evidence that the effect is present also before and after the full eclipse. The time scale is 1 hour. Allais emphasized that the effect is a dynamic, not static, phenomenon, connected to the variation of weight or inertia in the space swept by the pendulum during the eclipse. The 10 per cent excessive bending of light is reported during some eclipses (the "residual arc") is also reported.

While many attempts to confirm it have met with varied or ambiguous results, several observations indicated anomalous behavior that cannot be easily explained by general relativity (GR) or standard Newtonian mechanics.

The TGD view of Allais effect briefly

The TGD view of Allais effect involves quantum physics based on TGD based quantum ontology. One can consider several different levels for how quantum physics appears in the description.

1. One can start from a harmonic oscillator model for the gravitational pendulum and perform a quantization using the gravitational Planck constants of the Sun or the Earth. The huge values of these Planck constants imply that small values of the harmonic oscillator quantum number are involved. The changes of this quantum number could explain the fluctuations at quantum criticality assignable to the transition to the eclipse. The effect would not be gravitational but quantum mechanical and due to the large value of ℏ_gr.

2. During a full eclipse, the screening of the solar gravitational field might explain the Allais effect. There is however evidence that the Allais effect appears also outside the regions of full eclipse and therefore in the scale of the Earth. This suggests that a description involving interference and diffraction effects besides screening is needed.

   In the TGD framework, models involving classical long range gravitational or Z⁰/Kähler fields cannot be excluded. These models do not however look promising: the standard physics based expectation is that the effects are quite too small.

3. The description in terms of wave functions identified as spinor fields of the "world of classical worlds" (WCW) is more promising. The argument of the WCW spinor field would be the space-time surface as analog of Bohr orbit for a particle as 3-surface. One would have essentially wave mechanics in WCW. Instead of a Bohr orbit one would have a wave in the space of Bohr orbits (WCW).

   The Moon would act as an obstacle giving rise to quantum diffraction, which reduces to screening immediately behind the Moon. The diffraction would not be caused by the classical gravitational interaction but would be analogous to the diffraction of electrons in a double screen and a genuine quantum effect.

4. The observed reduction Δ f/f ∼ 2^-11 of the oscillation frequency of the pendulum is several orders of magnitude larger than the prediction and happens to be equal the velocity parameter appearing in the solar gravitational Planck constant. Quantum criticality for the transition to eclipse and zero energy ontology (ZEO) (see this and this) suggest a possible explanation for this finding. In particular, the notion of causal diamond (CD) as a geometric counterpart for the perceptive field (see this) would be involved and the reduction of the frequency would be mathematically analogous to that occurring is cosmological redshift.

The cautious conclusion would be that the Allais effect does not tell so much about new gravitational physics than about the new quantum ontology predicting the notion of WCW realizing holography = holomorphy vision, the hierarchy of Planck constants, and ZEO.

See the article Allais effect again or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

What about the second electrode of the Pollack battery and what happens when the battery is used?

The notion of Pollack battery (see this) was inspired by the claim of the finnish DONUT Lab that it had developed a battery with very fast charging, very large energy density and very large number of cycles. The fast charging is indeed found to occur in the VTT tests.

The charging of the Pollack battery by Pollack effect is expected to be a very fast process. The discharging of the Pollack battery must however occur slowly in ordinary applications. The Pollack battery must therefore behave classically during its use (Ohmic currents) and quantally during its charging.

1. Assume that electrodes E1 and E2 are in the initial state nanotubes, that is single-layered hexagonal lattice such that given carbon as single valence bond to 2 neighbors and 1 double valence bond to the third neighbor. The electrons are assumed to be prepared by making different modifications of double bonds =C:

   E1 : =C → -(C-OH) : addition of OH

   E2: =C → -(C=O) : addition of double bonded O.

   The open question is whether the oxygenation is possible energetically without energy feed.

