Universal rhythm for communications between animals.

I learned about a fascinating finding discussed in Neuroscience News). The popular article discusses the findings reported in the article "A widespread animal communication tempo may resonate with the receiver's brain" by Guy Amichay, Vijay Balasubramanian, and Daniel M. Abrams in journal PLOS Biology (see this).

The study reveals that communication signals across wildly different species tend to repeat at a nearly universal tempo of 2 hertz (two beats per second). Researchers suggest this isn t a coincidence, but a biological resonance where animal brains are naturally tuned to process information most efficiently at this specific pace. This 2 Hz rule applies to social communications of animals from insects to large mammals and does not depend on the physical size of the animal. Neural circuits respond strongly to signals in the .5-4.0 Hz band. Also faster signalling is possible. What is interesting is that most popular music clusters around 2 Hz. This is remarkable since animal communications can look wildly different flashing lights, chirping calls, croaking songs and elaborate dances. It should be noticed that audible frequencies in the case of humans are above 20 Hz.

One of the basic predictions of TGD inspired quantum biology is magnetic bodies (counterparts of Maxwellian magnetic fields), carrying phases of ordinary matter with a large value of effective Planck constant and therefore behaving like dark matter, are central in biosystems. The cyclotron frequencies associated with the endogenous magnetic field B_end associated with the magnetic body are crucial in biocontrol and communications.

1. Blackman proposed on the basis of his findings about the effects of ELF radiation on vertebrate brains the existence of an endogenous magnetic field B_end about .2 Gauss, about 2/5 of the strength of the Earth's magnetic field. It would explain the quantal effects of ELF radiation fields in the EEG range on vertebrate brains.
2. In TGD this endogenous magnetic field is assigned to the magnetic monopole flux tubes distinguishing between the Maxwellian and TGD based views of electromagnetism. Also the octaves of B_end are predicted in the TGD based model for music experience leading also to a model for the genetic code in terms of bioharmony. The corresponding cyclotron frequencies would come as octaves.
3. The huge value of the cyclotron energy scale proportional to h_eff= h_gr(Earth) implies that the effects of ELF em fields are large and not masked by thermal noise. In the Earth's gravitational field, the value of h_gr(Earth)/h is about 10¹³ and implies that the energy of 10 Hz alpha frequency belongs to the energy range of visible light. The proposal is that biophotons are produced by the transformation of dark photons to ordinary photons such that energy is conserved but wavelength is reduced by factor h/h_gr(Earth) to ordinary photons.

This leads to a detailed quantitative model of quantum control and commutations in biomatter.

1. The cyclotron frequencies of basic ions appearing in biomatter as cold plasma are in a key role . The cyclotron frequencies of various ions and DNA would relate to the communications from the biological body to the magnetic body and the control of the biological body by the magnetic body. Organisms, even those belonging to different species, can communicate with each other via their magnetic bodies and by shared magnetic bodies. I have proposed this as a basic mechanism of remote mental interactions and the communications at the level of DNA could be unconscious communications giving rise to remote mental interactions.
2. The cyclotron frequencies of various biologically important ions are in EEG range for B_end=.2 Gauss and would related to the communication of sensory information from the biological body to its magnetic body and to control of the biological body by the magnetic body. They would play a key role in neuroscience. For 10 Hz the wavelength would correspond to a scale defined by the circumference of the Earth.
3. The cyclotron frequencies of DNA strands depend rather weakly on the details of the DNA strand, since its total charge is proportional to its length and therefore to its mass. The cyclotron frequencies are predicted to be around 1 Hz for B_end=.2 Gauss, which is the strength of the endogenous magnetic field explaining the findings of Blackman. The experiments suggest 2 Hz frequency and B_end=.4 Gauss?

   Also the values .5 Hz and 1 Hz for DNA cyclotron frequency belong to the range of 8 octaves suggested by the findings and the existence of the octave hierarchy. Note also that in the case of humans, the range of audible frequencies is about 10 octaves and ranges from 20 Hz to 20 kH and can be assigned to cyclotron frequencies of various ions. 20 Hz would correspond for B_end=.2 Gauss and 10 Hz alpha frequency to B_end,in=.1 Gauss.

4. The cyclotron frequency 2 Hz for DNA would correspond B= 2×B_end = about .4 Gauss, which is near the nominal value of the Earth's magnetic field. This raises questions. Could there be a 8-levelled hierarchy of monopole flux tubes with field strengths coming as octaves of the field strength about B_end,min∼ .1 Gauss. Do the sub-octaves of B_end correspond to evolutionary hierarchy such that the B_end is reduced by factor 1/2 as a higher evolutionary level with a long time scale emerges. Could one classify genes according to what octave they correspond in the hierarchy?
5. This view gives support for the view that long range quantum coherence associated with long range electric and gravitational fields is a crucial element of quantum biology. .5 Hz frequency corresponds to a length scale L=c/f∼6 6× 10⁸ meters to be compared with the radius of Sun corresponds to 6.95× 10⁸ m. That these scales are near to each other might not be an accident in the TGD framework. The gravitational bodies of both Sun and Earth play a key role in the TGD inspired biology and DNA cyclotron frequencies could relate to the communications to the gravitational magnetic body of the Sun. Note also that the gravitational Compton length of the Earth is roughly 1/2 of the Earth radius.
6. The experimental findings relate to communications between animals. What about plants and other life forms? Also plant DNA is characterized by cyclotron frequencies proportional to the corresponding value of B_end. Are the communications present but is the scale of B_end different so that the communications occur at higher or lower frequencies.

See for intance the articles The recent view of TGD inspired theory of consciousness and quantum biology and Answers to the questions of Vasileios Basios and Marko Manninen in Hypothesis Refinery session of Galileo Commission.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Objections against the notion of Pollack battery

The basic counter-arguments against the notion of Pollack battery relate to dynamics.

