The compositions of the Earth and Moon are identical as predicted by TGD!

TGD based view of the formation of planets is as mini Big Bangs, that is explosions throwing out a layer of Sun suffering gravitational condensation to a planet. This proposal generalizes: also the Moon could have been formed in an explosion throwing out a surface layer of the Earth with the mass of the Moon. Same could apply also to Martian moons (see this).

The basic prediction of the model is that the compositions of the Earth and Moon are the same. The model of formation based on the collision of a Mars sized object with the Earth does not predict this. Quite recently, Taylor Reed Ramsey informed me that this seems to be the case. The article titled "Composition, structure, and origin of the Moon" by Sossia et al (see this) and this) provides the details.

See the article What makes the mini Big Bangs energetically possible? or the chapter A HREF="https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/magnbubble1.pdf">Magnetic Bubbles in TGD Universe: Part I).

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Direct support for the TGD based model of star from supernova explosion

There is support for a solid surface of the Sun (see this) and this was one of the many solar anomalies leading to the TGD based proposal for the model of the Sun (see this), in which the stellar surface would produce and contain elements. I didn't however expect that any other support for the proposal would emerge during my lifetime.

However, the recent news about strange findings about supernova SN2021yfj changed the situation (see the Nature article, popular article and the popular article in finnish.

The explosion of supernova SN2021yfj ejected shells rich in silicon, sulphur and argon. These elements should exist in the core of the star, not at its surface if we believe in the standard model of nuclear fusion. Therefore the discovery came as a total surprise.

Here is the abstract of the article titled "Extremely stripped supernova reveals a silicon and sulfur formation site". Stars are initially powered by the fusion of hydrogen to helium. These ashes serve as fuel in a series of stages transforming massive stars into a structure of shells. These are composed of natal hydrogen on the outside and consecutively heavier compositions inside, predicted to be dominated by He, C/O, O/Ne/Mg and O/Si/S. Silicon and sulfur are fused into iron, leading to the collapse of the core and either a supernova explosion or the formation of a black hole. Stripped stars, in which the outer hydrogen layer has been removed and the internal He-rich or even the C/O layer below it is exposed, provide evidence for this shell structure and the cosmic element production mechanism it reflects. The supernova types that arise from stripped stars embedded in shells of circumstellar material (CSM) confirm this scenario. However, direct evidence for the most interior shells, which are responsible for producing elements heavier than oxygen, is lacking. Here we report the discovery of the supernova SN2021yfj resulting from a star stripped to its O/Si/S-rich layer.

We directly observe a thick, massive Si/S-rich shell, expelled by the progenitor shortly before the supernova explosion. Exposing such an inner stellar layer is theoretically challenging and probably requires a rarely observed mass-loss mechanism. This rare supernova event reveals advanced stages of stellar evolution, forming heavier elements, including silicon, sulfur and argon, than those detected on the surface of any known class of massive stars.

The phrase "extremely stripped" explains why the discovery was so unexpected. The article interprets SN2021yfj as a very rare case having already lost its outer layers by some mechanism, perhaps by an explosion throwing out the outer layers.

Could one understand these findings in the TGD framework?

1. In the TGD based model (see this), the transformation of dark M₈₉ nucleons to ordinary nucleons occurs at the surface layer of thickness, which is roughly the Compton length of M₈₉ nucleons scaled up by ℏ_gr,Sun/h and about Earth radius, of the star. This produces solar wind and radiation energy. The dark M₈₉ nucleons at the surface layer would decay to ordinary nucleons, radiation and perhaps also heavier elements by a process that I call p-adic cooling (see this).
2. The consumption of M₈₉ hadrons at the surface layer of the Sun requires a compensating a feed of M₈₉ hadrons as the analog of metabolic energy feed along monopole flux tubes, most naturally connecting the Sun to the galactic nucleus or blackhole.

   The Sun might be seen as a cell-like system and the interior of the Sun could be very different from what it is believed to be, maybe even analogous to a cell nucleus so that the Sun could be a conscious, intelligent macroscopic quantum system. The thermodynamic model for the core would be simply wrong.

3. The nucleons would suffer dark fusion as the TGD counterpart of "cold fusion" to form heavier elements. The distribution of the elements produced would closely resemble the distribution assumed to be produced in ordinary fusion. This could explain the evidence for the solid surface of the Sun (see this) containing even elements as heavy as iron.
4. What could happen to the elements generated by the dark fusion? A good guess is that they sink to the lower heights in the gravitational field of the Sun so that they have a layered structure, having ordering similar to that assumed in the standard model of the solar core. However, the layered structure would be at the surface of the Sun rather than in the core! In the TGD based model, it would be much easier to explain the findings about SN2021yfj and also the findings of Moshina (see this).
5. TGD also predicts that planets were formed in the explosions throwing out a shell of dark matter at the surface of the star, later suffering a gravitational condensation to a planet (see this). SN2021yfj could have experienced this kind of explosion, mini Big Bangs throwing out surface layers.

