Could the explosions of the M89 magnetic bubbles proposed to rise to the planets induce supernovae? The following vision suggests itself.
- The flux tubes as M89 super-nuclei split to ordinary M107 nuclei and produce ordinary nuclear matter and liberate energy. This transition would give an additional contribution to the nuclear matter outside stars compensating for the missing contribution due to the missing ordinary nuclear matter inside stars.
- The decay of giant M89 nuclei defined by the monopole flux tubes would also create nuclei heavier than Fe, which are not produced in the stellar cores.
- The pressure pulse created in this way leads to the formation of supernovae and blackhole-like objects? Various giant stars would be the outcome of these kinds of explosions of the M89 surface layer?
- A supernova occurs during the last evolutionary stages of a massive star, or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear fusion. The original object, progenitor, either collapses to a neutron star or black hole, or is completely destroyed to form a diffuse nebula. The peak optical luminosity of a supernova can be comparable to that of an entire galaxy before fading over several weeks or months.
- Theoretical studies indicate that most supernovae are triggered by one of two basic mechanisms: the sudden re-ignition of nuclear fusion in a white dwarf, or the sudden gravitational collapse of a massive star's core.
- In the re-ignition of a white dwarf, the object's temperature is raised enough to trigger runaway nuclear fusion, completely disrupting the star. Possible causes are an accumulation of material from a binary companion through accretion, or by a stellar merger.
- In the case of a massive star's sudden implosion, the core of a massive star will undergo sudden collapse once it is unable to produce sufficient energy from fusion to counteract the star's own gravity, which must happen once the star begins fusing iron, but may happen during an earlier stage of metal fusion.
- Supernovae can expel several solar masses of material at speeds up to several percent of the speed of light. This drives an expanding shock wave into the surrounding interstellar medium, sweeping up an expanding shell of gas and dust observed as a supernova remnant. Supernovae are a major source of elements in the interstellar medium from oxygen to rubidium. The expanding shock waves of supernovae can trigger the formation of new stars. Supernovae are a major source of cosmic rays. They might also produce gravitational waves.
In the case of a supernova, the mass thrown out is measured using solar mass MSun as a unit. For the explosions producing planets, the mass ME of the Earth is the natural mass unit. Can one understand this?
- In the case of the Sun The magnetic bubble consists of M89 monopole flux tubes forming a mass of about .005MSun. The baryons produced in the transition make mass of about 3ME at most and would compensate for the missing nuclear mass inside the star. A good guess is that the model for the solar M89 bubble generalizes as such so that the fraction of M89 mass scales like (Rstar/RSun)2.
- For blue giants (see this ), the masses are in the range 10 -300 MSun and the radii vary in the range 10 -100 RE as the table of the Wikipedia article shows. The amount of ordinary baryons produced would be in the range 102-104ME at most and considerably smaller than MSun∼ 106ME.
- In accordance with the expectations, the explosion should also throw out a considerable amount of ordinary nuclear matter. The huge inward directed pressure pulse produced by the transformation of the M89 layer to M107 nuclear matter would produce as a reaction a strong inward pulse and this in turn would induce an outward pulse throwing the ordinary nuclear matter out.
- In the case of white dwarf the inward directed pressure pulse could heat the core and re-ignite a runaway nuclear fusion inducing a total disruption of the white dwarf. In the case of a massive star this could induce a gravitational collapse of the core leading to a blackhole-like object or a neutron star.
See the article Some solar mysteries or the chapter with the same title.
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