1. The number of dark protons matters. According to the findings of Pollack, every fourth proton in the water in the EZ region is transferred to the magnetic body. This is quite a large number. This provides an order of magnitude estimate of the maximum amount of charge transferred via quantum tunnelling followed by the reverse Pollack effect. If the electrodes are wrinkled, as would happen for the ase of SiNT, the area of the electrodes increases and so does the maximal number of dark protons.
2. The time scale for the lifetime of (H₃ O₂)^- phase is attosecond in water. The large fraction of dark protons would give reason for optimism. In the case of DNA, RNA, and cell membrane the region with negative charge is stable and formation of dark nuclei from dark protons should imply the stability against the reverse Pollack effect.
3. At what speed does the transfer to the opposite electrode by quantum tunnelling occur? The tunneling probability could be estimated based on the existing formula for quantum tunnelling by simply replacing Planck constant h with h_eff. The tunnelling rate is an exponent exp(-X) of a term X proportional to 1/ℏ.

   The intuitive expectation is that for ordinary Planck constant X is very large in the scales considered so that tunnelling probability is essentially zero. However, the replacement ℏ → ℏ_gr,E= GM_em_p/β₀ ∼ 10¹³ for a proton could make X∝ 1/ℏ_gr small enough. An additional parameter possibly needed as a multiplicative factor is the amplitude for OH → O^- + dark proton decay. The optimistic first guess is that this parameter is of order 1.

Consider now an estimate for the tunnelling amplitude A, whose modulus squared gives the tunnelling probability.

1. Apart from the numerical factor of order one, the amplitude A can be written as an exponent and represents the value of a wave function at point L at E₂. In the classically forbidden region 0<x<L the wave function is an exponentially decreasing function. ∫₀^yk(x)dx is analogous to a plane wave exp(iky) with imaginary momentum. By using the relationship k(x)= p(x)/ℏ and p(x)= (2m(E-V(x)) between wave vector and momentum, one obtains

   A= exp(-X)

   X= (1/h_eff) ∫₀^L p(x)dx .

   p(x)=(2m(E-V(x))^1/2.

   In the recent case, V(x) is Coulomb energy V(x)= eE₀x for the proton and m is proton mass. In the Earth's gravitational field one has h_eff =ℏ_gr,E = GM_Em_p/β₀= r_s(E)m_p/2β₀, r_s(E)∼ 1 cm. The velocity parameter β₀= v₀/c≤ 1 has a spectrum of values but there are arguments supporting β₀∼ 1 as the most plausible value for the Earth. For the Sun the value β₀∼ 2^-11 is favored.

2. The boundary condition is that the proton, kicked by Pollack effect from the electrode E₁, arrives at rest to the electrode E₂. This gives

   E= V(L) = eE₀L = eV₀

   where E₀ is a constant electric field of the battery and V₀ the voltage between E₁ and E₂. This gives

   p(x)= (2m_p(V(L)-V(x))^1/2 = (2m_pV₀)^1/2 (1-x/L)^1/2

   The integral appearing in the definition of X can be calculated analytically and one obtains

   X= [(4×2^1/2/3] (eV₀/m_p)^1/2× L/r_s(E) .

3. An order of magnitude estimate is obtained by assuming eV₀=1 eV implying eV₀/m_p∼ 10^-9, L=10 cm. For β₀=1, this gives

   X∼ 6× 10^-4 .

   The value happens to be quite near to the value of β₀∼ 2^-11 for the Sun. The value of X is so small that exp(-X) ∼ 1 is true in a good approximation.

The conclusion is that, unless the additional coefficient possibly present is very small, the tunnelling probability can be large enough.

See the article Are Pollack batteries possible? and the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

The dark matter particle detected by LUX-ZEPLIN detector is identifiable as dark pion of M89 hadron physics predicted by TGD!

I just learned of a direct detection of dark matter. The news was published already towards the end of 2025 (see this. I glue part of the news here.

The LUX-ZEPLIN detector (see this) at the Sanford Underground Research Facility, located 1,500 meters beneath the former Homestake Gold Mine, recorded 8 candidate dark matter interaction events over 1,000 days of operation that carry statistical certainty of 5.2 sigma crossing the discovery threshold physicists require for particle physics announcements. The detector uses 10 tonnes of ultra-pure liquid xenon cooled to minus 108 degrees Celsius, surrounded by water tanks shielding against cosmic rays that would overwhelm the faint dark matter signal at shallower depths.

Dark matter particles theorized as Weakly Interacting Massive Particles with masses between 10 and 1,000 times the proton mass produce tiny flashes of scintillation light and ionization when they collide with xenon nuclei, distinguishable from radioactive background through their characteristic dual-signal fingerprint.

The detected events carry particle masses consistent with a 65 proton-mass dark matter candidate, within the theoretical range predicted by supersymmetric extensions of the standard model. Independent verification is already underway at the PandaX-4T detector in China and the XENONnT detector in Italy's Gran Sasso Laboratory, with results expected within six months.

What has TGD to say about the claimed 5 sigma discovery?

1. One of the most dramatic predictions of TGD is a scale hierarchy of standard model physics labelled by Mersenne primes and their Gaussian counterparts. This hierarchy would correspond to the hierarchy of color partial waves associated with the Dirac equation in H= M⁴× CP₂ in which space-times are 4-surfaces obeying a slightly non-deterministic holography.

   The mass scales of leptons and hadrons of a given standard model physics would be proportional to the inverse of the square root of the Mersenne or Gaussian Mersenne characterizing the scaled copy (for the most recent articles about p-adic thermodynamics, replacing Higgs mechanism see this and this). For instance, for electron one would correspond to Mersenne prime M₁₂₇ =2¹²⁷-1.

2. Ordinary hadrons would correspond Mersenne prime M₁₀₇= 2¹⁰⁷-1.The Mersenne prime M₈₉ would correspond to mass scale, which is 512 times the mass scale of ordinary hadron physics. During about 2 decades pieces of evidence for M₈₉ hadron physics at LHC have been accumulating (see for instance this, this and this). M₈₉ hadron physics would dramatically modify the model for the energy production in the Sun (see this).
3. TGD predicts a hierarchy of effective Planck constants h_eff coming as integer multiples of its minimal value considerably larger than ordinary Planck constant. The phases with non-standard value of Planck constant would behave like dark matter since vertices involving fermions with particles having different values of h_eff are not possible. The 2-vertex changing the value of h_eff is however possible and phase transitions changing h_eff are possible.
4. A TGD based explanation for the LUX-ZEPLIN events interpreted in terms of dark matter would be as a pion of M₈₉ hadron physics identifiable as a scaled up copy of ordinary M₁₀₇ hadron with a mass scale which is 512 times higher but having a non-standard value of effective Planck constant so that the M₈₉ hadrons would be like dark matter. The scaling of the mass .134 MeV of the ordinary pion by factor 512 gives mass of 67 GeV. This is exactly the reported mass if proton mass 940 MeV is approximated as 1 GeV (the error is 6 per cent)!