   This would predict that the nearer the planet is to the Sun, the heavier the elements forming it are and the smaller its distance from the Sun is. This conforms with the fact that inner planets are rocky planets and outer giant planets contain mostly light elements. Also SN2021yfj could have planets consisting of elements lighter than those detected.

The fractality of the TGD Universe in both spatial and temporal sense suggest what might be regarded as a generalization of the "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" principle (ORP) of biology stating that the evolution of an individual reflects the evolution of the species. The evolution of the astrophysical system by mini Big Bangs could be identified as a fractally scaled down version for the evolution of the cosmos by Big Bang.

1. If taken seriously, this principle could make possible educated guesses about the cosmic evolution, for instance what happened in the formation of galaxies and stars as done in (see this this). For instance, the lower bound for the temperature of sunspots is 3000 K which is the temperature at which the decoupling of radiation from matter would have occurred in the standard cosmology. The order of magnitude for the temperature of the photosphere is about 5000 K, was this the cosmic temperature at which the stars were formed?
2. The standard cosmology requires much lower temperature and this could explain the findings of JWST in conflict with the standard cosmology. The Universe would remain transparent since the radiation could propagate along monopole flux tubes connecting astrophysical objects.

See the article ANITA anomaly, JWST observation challenging the interpretation of CMB, star formation in the remnant of a star, and strange super nova explosion and the chapter About the recent TGD based view concerning cosmology and astrophysics.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Two big news: interstellar space has "EEG" and stellar energy production could occur at its surface

Today I learned of two highly interesting findigs, which might mean a revolution in the world view.

The first news (see this) was that Voyager 1 has detected strange hum in interstellar space. Plasma waves are in question. The google search with the prompt "frequency range of the cosmic hum detected by Voyager 1" gives a short summary informing that the hum is in the frequency range 20-100 Hz. This frequency range is contained in EEG, whose frequencies are in the range 1-100 Hz. 20 Hz represents the lower limit for the frequencies heard by humans. It would not be terribly surprising if this hum would relate to consciousness and quantum biology.

It took one day for the skeptic inside me to get worried and to warn that the claimed frequency range might be a quirk of the language model involved, just a wrong association. From the article Persistent plasma waves in interstellar space detected by Voyager 1 of Ocker et al, published in Nature Astronomy already 2021, one learns that the actual actual frequency is around 3 kHz. Google informs that the plasma frequency of electrons in ionosphere is also few kHz so that electron densities are roughly the same.

It would correspond to the plasma frequency of electron equal to (n_ee²/_e)^1/2, where n_e is the number density of electrons and m_e is the mass of electron. 20 Hz frequency would correspond to an electron density, which is by a factor about .5× 10^-4 lower. For protons, having m^p∼ 2×10³m_e, the frequency for the same number density suggested by plasma neutrality would be around 190 Hz.

However, the brain has neuronal synchrony at a frequency around 1 kHz, which in TGD would originate from quantum coherence, so that the finding might have something to do with consciousness. TGD inspired theory of consciouness and quantum biology indeed predict that plasmoids are predecessors of biological life. They exist in plasma phase. NASA has detected evidence for plasmoids in ionosophere and also the interplanetary and interstellar space can contain them (see for instance this).

Plasma oscillations would make possible coherent long scale oscillations at the level of plasma induced by the quantum coherence at the field body of the system. The frequency modulation of the signal from the field body generating plasma waves by resonance could generate non-propagating analogos of nerve pulse patterns and define analogs of non-propagating nerve pulse patterns. TGD suggests an analogous mechanism for the communication from and control of the neural system to the field body. Also non-propagating sequences of Sine-Gordon solitons are possible (see for instance this).

There also a second fascinating news (see this and the Nature article). There is also a popular article in finnish (see this). The explosion of supernova SN 2021yfj ejected shells rich in silicon, sulphur and argon. These elements should exist in the core of star, not at its surface if we believe in the standard model of nuclear fusion.

How does this relate to TGD? Last year it became clear that TGD leads to a model of the star that even deviates drastically from the standard model. The production of radiation energy and solar wind would occur on the surface of the star by a process in which the new physics predicted by TGD plays a central role (see this). In other words, there need be no nuclear fusion in the core of the star. The story about the mechanism of energy production in the star could be completely wrong.

I didn't think that confirmation of this prediction would come in my lifetime. It did! It hadn't occurred to me that a supernova explosion could verify the model.

One consequence is that the attempt to reproduce the conditions of the solar core in the laboratory to achieve nuclear fusion might be a failure. This might explain why fusion has not succeeded despite attempts for who knows how long. TGD also predicts an alternative energy production process as the counterpart of "cold fusion" (see this).