2. What happens in charging?
   1. Pollack effect for E1 ocurrs and inducing the modification

      -(C-OH) → -(C-O^-) + dark proton at flux tube

   2. Dark proton is transferred to E2 and suffers reverse Pollack effect. At E2 one has

      -(C=O) +p, where p is ordinary proton.

3. What happens when the battery is used?
   1. Pollack effect at E2 is not possible (no -OH groups)! The battery voltage generated in charging induces an ohmic electron current from E1 to E2. The Ohmic current is not quantal and the discharging is slow.
   2. Electron leaves E1 and the transition

      -(C-O^-)-C→-(C=O)-C

      occurs and e^- is transferred to E2 ohmically.

   3. At E2 e^- combines with a proton to form H. After that the H combines with C=O to give

      -(C=0)-C +H -→ -(C-OH)-C

      The roles of E1 and E2 are changed!

   The next charging must use an opposite loading voltage inducing Pollack effect at E2.

See the article Are Pollack batteries possible? and the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

M8-H duality, implies fractal generalization of Hubble's law, predicts correct mass density of the Universe and resolves Hubble tension

The article by Thomas Brown (I am grateful to Esa-Juhani Ruoho for the link and also for inspiring discussions) discusses critically the interpretation of the Pollack effect. The vertex figure of ITT (IVF) (see this and this) is rhombicosidodecahedron (RID). I have proposed that the ITT is behind the genetic code and to be associated also with the hydrogen bonded water molecule clusters. Surprisingly, RID is identical with the third shell of the so-called icosahedral supercluster (ISC). This inspired the proposal about the duality between sensory representations realized by ISC at the level of the water and ITT realized at the level of the field body of the ISC.

The challenge is to understand how the complement of IVF, which should be outside RID, can correspond to the first and second shell of the ISC which are below the third shell. The obvious guess is ITT-ISC correspondences stating that the ITT realized at the field body of the ISC is related by inversion to ISC. M⁸-H duality, as the TGD counterpart of the momentum position duality, involves inversion in M⁴⊂ M⁸, having interpretation as momentum space, mapping it to M⁴ × CP₂. Is M⁸-H duality involved?

This question led to completely unexpected developments suggesting deep connections between fundamental physics (M⁸-H duality and the notions of gravitational and electric Planck constant as implications of number theoretic vision), physics of water (hydrogen bonded water clusters), consciousness theory (field body as controller of biological body forming sensory representations of biological body), biology (ITT view of the genetic code) and cosmology (generalization of Hubble's law to all scales).

In turned out that M⁸-H duality for the gravitational Planck constant leads to a fractal generalization of Hubble's law holding for causal diamonds CDs (CD=cd×CP₂) interpreted as counterparts of perceptive fields and analogous to cosmologies with big bang followed by a big crunch. This reflects the Russian doll cosmology predicted by TGD. Hubble constant appears as a scale dependent parameter charactrerizing the size scale of the cd. There is a single velocity type parameter β₀ parameter involved. This leads to a prediction for the Hubble length identified as gravitational Compton length interpreted as gravitational quantum coherence length at the gravitational field body. The large mass M, appearing in the expression of gravitational Planck constant, corresponds to the mass of a larger region containing the the quantum coherene region.

1. The proposed picture predicts that the mass of the visible Universe inside CD using solar mass as a unit is given by

   M(CD₁)/M_Sun= 2β₀(CD)L_H(CD)/r_S(Sun).

   Here r_S(Sun) equals 3 km. Assume that the radius of CD₁ can be expressed as L_H(CD₁)= xL_H(CD) so that one has V(CD₁)= x³V(CD). >

2. This gives an estimate for the mass within the Hubble radius

   M(CD₁)∼ 2× 10²² × β₀⁴(CD)×x^-3 M_Sun .

   Here the mass M(CD₁) corresponds to the mass within CD₁. M_Sun∼ 1.88 × 10⁵⁷ m_p, where m_p is proton mass. This predicts the average density

   ρ ∼ β₀⁴x^-3× 12× 10² m_p/m³ .