   M₈₉ hadrons would be created as a phase of ordinary matter with scaled up valued of effective Planck constant guaranteeing that at quantum criticality for the phase transition the Compton lengths of M₈₉ hadrons, scaled by factor h_eff/h are same as for ordinary hadrons. This requires that the ratio of h_eff/h equals to the ratio p-adic length scales associated with M₁₀₇ and M₈₉ equal to 2^(107-89)/2= 2⁹=512.

One can apply the scaling argument to estimate already mass of scaled variants of other quarks.

1. The mass of the neutral kaon is about 498 MeV. The mass of the strange quark would be from the additivity of mass squared equal to m_s= m_K/2²∼ 352 MeV. The mass of M₈₉ s quark would be 176 GeV, which is not far from top quark mass 173 GeV.

   The mass of M₈₉ s quark would be 176 GeV, which is not far from top quark mass m_t=173 GeV. I proposed recently (see this that the top quark corresponds to M₈₉ u quark. I did not realize that the scaling argument allows only the interpretation as M₈₉ s quark.

2. The mass of c quark is estimated to be 1.5 GeV or 1.275 GeV. The M₈₉ c quark is estimated to have mass of 750 GeV or 63.75 GeV.
3. The mass of b quark is estimated to in the range 4.2-4.7 GeV M₈₉ b is estimated to have mass in the range 2400 GeV-2350 GeV.
4. I proposed recently in an article discussing toponium (see this top quark that it actually corresponds to a quark of M₈₉ hadron physics and the real top corresponds to the mass of 28 GeV or 30 GeV assignable explaining the Aleph anomaly this would predict that the mass of M₈₉ t quark is about 1400 or 1500 GeV.

This kind of estimates can be made also for leptons and baryons and M₈₉ electron would have mass about 250 GeV. The naive scaling of proton mass would give the mass of 512 GeV for M₈₉ nucleon. Needless to say, these predictions mean an entire scaled hadron physics to be tested at LHC.

See the article Comparing the S-matrix descriptions of fundamental interactions provided by standard model and TGD or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Empirical evidence for two arrows of time

https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61579273676681 Source: Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Canada, European Space Agency Planck Collaboration, Physical Review D, 2025 \subsection{Evidence that the Universe has two arrows of time} The scientists in Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Canada and European Space Agency Planck Collaboration have published in Physical Review D, 2025 evidence that the Universe has two arrows of time. The presence of two arrows of time is claimed to correspond to hemispherical asymmetry of the CMB. It is not obvious to me why the presence of two arrows of time would reflect itself via this asymmetry.

Could these findings be interpreted as a support for the zero energy ontology (ZEO) of TGD predicting that two arrows of geometric time are possible and that roughly one half of the Universe has both arrows of time?

1. In TGD, the view about the arrow of geometric time is more complex than in the framework of standard cosmology. The arrow of geometric time is associated with a given causal diamond (CD), which is analogous to a sub-cosmology in a Russian doll cosmology defined by a hierarchy of CDs with increasing size scales. A given CD can have both arrows of time and the arrow of time changes in the TGD counterpart of ordinary quantum measurement. The hierarchy of effective Planck constants labelling an infinite hierarchy of quantum coherence scales, which correspond to the size scales of the space-time surfaces and of CDs, is essential.
2. The meaning of the arrow of time used by the researchers is based on CPT as a symmetry. The proposal is that CPT would relate the two Universes with an opposite arrow of time: CPT would not be a trivial operation anymore. On the other hand, the time reversal in the sense of TGD inspired theory of consciousness does not reduce to time reversal as a discrete symmetry although one cannot exclude the possibility CPT - and TGD based views are closely related. It is assumed that the two arrows of time correspond to two half-cones of the light-cone. In the TGD framework, they would correspond to the two halves of a causal diamond CD as an intersection of future and past directed light-cones.

The TGD view of the arrow of time means roughly the following.

1. In quantum field theories there are two vacua as states annihilated by annihilation resp. creation operators. In the original picture of Dirac, all positive/negative energy states of fermions would be filled for these two vacua. In the standard QFT only the second vacuum is selected.
2. In TGD, a new quantum ontology, zero energy ontology (ZEO), solving the basic problem of quantum measurement theory, is forced because the classical time evolutions fail to be strictly deterministic. This non-determinism is absolutely essential for the non-triviality of quantum TGD and also for the TGD inspired view of consciousness. The mild non-determinism forces us to introduce additional discrete degrees of freedom implying that one must allow 3-D seats of classical non-determinism as carriers of quantum numbers in the interior the 4-D space-time surface obeying almost deterministic holography identified as cognitive degrees of freedom not present in standard physics.
3. In ZEO 3-D quantum states are replaced by zero energy states. In fermionic degrees of freedom, zero energy states in fermionic degrees of freedom correspond to pairs of 3-D many-fermion states assignable to the intersections of space-time surfaces with the opposite light-like boundaries of causal diamonds (CDs). These 3-D quantum states could be interpreted as initial and final states of a slightly non-deterministic time evolution. At the level of space-time surfaces, zero energy states are quantum superpositions of Bohr orbit-like space-time surfaces satisfying holography = holomorphy principle.
4. The states at the passive boundary of CD are unaffected by time evolution as small state function reductions (SSFRs). SSFRs define a generalization for a sequence of measurements of fixed observables. In standard QM these sequences leave the quantum state invariant meaning Zeno effect. In TGD, the Zeno effect is replaced with a sequence of SSFRs defining a flow of consciousness, self. In SSFR, the active boundary of CD is shifted, CD increases in statistical sense and the passive boundary suffers only a scaling leaving the 3-D quantum states at it invariant.
5. "Big" state function reduction (BSFR) is the counterpart of ordinary state function reduction. BSFR changes the roles of passive and active boundaries of CD so that the arrow of time is changed. At the level of conscious experience BSFR means death/falling asleep of self at a given level of self hierarchy.
6. In the TGD Universe, quantum coherence is possible in arbitrarily long scales. In cosmic scales stars older than the Universe can be explained by ZEO. Stars older than the Universe is an example of possible consequences of ZEO in cosmic scales.