Could life have emerged when the universe was at room temperature?

The following considerations were inspired by the popular article " Ask Ethan: Did life begin when the Universe was room temperature? of Ethan Siegel (see this).

One can consider this question in both standard cosmology and in the TGD inspired cosmology. For both options, if one identifies life as chemical life, the building brick atoms of various important biomolecules should have been present at this stage of cosmological evolution.

Cosmic microwave background (CMB) was decoupled from matter at temperature 3,000 K, below which only light neutral atoms, but no molecules, were present. After that CMB temperatures decreased and at some moment it was equal to T∼ 300 K. The identification of the temperature T for the emergence of life as temperature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is excluded since no basic bio-molecules were present at that time, only simplest atoms were present. Therefore the temperature T∼ 300 K for matter should have emerged during the gravitational heating.

If the heating led to the ordinary nuclear fusion, it is difficult to understand how the biomolecules could have survived. In the standard cosmology this does not look plausible. Therefore the answer to the question is negative.

In TGD inspired cosmology, the temperature T would naturally correspond to the quantum critical temperature T_P ∼ 300 K for the Pollack effect (see this). In TGD it would be involved with the transformation of protons to their dark counterparts at magnetic flux tubes (see this, this, this, this and this). Dark nuclei would have transformed to ordinary nuclei liberating almost all nuclear binding energy. The temperature T_P would have been reached by gravitational heating and Pollack effect would make possible the generation of nuclei by dark fusion (see this, this, this and this) in turn forming the needed biomolecules.

One can argue that the liberated energy heats the matter to even higher temperatures and the ordinary fusion is ignited. However, the infinite number of degrees of freedom for the monopole flux tubes implies that there is a limiting temperature T_H (see this and this), analogous to the Hagedorn temperature (see this) discovered in string models and nuclei could be generated solely by "cold fusion" without not ignition of ordinary fusion. Note that there is an entire hierarchy of Hagedorn temperatures corresponding to preferred p-adic length scales characterizing the flux tubes.

The biomolecules would have survived if T_P was slightly below the Hagedorn temperature T_H for the monopole flux tubes serving as an upper bound for the temperature of flux tubes and therefore of the temperature of matter. Dark fusion could have generated planets (see this) and perhaps even part of the matter of the Sun (see this), the physics of which could be dramatically different from that in the standard model. If so, the ordinary nuclear fusion could be replaced with dark fusion in TGD. Life could have emerged much earlier than in the standard cosmology.

See the article Could life have emerged when the universe was at room temperature? or the chapter Quantum gravitation and quantum biology in TGD Universe.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

What the mysterious shortening of the day by 1.6 ms could mean?

I encountered an interesting posting in the Deep in Space group. I also found a popular article about the effect (this). There are many effects causing variation of the length of the day but this particular finding has not found any convincing explanation in terms of the known physics.

Here is the copy of the posting of the Deep in Space group:

On multiple days this summer including July 22 and August 5 Earth spun faster than usual, making the day shorter by up to 1.6 milliseconds. Even July 11 was confirmed by atomic clocks as the shortest day of 2025 so far. This isn t just a one-off quirk. The unusual speed-up was first noticed in 2020 and has continued into 2025, baffling researchers. While our planet's rotation naturally wobbles and shifts, this sustained acceleration is unprecedented.

Scientists have theories: shifting ocean currents, atmospheric patterns, movements in Earth's molten core, even the Moon's changing position relative to the equator. But here's the twist: none of these fully explain what's happening.

Nobody expected this, says Leonid Zotov of Moscow State University. And that is the unsettling part: we don't know why our days are shrinking. Could it be a natural cycle we don t yet understand? Or is there something deeper, hidden in the rhythms of our planet? For now, the mystery continues and the clock is quite literally ticking faster.

The finding of a standard physics based model for the finding has turned out to be very difficult. There are two basic options according to whether there is external angular momentum feed or not.

External angular momentum feed seems to be needed

There is no convicing standard physics explanation for the shortening of the day. As an example, one can consider one particular attempt, which starts from natural question whether angular momentum conservation and perhaps even energy conservation could be used to model the effect. One can perform a quantitative estimate demonstrating that this is not possible.

1. Assume that the rotation velocity of an object, which is some part of the Earth, most naturally the entire Earth since the increased rotation rate is observed at the surface of the Earth. Also outer core, inner core, or innermost core can be considered.

   Idealize the rotating object as a solid ball with radius R, having a constant density ρ, which in the first approximation is the average density of Earth. The mass is M(R)= (4\pi/3) ρ R³ and the moment of inertia is I=xMR², x= 2/5 .

   If the rotating object is liquid (outer core is liquid), its inertial momentum is smaller due to the varying velocity field of the liquid. Suppose this gives a correction factor y so that one has

   I= yxMR², x=2/5 .