3. The density of baryons is estimated to be 5.9-6 protons per cubic meter (see this). The density ρ_B of ordinary (baryonic) matter is believed to be about p= 1/20 that is 5 percent of the total density: ρ∼ ρ_B/p= 20ρ_B∼ 120×m_p/m³. This gives β₀⁴x^-3∼ 1/10.
4. p-Adic length scales are good candidates for the size scales of CDs and seem to correspond to octaves p∼ 2^2k so that minimal scaling relating the sizes of CD and CD₁ containing CD should correspond to x=2. For β₀=1 the Universe would be a blackhole-like object with L_H= r_s/2β₀=r_s/2. For (p= 1/20,x=2) would predict β₀∼ .95. (β₀=1,x=2) would predict p∼ 6.1 per cent.

Hubble tension means that the Hubble length in short scales is 5-10 percent shorter than in long scales.

1. This requires that in short scales β₀ is 5-10 per cent smaller than in long scales. By β₀≤ 1 β₀=1 cannot be true in long scales (β₀=1,x=2) could be true in short scales (the rough estimate for ℏ_gr,E gives β₀∼ 1) and (β₀=.95,x=2) in long scales would predict difference 7.5 per cent Δ H₀/H₀ and resolve the Hubble tension.
2. β₀=1 in short scales as opposed to β₀=.95 in long length scales would require the scaling of baryon fraction from 5 percent in short scales to 6.1 percent in long scales. One would have L_H= r_s/2 and the Universe could be seen as a blackhole-like system for which the quantum coherence region would have radius L_H=r_s/2. This would give a p-adic fractal hierarchy of blackhole-like objects, which are quantum coherence regions of blackhole-like objects.
3. Why should the fraction of baryons be smaller in short scales than in long scales? A possible explanation is the transfer of baryons to dark baryons at monopole flux tubes, reducing the fraction of baryons in short scales (recent universe) from 6.1 percent to 5 percent. The cosmic evolution as an unavoidable increase of algebraic complexity would generate large h_eff phases and would also manifest as the formation of gravitational bound states such as galaxies, stars and planets.

See the article Do the icosatedrahedral tessellation of H³ and icosahedral H₂O supercluster correspond to each other? or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Are the indications that Donut battery contains water consistent with the Pollack battery property

Donut Lab of claims of having constructed a battery with almost miraculous properties. Using Claude Cowork Deep Research, Marko Manninen has carried out an analysis (see this) about what the Donut battery could be.

I have developed a TGD inspired model for what I call Pollack battery (see this, this and the article ). The Pollack battery is inspired by the TGD based view of quantum biology and might have something to do with the Donut battery.

Pollack effect would explain the rapid charging reported also for Donut battery. The most recent test by VTT studied the Donut battery for which the plastic pouch containing the battery was degraded at temperature near 100 degrees Celsius (see this). According to the VTT raport, vacuum was lost in the high temperature test test and agglutinations have contained a hole or a hole has appeared during the test.

1. The expansion of the popped battery by 17 percent has been used as a counter argument to the claim that the counterpart of electrolyte is in a solid state.

   The temperature of 100 degrees indicates that water was present and evaporated at this temperature. Water expands dramatically in evaporation. During the preparation of the paste UV drying is applied and if this drying has failed to be complete, the battery could have contained water. In TGD framework one can ask whether water was somehow created by the Pollack effect.