See for instance, this, this and this.

An objection against the notion of Pollack battery

The model of Pollack battery (see this) is now rather concrete. In the simplest situation the opposite electrodes could correspond to carbon nanotubes with modifications =C → -(C-OH) and =C→ -(C=O) respectively.

The model is very general. What is essential is that one has lattice type structure in =X- type units are replaced with -(X-OH)- and -(X=O)- type units for the two electrodes. For instance, carbon nanotubes could be replaced with silicon nanotubes (SiNT), which indeed do exist. Silicon nanotubes, the tubes are not smooth but wrinkled: this would increase the capacity to load charge.

Charging would take place by Pollack effect kicking protons to monopole flux tubes by the process -OH→ -O^-+ dark proton at monopole flux tube. The charging voltage would provide energy and the process could occur by tunnelling. The electrolyte would be a hydrophilic polymer acting as a catalyst for Pollack effect and possibly also as a storage of chemical energy generated in charging. During use O^- ions would provide electrons serving as charge carriers of Ohmic current running the load.

The objection against the proposal is that the energy difference between states -C-(C=O)-C + e^- and -(C-O^-)-C is large and of wrong sign so that e^- is tightly bound to -(C-O^-)-C and Ohmic current cannot be generated. I am not a chemist but I am able to use Google, which answers as follows.

"The energy difference between a neutral carbonyl group plus a free electron C-(C=O)-C + e^- and the resulting radical anion -C-(C-O-C^- is characterized by the electron affinity (EA) of the carbonyl compound. For simple aliphatic ketones like acetone, the energy difference is approximately in the range 0.0 to -0.5 eV. This indicates that the formation of the radical anion is typically isothermic or slightly endothermic in the gas phase."

This would suggest that the liberation of e^- to become a carrier of ohmic current does not require energy or occurs even spontaneously and is made possible so that the electric field of the battery generates ohmic current.

See the article Are Pollack batteries possible? and the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Allais effect again

The Allais effect (see this and this) was first reported by Maurice Allais in 1954. It involves an abrupt change in the azimuth of a paraconical pendulum s oscillation plane during the solar eclipse, totaling up to 13.5 degrees.

Empirical findings

Consider first a brief summary of the findings of Allais and others (see this and this).

1. Paraconical pendulum consists of a rigid rod of ∼ 1 meter and a metal ball. The bob, that is the weight at the bottom, has lense like shape. Paraconical pendulum differs from the conical pendulum in that the suspension point of the pendulum is not fixed but is a metal sphere able to roll without sliding in plane. Therefore it has 2 degrees of freedom rather than only one: both swinging and rotation around the vertical axis are possible.
2. In the absence of any other forces than the gravitation of Earth) paraconical pendulum can behave much like a conical or Foucault pendulum. The oscillation plane of the paraconical pendulum turned by 13,5 degrees during 14 minutes (see this). It is difficult to see how the gravitational fields of the Sun and Moon could explain this behaviour by changing the effective value of the Earth's gravitational acceleration.
3. Allais concludes from his experimental studies that the orbital plane approach always asymptotically to a limiting plane and the effect is only particularly spectacular during the eclipse. During solar eclipse the limiting plane contains the line connecting Earth, Moon, and Sun. Allais explains this in terms of what he calls the anisotropy of space.
4. Some experiments carried out during eclipse have reproduced the findings of Allais, some experiments not. In the experiment carried out by Jeverdan and collaborators in Romania it was found that the period of oscillation of the pendulum decreases by Δf/f∼ 5× 10^-4 (see this), which happens to correspond to the constant β₀=2^-11 appearing in the formula of the gravitational Planck constant for the Sun. It must be however emphasized that the overall magnitude of Δ f/f varies by five orders of magnitude. Even the sign of Δf/f varies from experiment to experiment.
5. There is also the finding by Popescu and Olenici, which they interpret as a quantization of the plane of oscillation of paraconical pendulum during solar eclipse (see this).
6. There is also evidence that the effect is present also before and after the full eclipse. The time scale is 1 hour. Allais emphasized that the effect is a dynamic, not static, phenomenon, connected to the variation of weight or inertia in the space swept by the pendulum during the eclipse. The 10 per cent excessive bending of light is reported during some eclipses (the "residual arc") is also reported.

While many attempts to confirm it have met with varied or ambiguous results, several observations indicated anomalous behavior that cannot be easily explained by general relativity (GR) or standard Newtonian mechanics.

The TGD view of Allais effect briefly

The TGD view of Allais effect involves quantum physics based on TGD based quantum ontology. One can consider several different levels for how quantum physics appears in the description.

1. One can start from a harmonic oscillator model for the gravitational pendulum and perform a quantization using the gravitational Planck constants of the Sun or the Earth. The huge values of these Planck constants imply that small values of the harmonic oscillator quantum number are involved. The changes of this quantum number could explain the fluctuations at quantum criticality assignable to the transition to the eclipse. The effect would not be gravitational but quantum mechanical and due to the large value of ℏ_gr.

2. During a full eclipse, the screening of the solar gravitational field might explain the Allais effect. There is however evidence that the Allais effect appears also outside the regions of full eclipse and therefore in the scale of the Earth. This suggests that a description involving interference and diffraction effects besides screening is needed.

   In the TGD framework, models involving classical long range gravitational or Z⁰/Kähler fields cannot be excluded. These models do not however look promising: the standard physics based expectation is that the effects are quite too small.

3. The description in terms of wave functions identified as spinor fields of the "world of classical worlds" (WCW) is more promising. The argument of the WCW spinor field would be the space-time surface as analog of Bohr orbit for a particle as 3-surface. One would have essentially wave mechanics in WCW. Instead of a Bohr orbit one would have a wave in the space of Bohr orbits (WCW).