2. Assume angular momentum conservation in the transition in which the rotation frequency changes. The Earth would be like a skater contracting itself so that its momentum of inertia would be reduced. For a spherical solid body with constant density, the angular momentum is

   L= Iω = yxMR²ω .

   The conservation condition gives

   Δ R/R= -1/2 × (Δ ω/ω) .

   Δ ω/ω is from Δ T= 1.6 ms given by Δ ω/ω ∼ 3.1 × 10^-8. At the surface of the Earth this would give an unrealistically large value of ΔR∼.09 m. This alone excludes the assumption that angular momentum is conserved.

   Obviously a model, which assumes also energy conservation is doomed to fail.

Could external momentum feed from the gravitational body of the Earth and Sun explain the shortening of the day?

It seems that external angular momentum feed must be assumed. It also seems that new physics might be involved.

1. The notion of gravitational magnetic/field body represents new astrophysics predicted by the TGD based view of space-time as a 4-surface in H=M⁴× CP₂ (see this and this).
2. Holography = holomorphy principle (H-H) is an essential part of TGD (see this, this and this) and forces the introduction of what I call zero energy ontology (ZEO) (see this and this). This means that the space-time surface, analogous to Bohr orbit, replaces 3-surface as a fundamental object. This surface turns out to be a minimal surface except at singularities and is slightly non-deterministic as also 2-D minimal surfaces for which a given frame allows several minimal surfaces. This non-determinism forces ZEO, which solves the basic problem of quantum measurement theory.
3. Number theoretical vision predicts a hierarchy of effective Planck constants (see this), involving gravitational and also electric Planck constants (see this and this) assignable to long range classical fields. This predits quantum coherence in astrophysical scales and predicts a large number of numerical miracles in astrophysical scales.

Could one identify the shortening of the day as a quantum transition involving an angular momentum transfer from the gravitational magnetic body of the Sun-Earth system to the Earth where it becomes classical angular momentum?

1. The gravitational Planck constant ℏ_gr introduced originally by Nottale (see this), characterizes the magnetic body of the Sun-Earth system (see this). ℏ_gr is given by

   ℏ_gr= GM_SM_E/β₀, β₀∼ 2^-11 .

   Here the solar mass is given by M_S= .333× 10⁶M_E. This result follows from the Bohr orbit model of the planetary orbits introduced by Nottale.

   The minimal feed of the angular momentum would be ℏ_gr and classically corresponds to Δ L=x M_E R²Δ ω, x= 2/5.

2. Assume that the transferred angular momentum becomes classical angular momentum of the Earth. In the general case the increase of the angular momentum for the Earth is quantized and given by

   Δ L = IΔ ω =(2/5M_E R²Δ ω= nℏ_gr= n(GM_SM_E/β₀ .

   Here n is an integer. This gives the condition

   (2/5) (R_E/cT_s= (GM_S/β₀)= n(r_S(Sun)/R_E)/2β₀ .

   The basic numbers are r_s(Sun)= 3 km and R_E= 6.3734× 10⁶ m giving r_s(Sun)/R_E= .471× 10^-3. T_s= 1.6 ms gives R_E/cT_s = 13.279. The above equation gives 5.31= .471n and is satisfied for n=11.27 ∼ 11. The transition with ΔL= 11 ℏ_gr would give a reasonable result. There are different estimates for the value of T_s varying from 1.2 ms to 1.6 ms so that the value of n are in the range [8,11].

The effect could be interpreted as a transfer of angular momentum from the Sun to the Earth. The effect could serve as a direct evidence for the notion of gravitational magnetic body and the notion of gravitational Planck constant. The quantization of the effect gives hope of testing of the model.

See the article Magnetic Bubbles in TGD Universe: Part I or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Comparing the standard view and TGD vision of the formation of astrophysical objects

I learned of a very interesting empirical finding (see this) related to the attempts to understand the process leading to the formation of light molecules H₂ and HD from atoms. According to the standard view, this process precedes the ignition of the nuclear fusion made possible by gravitational condensation. This process is not so well-understood as one might think and the findings challenge the prevailing view.

The gravitational collapse leading to the formation of a star requires low temperature and large enough mass. In the formation of first stars, HeH⁺ molecules act as coolants of the gas cloud. In standard view, this helps to reach gravitational instability inducing a gravitational collapse leading to the formation of a star and initiation of nuclear fusion. The surprise was that the rate for the reactions removing the coolant does not decrease with temperature as expected. This finding challenges the prevailing view about the formation of the first generation stars and inspired the comparison of the standard view of the formation of galaxies, stars and planets with the TGD view.