2. Water, which has been traditionally considered a battery poison, was found a few years ago to increase the charge storage capacity by a factor of two. Did the boiling of the water present from the beginning or the water created in the system cause the pop? Could the water give an additional contribution to the Pollack effect and improve the Pollack battery in some aspects, at least at temperatures near the physiological temperature, which could be optimal for the Pollack effect? Or is the effect opposite?
3. How could water have been created if it was not present originally? Let's assume a Pollack battery based on nanotube electrodes. The addition of -OH groups induce the transformations C=C → C-(C-OH). This is necessary for the occurrence of the Pollack effect as a transition -OH→ O^- + dark proton at the flux tube. Did dehydration of the hydrated nanotube, resulting in the formation of H₂O molecules, occur? The water created in this way would have evaporated at 100 degrees and induced the expansion of the battery.
4. How would dehydration have occurred?
   1. Assuming that 2 -OH groups at adjacent hexagonal rings of nanotube (defects in the nanotube) have been transformed by the Pollack effect into the state -O^- + dark proton H⁺ on the magnetic body.
   2. Assume that two dark protons drop back from the magnetic body by the reverse Pollack effect and attach to the second O^- so that H₂O⁺ ion is formed. Suppose that after this the second O^- donates its electron for H₂O⁺ ion so that H₂O and =O are formed so that one -OH defect of the nanotube disappears. The reverse Pollack effect would therefore produce dehydration of the electrode. The rates for the Pollack effect and its reversal by the dropping of two dark protons would determine the fraction of water present in equilibrium state.

See the article Are Pollack batteries possible? and the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Do the icosatedrahedral tessellation of H3 and icosahedral H2O supercluster correspond to each other?

One of the oldest ideas of TGD inspired quantum biology and consciousness theory is that that sensory representations realized both at the level of the biological body and magnetic body and closely related to each other are central in the understanding of for instance EEG and nerve pulse (see this, this, this, this, and this).

Pollack effect (see this) is assumed to transform ordinary protons and also alkali ions to dark particles with a large value of effective Planck constant h_eff at the field body. The TGD inspired generalization of Pollack effect is in the central role in the realization of the representations at the level of the field body (see this, this this, this, this, this). The "dark" protons at the field body of DNA are assumed to give rise to a dark variant of the genetic code relying on icosa tetrahedral tessellation (ITT) of hyperbolic 3-space identified asw the light-cone proper time constant surface of causal diamond (cd).

The article by Thomas Brown (I am grateful to Esa-Juhani Ruoho for the link and also for inspiring discussions) discusses critically the interpretation of the Pollack effect. The vertex figure of ITT (IVF) (see this and this) is rhombicosidodecahedron (RID). I have proposed that the ITT is behind the genetic code and to be associated also with the hydrogen bonded water molecule clusters. Surprisingly, RID is identical with the third shell of the so-called icosahedral supercluster (ISC). This inspired the proposal about the duality between sensory representations realized by ISC at the level of the water and ITT realized at the level of the field body of the ISC.

The challenge is to understand how the complement of IVF, which should be outside RID, can correspond to the first and second shell of the ISC which are below the third shell. The obvious guess is ITT-ISC correspondences stating that the ITT realized at the field body of the ISC is related by inversion to ISC. M⁸-H duality, as the TGD counterpart of the momentum position duality, involves inversion in M⁴⊂ M⁸, having interpretation as momentum space, mapping it to M⁴ × CP₂. Is M⁸-H duality involved?

This question led to completely unexpected developments suggesting deep connections between fundamental physics (M⁸-H duality and the notions of gravitational and electric Planck constant as implications of number theoretic vision), physics of water (hydrogen bonded water clusters), consciousness theory (field body as controller of biological body forming sensory representations of biological body), biology (ITT view of the genetic code) and cosmology (generalization of Hubble's law to all scales).

In particular, a prediction for the ordinary Planck Hubble constant implies a predictions for the mass density of the Universe and prediction is consistent with the observed mass density including contributions of dark matter and energy if the value of the velocity parameter β₀≤ 1 appearing in the formula for the gravitational Planck constant is equal to β₀∼ 1 and the very large system containing observable Universe as quantum coherence region with Hubble radius L_H is a blackhole-like object with Schwartschild radius r_s= 2β₀L_H∼ 2L_H for β₀∼ 1. Hubble tension means that the value of the Hubble length L_H= 1/H₀ in short scales is roughly 10 percent smaller than its value in long length scales.