   The Moon would act as an obstacle giving rise to quantum diffraction, which reduces to screening immediately behind the Moon. The diffraction would not be caused by the classical gravitational interaction but would be analogous to the diffraction of electrons in a double screen and a genuine quantum effect.

4. The observed reduction Δ f/f ∼ 2^-11 of the oscillation frequency of the pendulum is several orders of magnitude larger than the prediction and happens to be equal the velocity parameter appearing in the solar gravitational Planck constant. Quantum criticality for the transition to eclipse and zero energy ontology (ZEO) (see this and this) suggest a possible explanation for this finding. In particular, the notion of causal diamond (CD) as a geometric counterpart for the perceptive field (see this) would be involved and the reduction of the frequency would be mathematically analogous to that occurring is cosmological redshift.

The cautious conclusion would be that the Allais effect does not tell so much about new gravitational physics than about the new quantum ontology predicting the notion of WCW realizing holography = holomorphy vision, the hierarchy of Planck constants, and ZEO.

See the article Allais effect again or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

What about the second electrode of the Pollack battery and what happens when the battery is used?

The notion of Pollack battery (see this) was inspired by the claim of the finnish DONUT Lab that it had developed a battery with very fast charging, very large energy density and very large number of cycles. The fast charging is indeed found to occur in the VTT tests.

The charging of the Pollack battery by Pollack effect is expected to be a very fast process. The discharging of the Pollack battery must however occur slowly in ordinary applications. The Pollack battery must therefore behave classically during its use (Ohmic currents) and quantally during its charging.

1. Assume that electrodes E1 and E2 are in the initial state nanotubes, that is single-layered hexagonal lattice such that given carbon as single valence bond to 2 neighbors and 1 double valence bond to the third neighbor. The electrons are assumed to be prepared by making different modifications of double bonds =C:

   E1 : =C → -(C-OH) : addition of OH

   E2: =C → -(C=O) : addition of double bonded O.

   The open question is whether the oxygenation is possible energetically without energy feed.

2. What happens in charging?
   1. Pollack effect for E1 ocurrs and inducing the modification

      -(C-OH) → -(C-O^-) + dark proton at flux tube

   2. Dark proton is transferred to E2 and suffers reverse Pollack effect. At E2 one has

      -(C=O) +p, where p is ordinary proton.

3. What happens when the battery is used?
   1. Pollack effect at E2 is not possible (no -OH groups)! The battery voltage generated in charging induces an ohmic electron current from E1 to E2. The Ohmic current is not quantal and the discharging is slow.
   2. Electron leaves E1 and the transition

      -(C-O^-)-C→-(C=O)-C

      occurs and e^- is transferred to E2 ohmically.

   3. At E2 e^- combines with a proton to form H. After that the H combines with C=O to give

      -(C=0)-C +H -→ -(C-OH)-C

      The roles of E1 and E2 are changed!

   The next charging must use an opposite loading voltage inducing Pollack effect at E2.

See the article Are Pollack batteries possible? and the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

M8-H duality, implies fractal generalization of Hubble's law, predicts correct mass density of the Universe and resolves Hubble tension

The article by Thomas Brown (I am grateful to Esa-Juhani Ruoho for the link and also for inspiring discussions) discusses critically the interpretation of the Pollack effect. The vertex figure of ITT (IVF) (see this and this) is rhombicosidodecahedron (RID). I have proposed that the ITT is behind the genetic code and to be associated also with the hydrogen bonded water molecule clusters. Surprisingly, RID is identical with the third shell of the so-called icosahedral supercluster (ISC). This inspired the proposal about the duality between sensory representations realized by ISC at the level of the water and ITT realized at the level of the field body of the ISC.

The challenge is to understand how the complement of IVF, which should be outside RID, can correspond to the first and second shell of the ISC which are below the third shell. The obvious guess is ITT-ISC correspondences stating that the ITT realized at the field body of the ISC is related by inversion to ISC. M⁸-H duality, as the TGD counterpart of the momentum position duality, involves inversion in M⁴⊂ M⁸, having interpretation as momentum space, mapping it to M⁴ × CP₂. Is M⁸-H duality involved?

This question led to completely unexpected developments suggesting deep connections between fundamental physics (M⁸-H duality and the notions of gravitational and electric Planck constant as implications of number theoretic vision), physics of water (hydrogen bonded water clusters), consciousness theory (field body as controller of biological body forming sensory representations of biological body), biology (ITT view of the genetic code) and cosmology (generalization of Hubble's law to all scales).

In turned out that M⁸-H duality for the gravitational Planck constant leads to a fractal generalization of Hubble's law holding for causal diamonds CDs (CD=cd×CP₂) interpreted as counterparts of perceptive fields and analogous to cosmologies with big bang followed by a big crunch. This reflects the Russian doll cosmology predicted by TGD. Hubble constant appears as a scale dependent parameter charactrerizing the size scale of the cd. There is a single velocity type parameter β₀ parameter involved. This leads to a prediction for the Hubble length identified as gravitational Compton length interpreted as gravitational quantum coherence length at the gravitational field body. The large mass M, appearing in the expression of gravitational Planck constant, corresponds to the mass of a larger region containing the the quantum coherene region.

1. The proposed picture predicts that the mass of the visible Universe inside CD using solar mass as a unit is given by

   M(CD₁)/M_Sun= 2β₀(CD)L_H(CD)/r_S(Sun).

   Here r_S(Sun) equals 3 km. Assume that the radius of CD₁ can be expressed as L_H(CD₁)= xL_H(CD) so that one has V(CD₁)= x³V(CD). >

2. This gives an estimate for the mass within the Hubble radius

   M(CD₁)∼ 2× 10²² × β₀⁴(CD)×x^-3 M_Sun .

   Here the mass M(CD₁) corresponds to the mass within CD₁. M_Sun∼ 1.88 × 10⁵⁷ m_p, where m_p is proton mass. This predicts the average density

   ρ ∼ β₀⁴x^-3× 12× 10² m_p/m³ .