See the article Comparing the standard view and TGD vision of the formation of astrophysical objects or the chapter About the recent TGD based view concerning cosmology and astrophysics.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Holography = holomorphy principle (H-H) and CP2 type extremals as a model for wormhole contact

I used a lot of effect in trying to solve what I thought to a technical problem related to the  finding of the roots of (f₁,f₂) appearing in the Euclidean space-time regions. It took time to realizes that this only an ansatz, which is  less general than H-H  and need not work  for wormhole contacts as deformations of CP₂ type extremals (see this).

1. The first problem is that in Minkowskian regions defining the parallel space-time sheets one has two kinds of solutions for which  hypercomplex coordinate u resp.  its conjugate v appears in f_i resp. its conjugate. These should correspond to a single solution and the only way is to consider their  union. The two regions in question have a natural identification as Minkowskian space-time sheets connected by  a wormhole contact with an Euclidean signature of the induced metric.

   At the  surface,  where  the two sheets are glued,   f_i must be invariant under conjugation, which for real coefficients of f_i requires  u=v  and reality of various complex coordinates or at least that the surface in question is invariant under complex conjugation.

2.   In Euclidean regions, the realization of holography = holomorphy principle (H-H), using (f₁,f₂)=(0,0) ansatz assuming that either hypercomplex coordinate   u or v   is a  dynamical variable,  leads to a problem. Either u or v is a complex analytic function f of CP₂ coordinates  and its reality implies  Im(f)=0   so that CP₂ projection is 3-dimensional, which means the failure of the holomorphy with respect to the CP₂ coordinates.  For a moment I thought that Wick rotation might help but this was not the case.
3. This forces to give up (f₁,f₂)=(0,0) ansatz and assume only H-H. The original vision was that the Euclidean region as a wormhole contact corresponds to a deformation of a canonically embedded CP₂ so that it has a light-like coordinate curve  of u or v as M⁴ projection. These space-time surfaces are holomorphic so that field equations are satisfied.

   The gluing condition implies constancy condition  v=v₀ resp. u=u₀   and v resp. u  is replaced with a real CP₂ coordinate s(u) resp. s(v).  M⁴ complex coordinate w can be a function of CP₂ coordinates.

4. The gluing condition for the two sheets requires u₀=v₀ which for u=m⁰+m³ and v= m⁰-m³ gives m⁰ = 2u₀ and m³=0. At the points of this 3-surface) there is an edge at which the coordinate curves for u and v meet: the interpretation could be in terms of an exotic smooth structure (see this, this, and this) as standard smooth structure with a defect to which fermion pair creation or fermion scattering vertex can be assigned. The two sheets are glued together along a 3-surface X³ with 3-D CP₂ projection invariant under complex conjugation. The CP₂ projection X³ must contain a homologically non-trivial 2-surface since the wormhole contact must carry a monopole flux between the space-time sheets.  

This tentative picture would relate several key ideas of TGD: H-H involving hypercomplex numbers, the notion of light-like partonic orbit, the idea that exotic smooth structures make possible non-trivial scattering theory in 4 dimensional space-time. One can compare this picture with the intuitive phenomenological picture.

See the article Holography= holomorphy vision and a more precise view of partonic orbits or the chapter Holography= holomorphy vision: analogues of elliptic curves and partonic orbits.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

What are entanglement batteries and quantum batteries?

Quantum information science is a rapidly developing field. My latest surprise was caused by a popular article in Sciencedaily (see this). The article told about the article of Ray Ganardi et al with the title "Second Law of Entanglement Manipulation with Entanglement Battery" (see this). I also learned of quantum batteries as a new extremely fast way to store energy (see this). What do these notions mean and what could be their TGD counterparts?

Entanglement batteries

The key idea of quantum information science leading to these notions is to take thermodynamics as a "role model" for quantum information science by replacing energy with information.

Consider first thermodynamics.

1. In thermodynamics, Carnot's law relates to a thermodynamic system in a heat bath and gives an upper bound for the fraction of heat energy which can be transformed to work, which is ordered energy. A cylinder containing a hot case and expanding is a basic example of this kind of situation.
2. The heat bath serves as a source of thermal energy, which can be partially transformed to work. This operation is the reversal for the dissipation occurring spontaneously by the second law. The presence of the heat bath would be required by the second law. Carnot's law gives an expression for the maximal efficiency in terms of the ratio of the difference of the temperatures of the system and heat bath and the temperature of the heat bath.
3. The heat bath as a source of thermal energy can be replaced with a source of some other kind of energy. Battery is the basic example of this kind of energy source. In biology cell membranes and proteins serve as batteries providing metabolic energy.

In quantum information theory energy is replaced by entanglement to which one can assign information. Assume that entanglement manipulation involves only local operations and classical communications.

1. Is reversible entanglement manipulation by a third system possible? This would be analogous to the manipulation of the system in a heat bath or in presence of a battery so that the system could do work and be returned to its original state reversibly.
2. Reversible entanglement manipulation is not possible for a mere pair of entangled systems. But what happens if one adds a third system as an analog of heat bath or battery but carrying entanglement instead of energy? One can call this system an entanglement battery. Is reversible entanglement manipulation possible now? Does the analog of Carnot law make sense?

