Cosmic evolution as transformation of dark energy to matter

The anomalous behavior of the equinox precession and the recent surprising findings about heliosphere by NASA can be combined with the TGD inspired model for stars. The mdoel relies on the heuristic idea that stars (as also galazies) are like pearls in a necklace defined by long magnetic flux tubes carrying dark matter and strong magnetic field responsible for dark energy and possibly accompanied by the analog of solar wind. Heliosphere would be like a bubble in the flow defined by magnetic field inside the flux tube inducing its local thickening. A possible interpretation is as a bubble of ordinary and dark matter in the flux tube containing dark energy: this would provide a beautiful overall view about the emergence of stars and their heliospheres as a phase transition transforming dark energy to dark and visible matter. Among other things the magnetic walls surrounding the solar system would shield the solar system from cosmic rays. The bubble option is favored by the fact that Newtonian theory works so well inside planetary system. The model suggests bound state precessing solutions without nutation as the first approximation expected to be stable against dissipation. A small nutation around the equilibrium solution could explain the slow variation of the precession rate and can be treated as a small oscillatory perturbation around non-nutating ground state. The variation could be also caused by external perturbations. What is amusing from the mathematical point of view is that the model is analytically solvable and that the solution involves elliptic functions just as the Newtonian two-body problem does.

The model suggests a universal fractal mechanism leading to the formation of astrophysical and even biological structures as a formation of bubbles of ordinary or dark matter inside magnetic flux tubes carrying dark energy identified as magnetic energy of the flux tubes. In primordial cosmology these flux tubes would have been cosmic strings with enormous mass density, which is however below the black hole limit for straight strings. Strongly entangled strings could form black holes if general relativistic criteria hold true in TGD.

One must be very critical concerning the model since in TGD framework the accelerated cosmic expansion has several alternative descriptions, which should be mutually consistent. It seems that these descriptions corresponds to the descriptions of one and same thing in different length scales.

1. The critical and over-critical cosmologies representable as four-surfaces in M⁴× CP₂ are unique apart from their duration (see this). The critical cosmology corresponds to flat 3-space and would effectively replace inflationary cosmology in TGD framework and criticality would serve as a space-time correlate for quantum criticality in cosmological scales natural if hierarchy of Planck constants is allowed. The expansion is accelerating for the critical cosmology and is caused by a negative "pressure" basically due to the constraint force induced by the imbeddability condition, which is actually responsible for most of the explanatory power of TGD (say geometrization of standard model gauge fields and quantum numbers).

2. A more microscopic manner to understand the accelerated expansion would be in terms of cosmic strings. Cosmic strings (see this) expand during cosmic evolution to flux tubes and serve as the basic building bricks of TGD Universe. The magnetic tension along them generates a negative "pressure", which could explain the accelerated expansion. Dark energy would be magnetic energy.

   The proposed boiling of the flux tubes with bubbles representing galaxies, stars, ..., cells, etc.. would serve as a universal mechanism generating ordinary and dark matter. The model should be consistent with the Bohr orbitology for the planetary systems (see this) in which the flux tubes mediating gravitational interaction between star and planet have a gigantic Planck constant. This is the case if the magnetic flux tubes quite generally correspond to gigantic values of Planck constant of form hbar_gr=GM₁M₂/v₀, v₀/c<1, where M₁ and M₂ are the masses of the objects connected by the flux tube.

3. Even more microscopic description of the accelerated expansion would be in terms of elementary particles. In TGD framework space-time decomposes into regions having both Minkowskian and Euclidian signatures of the induced metric (see this). The Euclidian regions are something totally new as compared to the more conventional theories and have interpretation as space-time regions representing lines of generalized Feynman diagrams.

   The simplest GRT limit of TGD relies of Einstein-Maxwell action with a non-vanishing cosmological constant in the Euclidian regions of space-time (see this): this allows both Reissner-Nordström metric and CP₂ as special solutions of field equations. The cosmological constant is gigantic but associated only with the Euclidian regions representing particles having typical size of order CP₂ radius. The cosmological constant explaining the accelerated expansion at GRT limit could correspond to the space-time average of the cosmological constant and therefore would be of a correct sign and order of magnitude (very small) since most of the space-time volume is Minkowskian.

   This picture can be consistent with the idea that magnetic flux tubes which have Minkowskian signature of the induced metric are responsible for the efffective cosmological constant if the magnetic energy inside the magnetic flux tubes transforms to elementary particles in a phase transition generating dark and ordinary matter from dark energy and therefore gives rise to various visible astrophysical objects.

For details and background see the article Do we really understand the solar system? and the chapter TGD and Astrophysics of "Physics in Many-Sheeted Space-time".