3. The density of baryons is estimated to be 5.9-6 protons per cubic meter (see this). The density ρ_B of ordinary (baryonic) matter is believed to be about p= 1/20 that is 5 percent of the total density: ρ∼ ρ_B/p= 20ρ_B∼ 120×m_p/m³. This gives β₀⁴x^-3∼ 1/10.
4. p-Adic length scales are good candidates for the size scales of CDs and seem to correspond to octaves p∼ 2^2k so that minimal scaling relating the sizes of CD and CD₁ containing CD should correspond to x=2. For β₀=1 the Universe would be a blackhole-like object with L_H= r_s/2β₀=r_s/2. For (p= 1/20,x=2) would predict β₀∼ .95. (β₀=1,x=2) would predict p∼ 6.1 per cent.

Hubble tension means that the Hubble length in short scales is 5-10 percent shorter than in long scales.

1. This requires that in short scales β₀ is 5-10 per cent smaller than in long scales. By β₀≤ 1 β₀=1 cannot be true in long scales (β₀=1,x=2) could be true in short scales (the rough estimate for ℏ_gr,E gives β₀∼ 1) and (β₀=.95,x=2) in long scales would predict difference 7.5 per cent Δ H₀/H₀ and resolve the Hubble tension.
2. β₀=1 in short scales as opposed to β₀=.95 in long length scales would require the scaling of baryon fraction from 5 percent in short scales to 6.1 percent in long scales. One would have L_H= r_s/2 and the Universe could be seen as a blackhole-like system for which the quantum coherence region would have radius L_H=r_s/2. This would give a p-adic fractal hierarchy of blackhole-like objects, which are quantum coherence regions of blackhole-like objects.
3. Why should the fraction of baryons be smaller in short scales than in long scales? A possible explanation is the transfer of baryons to dark baryons at monopole flux tubes, reducing the fraction of baryons in short scales (recent universe) from 6.1 percent to 5 percent. The cosmic evolution as an unavoidable increase of algebraic complexity would generate large h_eff phases and would also manifest as the formation of gravitational bound states such as galaxies, stars and planets.

See the article Do the icosatedrahedral tessellation of H³ and icosahedral H₂O supercluster correspond to each other? or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Are the indications that Donut battery contains water consistent with the Pollack battery property

Donut Lab of claims of having constructed a battery with almost miraculous properties. Using Claude Cowork Deep Research, Marko Manninen has carried out an analysis (see this) about what the Donut battery could be.

I have developed a TGD inspired model for what I call Pollack battery (see this, this and the article ). The Pollack battery is inspired by the TGD based view of quantum biology and might have something to do with the Donut battery.

Pollack effect would explain the rapid charging reported also for Donut battery. The most recent test by VTT studied the Donut battery for which the plastic pouch containing the battery was degraded at temperature near 100 degrees Celsius (see this). According to the VTT raport, vacuum was lost in the high temperature test test and agglutinations have contained a hole or a hole has appeared during the test.

1. The expansion of the popped battery by 17 percent has been used as a counter argument to the claim that the counterpart of electrolyte is in a solid state.

   The temperature of 100 degrees indicates that water was present and evaporated at this temperature. Water expands dramatically in evaporation. During the preparation of the paste UV drying is applied and if this drying has failed to be complete, the battery could have contained water. In TGD framework one can ask whether water was somehow created by the Pollack effect.

2. Water, which has been traditionally considered a battery poison, was found a few years ago to increase the charge storage capacity by a factor of two. Did the boiling of the water present from the beginning or the water created in the system cause the pop? Could the water give an additional contribution to the Pollack effect and improve the Pollack battery in some aspects, at least at temperatures near the physiological temperature, which could be optimal for the Pollack effect? Or is the effect opposite?
3. How could water have been created if it was not present originally? Let's assume a Pollack battery based on nanotube electrodes. The addition of -OH groups induce the transformations C=C → C-(C-OH). This is necessary for the occurrence of the Pollack effect as a transition -OH→ O^- + dark proton at the flux tube. Did dehydration of the hydrated nanotube, resulting in the formation of H₂O molecules, occur? The water created in this way would have evaporated at 100 degrees and induced the expansion of the battery.
4. How would dehydration have occurred?
   1. Assuming that 2 -OH groups at adjacent hexagonal rings of nanotube (defects in the nanotube) have been transformed by the Pollack effect into the state -O^- + dark proton H⁺ on the magnetic body.
   2. Assume that two dark protons drop back from the magnetic body by the reverse Pollack effect and attach to the second O^- so that H₂O⁺ ion is formed. Suppose that after this the second O^- donates its electron for H₂O⁺ ion so that H₂O and =O are formed so that one -OH defect of the nanotube disappears. The reverse Pollack effect would therefore produce dehydration of the electrode. The rates for the Pollack effect and its reversal by the dropping of two dark protons would determine the fraction of water present in equilibrium state.

See the article Are Pollack batteries possible? and the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Do the icosatedrahedral tessellation of H3 and icosahedral H2O supercluster correspond to each other?

One of the oldest ideas of TGD inspired quantum biology and consciousness theory is that that sensory representations realized both at the level of the biological body and magnetic body and closely related to each other are central in the understanding of for instance EEG and nerve pulse (see this, this, this, this, and this).

Pollack effect (see this) is assumed to transform ordinary protons and also alkali ions to dark particles with a large value of effective Planck constant h_eff at the field body. The TGD inspired generalization of Pollack effect is in the central role in the realization of the representations at the level of the field body (see this, this this, this, this, this). The "dark" protons at the field body of DNA are assumed to give rise to a dark variant of the genetic code relying on icosa tetrahedral tessellation (ITT) of hyperbolic 3-space identified asw the light-cone proper time constant surface of causal diamond (cd).

The article by Thomas Brown (I am grateful to Esa-Juhani Ruoho for the link and also for inspiring discussions) discusses critically the interpretation of the Pollack effect. The vertex figure of ITT (IVF) (see this and this) is rhombicosidodecahedron (RID). I have proposed that the ITT is behind the genetic code and to be associated also with the hydrogen bonded water molecule clusters. Surprisingly, RID is identical with the third shell of the so-called icosahedral supercluster (ISC). This inspired the proposal about the duality between sensory representations realized by ISC at the level of the water and ITT realized at the level of the field body of the ISC.