   It turns out that in this case the entanglement manipulation can be a reversible process for the pair of entangled systems but the third system loses entanglement and therefore information so that the analog of the second law is true.

TGD counterpart for entanglement battery

If good to start by listing the basic new ideas brought by TGD (see this and this).

TGD involves two complementary views of reality.

1. The view of physics as geometry, combined with the condition that Poincare invariance of the special relativity is not lost, leads to a new view about space-time differing rather dramatically from the Einsteinian view.

   Space-time is a surface in H=M⁴× CP₂ Holography = holomorphy principle (H-H) characterizing its dynamics has deep implications: for instance, classical theory is exactly solvable and the space-time surface are minimal surfaces, analogous to Bohr orbits of particles identified as 3-surfaces, irrespective of the classical action as long as it is general coordinate invariant and depends only on the induced geometry (see this, this, this, and this).

2. The view of physics as number theory leads to a vision about what cognition is but makes also very powerful predictions about ordinary physics. As a matter of fact, most quantitative predictions follow from the number theoretic vision (see this, this, this, this, and this).

The TGD view of quantum physics involves several new elements.

1. The hierarchy of effective Planck constants h_eff=nh₀ with the estimate h= (7!)²h₀, where h₀ is the miminal value of h_eff=nh₀ (see this). This makes possible equantum coherence in arbitrarily long scales. This also leads to p-adic physics as correlate for cognition.
2. Zero energy ontology (ZEO) (see this and this) predicts that the counterpart for a sequence of repeated quantum measurements of the same observables does not change the system unaffected but a flow of consciousness, a conscious entity, self. In these "small" state function reductions (SSFRs), the system's internal state changes. The corresponding observables relate to the classical non-determinism associated with the space-time surfaces if H-H is true and are assigned with cognition. These observables have no counterpart in standard physics.
3. In ZEO, the TGD counterparts of quantum measurements of physical observables correspond to "big" state function reductions (BSFRs). The arrow of geometric time changes in BSFR (see this). The change of the arrow of time can be regarded as death or falling asleep: this in a universal sense. Consciousness is not lost but corresponds to a self with an opposite arrow of geometric time. The classical signals sent during this period do not reach the brain in the future so that we do not remember anything about the deep sleep state.

What implications the TGD view of physics and consciousness might have concerning quantum information science, in particular the notion of entanglement battery?

1. The number theoretic view of TGD brings in the p-adic physics of cognition in which a hierarchy of Planck constants (see this, this, this, this and this) and hierarchy of p-adic length scales are in a central role (see this).

   Recent work (see this, this, and this) has led to a generalization of p-adic number fields to function fields related to p-adic number fields by a morphism. In this view p-adic physics could be seen as a convenient description of the non-determinism of real number based physics rather than a fundamental notion. Prime p corresponds to a prime near power of a small prime defining a degree of a polynomial. This generalization makes it possible to understand the p-adic length scale hypothesis stating that p-adic primes new powers of 2 (and also 3) seem to be physically of special importance.

2. Cognitive information is associated with cognitive entanglement and cognitive state function reductions reduce this entanglement. This kind of entanglement is not possible in standard quantum theory. It relates to the slight non-determinism of the classical time evolution assuming H-H. Space-time surfaces as fundamental objects are like slightly non-deterministic Bohr orbits for particles as 3-surfaces. This non-determinism naturally corresponds to p-adic non-determinism.

   Transfer of cognitive information would mean transfer of mental images. One can say that in the simplest situation the entangled pair of systems would be like a student whereas the entanglement manipulator would be in the role of a teacher, and the entanglement battery would be like a text book. The learning would mean generation of entanglement between the members of the pair (or a more general system) defining the student. Quantum teleportation could make possible the transfer of entanglement for a subsystem.