Since L_H is proportional to 1/β₀ this can be understood if β₀ in the early universe (long scales) is roughly 10 per cent larger than in the long scales. This would imply that β₀∼ .92 in long length scales β₀∼ 1 in short scales. The predictions for the fraction of baryons would be about 5 percent in short length scales and 6.1 percent in long length scales. The difference could perhaps be understood in terms of transfer of baryons to dark baryons with large h_eff predicted by the number theoretic vision of evolution.

The article by Brown summarizes basic information about the Pollack effect. Pollack effect requires only the presence of hydrophilic polymer as a catalyst at the boundary of the water. I had erratically assumed that the gel phase is necessary. Concerning the TGD based notion of Pollack battery (see here) this finding was good news. Brown discusses Pollack's interpretation of EZs critically and this led to a more precise TGD inspired view about the realization of EZs and the genetic code at the level of water clusters to be discussed in this article.

See the article Do the icosatedrahedral tessellation of H³ and icosahedral H₂O supercluster correspond to each other? or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

It is enough that the polymer electrolyte appearing in the model of Pollack battery is hydrophilic

The inspiration for this post comes from the claim of Donut Lab of having constructed a battery with almost miraculous properties. There is very little published information about the chemistry and structure of Donut battery. Using Claude Cowork Deep Research, Marko Manninen has carried out an analysis (see this) about what the Donut battery could be.

I have developed a TGD inspired model for what I call Pollack battery (see the blog post and the article ). The Pollack battery is inspired by the TGD based view of quantum biology and might have something to do with the Donut battery.

Pollack effect would explain the rapid charging reported also for Donut battery. The assumption that the solid state electrolyte, acting as catalyst for Pollack effect should be in gel phase, is problematic. This assumption turned out to be too strong as I learned from Esa-Juhani Ruoho whose sent an excellent article by Thomas Brown (see this) discussing the relationship between Pollack effect and icosahedral geometry playing a key role in the TGD based model of genetic code. In the usual Pollack effect, it is actually enough to have a hydrophilic polymer instead of a gel, and there are many of these. Hydrophilic polymers are possible also in the solid state as Google says.

1. Hydrophilicity favors certain amino acids on the surface of the protein that borders on water. Roughly one half of the amino acids are hydrophilic. When proteins fold, proteins arrange themselves in water in such a way that hydrophobic amino acids border the cavities inside and hydrophilic amino acids face the water.
2. There are 11 key hydrophilic amino acids.
   • 6 polar uncharged: Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (Thr, T), Asparagine (Asn, N), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Tyrosine (Tyr, Y), and Cysteine (Cys, C).
   • 3 positively charged (basic) : Lysine (Lys, K), Arginine (Arg, R), Histidine (His, H).
   • 2 negatively charged (acidic): Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Glutamic acid (Glu, E).

3. Their key properties are as follows.
   • They are highly soluble in water because their side chains can form hydrogen bonds.
   • Protein Structure: They are typically found on the surface of globular proteins, interacting with the aqueous environment.
   • Catalysis: Charged hydrophilic amino acids (like His, Asp, Glu, Lys) are crucial in the active sites of enzymes, facilitating chemical reactions.
   • They are "water-loving" in contrast to hydrophobic amino acids (like Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Trp) which prefer to be inside the protein, away from water.

Does a nanotube with -OH inserts at the defects of the nanotube at which C=C bond is transformed to a C-C bond make it a water-like compound as far as Pollack effect is considered? If so, the Pollack effect would correspond to a transition -OH →O^- + dark proton at the flux tube also in this case.

Could hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogens of the nanotube and some atoms of the solid state polymer? Hydrogen bonds form between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (typically Nitrogen, Oxygen, or Fluorine) and another electronegative N, O, or F atom on a nearby molecule. This suggests that the solid state polymer should contain N, O or F. N and O look the most plausible. All earlier mentioned polymer candidates, i.e. polyethylene oxide polymer, LiCF₃SO₃ salt, and silane-treated Al₂O₃ (Al₂O₃-ST) ceramic filler) contain oxygen atoms.

See the article Are Pollack batteries possible? and the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.