The challenge is to understand how the complement of IVF, which should be outside RID, can correspond to the first and second shell of the ISC which are below the third shell. The obvious guess is ITT-ISC correspondences stating that the ITT realized at the field body of the ISC is related by inversion to ISC. M⁸-H duality, as the TGD counterpart of the momentum position duality, involves inversion in M⁴⊂ M⁸, having interpretation as momentum space, mapping it to M⁴ × CP₂. Is M⁸-H duality involved?

This question led to completely unexpected developments suggesting deep connections between fundamental physics (M⁸-H duality and the notions of gravitational and electric Planck constant as implications of number theoretic vision), physics of water (hydrogen bonded water clusters), consciousness theory (field body as controller of biological body forming sensory representations of biological body), biology (ITT view of the genetic code) and cosmology (generalization of Hubble's law to all scales).

In particular, a prediction for the ordinary Planck Hubble constant implies a predictions for the mass density of the Universe and prediction is consistent with the observed mass density including contributions of dark matter and energy if the value of the velocity parameter β₀≤ 1 appearing in the formula for the gravitational Planck constant is equal to β₀∼ 1 and the very large system containing observable Universe as quantum coherence region with Hubble radius L_H is a blackhole-like object with Schwartschild radius r_s= 2β₀L_H∼ 2L_H for β₀∼ 1. Hubble tension means that the value of the Hubble length L_H= 1/H₀ in short scales is roughly 10 percent smaller than its value in long length scales.

Since L_H is proportional to 1/β₀ this can be understood if β₀ in the early universe (long scales) is roughly 10 per cent larger than in the long scales. This would imply that β₀∼ .92 in long length scales β₀∼ 1 in short scales. The predictions for the fraction of baryons would be about 5 percent in short length scales and 6.1 percent in long length scales. The difference could perhaps be understood in terms of transfer of baryons to dark baryons with large h_eff predicted by the number theoretic vision of evolution.

The article by Brown summarizes basic information about the Pollack effect. Pollack effect requires only the presence of hydrophilic polymer as a catalyst at the boundary of the water. I had erratically assumed that the gel phase is necessary. Concerning the TGD based notion of Pollack battery (see here) this finding was good news. Brown discusses Pollack's interpretation of EZs critically and this led to a more precise TGD inspired view about the realization of EZs and the genetic code at the level of water clusters to be discussed in this article.

See the article Do the icosatedrahedral tessellation of H³ and icosahedral H₂O supercluster correspond to each other? or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

It is enough that the polymer electrolyte appearing in the model of Pollack battery is hydrophilic

The inspiration for this post comes from the claim of Donut Lab of having constructed a battery with almost miraculous properties. There is very little published information about the chemistry and structure of Donut battery. Using Claude Cowork Deep Research, Marko Manninen has carried out an analysis (see this) about what the Donut battery could be.

I have developed a TGD inspired model for what I call Pollack battery (see the blog post and the article ). The Pollack battery is inspired by the TGD based view of quantum biology and might have something to do with the Donut battery.

Pollack effect would explain the rapid charging reported also for Donut battery. The assumption that the solid state electrolyte, acting as catalyst for Pollack effect should be in gel phase, is problematic. This assumption turned out to be too strong as I learned from Esa-Juhani Ruoho whose sent an excellent article by Thomas Brown (see this) discussing the relationship between Pollack effect and icosahedral geometry playing a key role in the TGD based model of genetic code. In the usual Pollack effect, it is actually enough to have a hydrophilic polymer instead of a gel, and there are many of these. Hydrophilic polymers are possible also in the solid state as Google says.

1. Hydrophilicity favors certain amino acids on the surface of the protein that borders on water. Roughly one half of the amino acids are hydrophilic. When proteins fold, proteins arrange themselves in water in such a way that hydrophobic amino acids border the cavities inside and hydrophilic amino acids face the water.
2. There are 11 key hydrophilic amino acids.
   • 6 polar uncharged: Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (Thr, T), Asparagine (Asn, N), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Tyrosine (Tyr, Y), and Cysteine (Cys, C).
   • 3 positively charged (basic) : Lysine (Lys, K), Arginine (Arg, R), Histidine (His, H).
   • 2 negatively charged (acidic): Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Glutamic acid (Glu, E).

3. Their key properties are as follows.
   • They are highly soluble in water because their side chains can form hydrogen bonds.
   • Protein Structure: They are typically found on the surface of globular proteins, interacting with the aqueous environment.
   • Catalysis: Charged hydrophilic amino acids (like His, Asp, Glu, Lys) are crucial in the active sites of enzymes, facilitating chemical reactions.
   • They are "water-loving" in contrast to hydrophobic amino acids (like Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Trp) which prefer to be inside the protein, away from water.

Does a nanotube with -OH inserts at the defects of the nanotube at which C=C bond is transformed to a C-C bond make it a water-like compound as far as Pollack effect is considered? If so, the Pollack effect would correspond to a transition -OH →O^- + dark proton at the flux tube also in this case.

Could hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogens of the nanotube and some atoms of the solid state polymer? Hydrogen bonds form between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (typically Nitrogen, Oxygen, or Fluorine) and another electronegative N, O, or F atom on a nearby molecule. This suggests that the solid state polymer should contain N, O or F. N and O look the most plausible. All earlier mentioned polymer candidates, i.e. polyethylene oxide polymer, LiCF₃SO₃ salt, and silane-treated Al₂O₃ (Al₂O₃-ST) ceramic filler) contain oxygen atoms.

See the article Are Pollack batteries possible? and the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Official top quark and toponium as particles of M89 hadron physics rather than standard hadron physics?

I watched an excellent video about what we have learned at LHC (see this). Three runs RUN1, RUN2, and RUN3 have been completed and now we know where the limits for the applicability of the Standard Model are.

The immediate successor of LHC will be high-luminosity LHC operating from 2029- 2030 onwards for ten years. Future circular collider (FCC) will start to operate in the late 2040s. Electrons and positrons will collide and the collider (Higgs factory) will act as a high precision collider.