3. The number theoretical counterpart of the second law is Negentropy Maximization Principle (NMP) (see this) states that the number theoretical complexity of the space-time surfaces is bound to increase. By H-H principle, space-time surfaces are roots for a pair of polynomials of generalized complex coordinates of H and their algebraic complexity unavoidably increases in the sequence of quantum jumps. This gives rise to evolution.
4. One particular measure for the number theoretical complexity is given by the effective Planck constant h_eff, which could correspond to the dimension of an algebraic extension of rationals. The degree of the polynomial defining the extension provides an alternative measure and it is not possible to make strong conclusions at this stage. The larger the value of h_eff, the larger the maximal entanglement entropy and the potential cognitive information content.
5. p-Adic entanglement negentropy can be positive and by NMP tends to be so (see this). Negentropic entanglement serves as a correlate for conscious cognitive information associated with p-adic physics characterizing the classical non-determinism. One can assign to it p-adic entanglement negentropy as a generalization of Shannon entropy. In the number theoretic evolution maximal entanglement negentropy increases. This tendency, coded by NMP, is mathematically analogous to the increase of entropy but states just the opposite. This can be understood: the p-adic negentropy is associated with the entanglement whereas the ordinary entropy is associated with information of a third system about either entangled system.
6. p-Adic entanglement negentropy and real entanglement entropy are closely related but p-adic entanglement negentropy can be larger than the latter and by NMP tends to be so. Jeremy England (see this) has observed that evolution and increase of entropy are closely related. This looks paradoxical. In the TGD framework which can be however understood since the increase of p-adic negentropy in evolution implies the increase of real entropy (see this).
7. The energy scale of a quantum system as a function of h_eff increases. Therefore the increase of h_eff and of maximal cognitive information requires energy feed having an interpretation as metabolic energy. Biosystems need a metabolic energy feed to stay cognitively conscious.

The theorem of Ganardi et al and the TGD view of living systems

The theorem of Ganardi et al allows to have a new perspective on the TGD view of living and conscious systems.

1. In TGD inspired theory of consciousness and quantum biology, sensory perception and cognition could be seen as construction of standardized mental images (see this) and conscious communications could be seen as a transfer of standardized mental images. TGD inspired biology and neuroscience involve a concrete proposal for the mechanism involved. The theorem of Ganardi et al justifies the intuitive picture concerning conscious information transfer.
2. Entangled subsystem pairs of a biological system, such as the two DNA strands, the brain consisting of two hemispheres, and the magnetic bodies of the left and right hemisphere, define conscious information packets. By the theorem of Ganardi et al, the entanglement can be transferred by quantum teleportation involving local operations and classical communications between two conscious systems. The entangled subsystem pairs would define cognitive mental images so that one could talk about a telepathic transfer of mental images.

   Note that in TGD classical physics dictated by H-H is an exact part of quantum physics so that classical communications are very natural.

3. H-H implies that the basic geometric objects are space-time surfaces analogous to Bohr orbits for particles identified as 3-surfaces and replace 3-surfaces in ZEO as fundamental objects. The Bohr orbits are slightly non-deterministic due to the weak non-determinism associated with classical time evolution. This also implies non-determinism in fermionic degrees of freedom (see this and this): H-H allows to solve exactly also the Dirac equation for the induced spinors to be distinguished from the Dirac equation for in H.
4. The cognitive entanglement could be in discrete degrees of freedom associated with a single space-time surface or between these degrees of freedom associated with separate space-time surfaces. For ordinary 2-D minimal surfaces the seats of non-determinism correspond to frames at which the surface can branch in several ways. In the 4-D case, these degrees of freedom would correspond to 3-surfaces as loci of classical non-determinism. These loci would define memories at the fundamental level (see this). Also the entanglement between two disjoint space-time surfaces can be considered as well as the entanglement between 3-D light-like partonic orbits.

One can pose several questions in this framework.

1. Does the generalized Carnot's law give an upper bound of information transferred from the entanglement battery to the entangled pair of systems in terms of the p-adic temperature as the cognitive analog of temperature having a spectrum quantized as T_p=1/n?

   Does the T_p→ 0 limit correspond to an optimal situation in which the entanglement battery is a pure system and an ideal source of entanglement provided it has a large degeneracy of states.

2. The failure of the strict classical dynamics predicts large degeneracy of states due to the possibility of a large number of non-deterministic time evolutions. This non-determinism would correspond mathematically to the non-determinism of p-adic differential equations. This alone does not give rise to entanglement however.
3. One can however regard the discrete set of loci as subsystems which can have time like-entanglement so that the non-determinism gives rise to a cognitive entanglement battery.

Quantum batteries

Quantum batteries (see this) are highly entangled quantum coherent systems. This makes possible their loading using collective quantum transitions in which the component systems experience quantum transition simultaneously. This can make the loading of quantum batteries extremely fast (see this).

In TGD, this kind of collective quantum transitions, analogous to phase transitions, are a basic element in the model of conscious information transfer and TGD suggests a concrete model for these phase transitions. Genetic code, having a universal realization in TGD, would play a key role in this mechanism.

1. Genetic codons correspond at fundamental level correspond to entangled dark proton triplets and chemical representation is only a secondary representation (see this, this, this, and this). Dark codons in turn entangle further to form dark genes. The communications between dark genes with 3N dark protons occur by sending entangled dark 3N-photons analogous to Bose-Einstein condensates.
2. The communication occurs by 3N-resonance involving simultaneous absorption of 3N-photons changing the state of the dark gene represented by 3N dark protons.
3. The frequencies involved are cyclotron frequencies for dark protons and the modulation of the frequency scale represents the message transformed to a sequence of 3N-pulses. Also partial multi resonance is possible if the modulation is not the same for all dark protons. The communications to the magnetic/field body (such as EEG) and control of biomatter by the field body would be based on this mechanism.

See the article What are entanglement batteries and quantum batteries? or the chapter Are Conscious Computers Possible in TGD Universe?.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

New physics in Jupiter?

I heard interesting news about the physics of the solar system. The physics of the Jupiter's magnetosphere is not quite as it should be. There is popular article "Unusual Plasma Waves Above Jupiter s North Pole" (see this). There is also a popular article in finnish (see this).

First some information about Jupiter. Jupiter is a giant planet with 90 moons. A giant storm, the red spot, has been raging for at least the last 350 years. Jupiter has a strong magnetic field, which is 54 times that of Earth (27 Gauss) and auroras are involved with it.

A team of researchers led by the University of Minnesota in the United States has observed new types of plasma waves at Jupiter's north pole that have not been seen before in the solar system. NASA's Juno spacecraft detected this mysterious wave phenomenon. The Juno spacecraft was launched into space in 2011 and reached Jupiter on July 4, 2016. Since then, the spacecraft has been studying the gas giant - including its magnetic field. In the final phase of its operation, Juno observed that Alfven waves in Jupiter's magnetic field plasma were transformed into Langmuir waves. This has not been observed anywhere else before.

Alfven waves and Languir waves are are related to the plasma phase in a magnetic field. Wikipedia gives more information about these waves.

1. Alfven waves can be visualized as transverse oscillations of magnetic flux tubes. They propagate at an almost constant speed like light, but the speed depends slightly on the magnetic field and ion density and approach the speed of light in strong magnetic fields. The speed is proportional to the magnetic field strength and inversely proportional to the square root of the average ion density. (see this).
2. Langmuir waves are electron waves parallel to the magnetic field (i.e. longitudinal) for which the frequency depends very weakly on the wave vector and is inversely proportional to the square root of the electron density. (see this).

   Langmuir waves occur at a frequency at which the dielectric constant vanishes. This means physically that at the plasma frequency an insulator cannot store energy in an electrostatic field. For example, the frequency-dependent capacitance of a capacitor goes to zero at this frequency. The energy propagates as a wave motion at this frequency that has very weak dependence on the wavelength. One could say that the energy of the sm radiation is stored in the plasmonic oscillation of electrons. For smaller frequencies the propagation is not possible and radiation is reflected at the surface.

The transformation of Alfven waves into Langmuir waves was not expected. The frequencies would be the same for these waves, which gives a condition that fixes the wave vector for the Alfven wave.

What would TGD (see this and this) say about the possible new physics.

1. In TGD Alfwen waves could correspond to transverse oscillations of monopole flux tubes (see this and this). Monopole flux tubes, not possible in Maxwell's theory, could be one piece of the conjectured new physics.

   A second piece of the new physics could be that at the monopole flux tubes protons and perhaps also other ions can be "dark", i.e. they are associated with a large effective Planck constant h_eff. They do not interact directly with the ordinary matter and in this sense behave like dark matter.

   The transformation of ordinary matter into dark matter is possible. The large h_eff implies quantum coherence on very long scales and it plays a fundamental role in TGD-based quantum biology and astrophysics.

   This dark matter does not correspond to galactic dark matter. It however explains the mysterious gradual reduction of baryon density in cosmological scales as a transformation of ordinary baryons to dark baryons at the monopole flux tubes associated with cosmic evolution as increase of the number theoretic complexity (see this).

2. The creation of the h_eff>h phase requires energy and, for example, the Pollack effect provides energy when photons are absorbed. The energy of photons is typically at IR, visible and UV wavelengths.

   When positively charged protons/ions are "kicked" by photons onto a magnetic body, they become "dark". The result is a negatively charged region, the exclusion zone (EZ), as Pollack calls it. Charge separation occurs: positive charge on magnetic flux tubes and negative charge in the EZ. This is new physics and is a central part of TGD-based quantum biology.

3. However, dark protons/ions spontaneously transform into ordinary ones when h_eff decreases and releases energy. At the same time, they are "dropped" from the monopole flux tubes and become ordinary. The released energy must go somewhere. Could the energies of the dark protons be stored in the Langmuir waves?
4. But how do Alfven waves relate to this? Could the Alfwen wave relate to dark protons/ions as an oscillation of the flux tube. As ordinary protons are kicked onto the flux tubes by photon absorption, the flux tube receives an impulse in addition to energy and starts to oscillate like a spring that has been pushed. When they drop from the flux tube, the oscillations and therefore also the Alfwen wave would disappear.
5. This mechanism could make possible the transfer of positive proton charge from the surface of the planet to the higher heights and might contribute to the generation of negative charge at the surface of Earth.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.