The philosophy is that high precision might allow us to develop a theory allowing us to solve the various anomalies of the standard model. In future, the experimentalists would not be merely testing whether a given extension of the standard model might solve some anomalies but trying to identify more general deviations from the standard model. But is this enough? What has been lacking from theoretical physics since the times of Einstein and his contemporaries, is philosophical thinking challenging the basic assumptions. Can one make progress by merely measuring more precisely?

What did we learn at LHC?

The video explains  the basic anomalies. The anomalies are also discussed in detail by Crivellin and Mellado (see this). The following  list defines the boundaries of the region of phenomena that the standard model can explain.

1. Toponium exists although it should not.
2. W mass deviates from the predicted mass.
3. g-2 anomaly of muon is claimed to disappear in lattice calculations using only quarks and gluons but does not disappear when hadronic data are used as an input.
4. Lepton universality is violated in some meson decays.
5. Penta and tetra quarks, whose existence is not denied but not predicted by the standard model.
6. There are anomalies associated with the CP violation of the CKM matrix.
7. The axions, proposed to solve the problem due to the strong CP violation predicted by QCD, have not been found and the strong CP violation is too weak to explain matter antimatter asymmetry.
8. Quark-gluon plasma predicted by QCD did not behave like gas but a perfect liquid and the transition to quark gluon plasma seems to occur at several energies rather than single phase transition point.
9. SUSY was believed to solve the hierarchy problem involving the fine tuning of the Higg couplings but no evidence for SUSY particles was found.
10. WIMPs as candidates for galactic dark matter have not been found.

Toponium anomaly as an indication for M₈₉ hadron physics

I have discussed various standard model anomalies from the TGD point of view in various articles. Here I will consider only the discovery of the toponium, which is one of the latest surprises. The Standard model does not deny toponium's existence but according to the standard intuition it should not exist.

1. The lifetime of the top quark is too short for the formation of toponium. There are of course proposals for solving this and also other anomalies but the problem is that these proposals typically solve only one anomaly. The lifetime of the standard top quark candidate with mass m\simeq 172.5 GeV is τ=5× 10^-25 s. This time is shorter than required for QCD hadronization processes (10^-23-10^-24 s). This is why it has been believed that toponium does not exist.
2. The toponium was however discovered both by LHC and ATLAS and its lifetime is estimated to be 2.5 × 10^-25 s. Toponium is suggested to be a quasi-bound state or a resonance appearing when top quarks are produced very near to the threshold energy (see this and this). Toponium decay is triggered by a weak decay of one of its constituents rather than being a strong decay. Both ATLAS and CMS verified the existence of this state with a resonance width of about 3 GeV.

Consider now the basic ideas of TGD view of hadron physics and standard model in general. TGD leads to almost inescapable conclusion that there must exist an entire hierarchy of standard model physics assignable to the triality +/-1 color representations defined by color partial waves of quarks and antiquarks in CP₂. Leptons would appear in triality 0 color partial waves (see this and this).

1. The color multiplets of quarks of a given standard model physics would combine to form color triplets, which would serve as building bricks of hadrons of a given hadron physics (see this, this, and this). These hadrons would correspond to a hierarchy of p-adic mass scales, proposed to be labelled by ordinary and Gaussian Mersenne primes. The longer the p-adic scale, the higher the dimension of the color multiplet.

   For the observed leptons, color representations would combine to form color singlets but also analogs of mesons as bound states of colored leptons might be possible (see this). Only at energies near CP₂ mass would color deconfinement for incoming and outgoing states be possible.

2. Ordinary hadrons would correspond to the Mersenne prime M₁₀₇. The nucleon of M₈₉ hadron physics would correspond to the mass scale 512 m_n and therefore to the LHC energy scale. The transition from M₁₀₇ hadron physics to M₈₉ hadron physics would take place at quantum criticality. The phase transition usually interpreted as a creation of the quark-gluon phase could correspond to this phase transition (see this). At quantum criticality the value h_eff/h would scale up the Compton length scale of M₈₉ hadrons. This would reflect long range quantum fluctuations. This re-interpretation of what has been identified as quark gluon-plasma would solve various anomalies associated with this identification mentioned already in the list of anomalies (see this). The existence of M₈₉ hadron physics can have dramatic implications. For instance, a dramatic modification of the model of the Sun (see this) can be considered.
3. The ratio of the p-adic length scales associated with M₁₀₇ and M₈₉, characterizing the Compton lengths and also defining the geometric size of nucleons as 3-surfaces, is 512. The assumption is that the geometric size of the M₈₉ hadron with a large h_eff is the same as for M₁₀₇ hadron at quantum criticality implies h_eff/h= 512. The sizes of M₈₉ hadrons would be the same as for ordinary hadrons at quantum criticality for the transition from M₈₉ hadron physics to M₁₀₇ hadron physics.
4. I have proposed the identification of various bumps observed at LHC, originally identified first as candidates for SUSY particles but then rejected, in terms of M₈₉ mesons (see this and this).

The large mass of the official top quark raises the question whether it could be M₈₉ quark created at quantum criticality.

1. A natural guess is that the lifetime of top quark at quantum criticality is scaled up h_eff/h= 512 to .25 × 10^-21 s. The corresponding distance scale would be .75× 10^-13 m, which is longer than the nuclear size scale!
2. A reasonable guess is that the hadronization time scale for M₈₉ is for h_eff/h scaled down by factor 1/512 due to decrease of the p-adic length scales. This p-adic length scale corresponds to the geometric size scale of the causal diamond CD= cd\times CP₂ assignable to the region in which the phase transition occurs. This local phase transition is discussed here. The increase h_eff→ 512h_eff keeps the geometric time scale associated for hadronization the same as it would be for ordinary hadrons and determined by the p-adic time scale L(107) assignable to ordinary hadrons.

   What happens to the rate of hadronization? The phase transition increasing the value of h_eff guarantees that the TGD counterpart of perturbative theory,, still applies. "Mother Nature loves her theoreticians" (see this) is one way to express this principle. Since the zeroth order term in the TGD counterpart of the perturbative expansion, giving the classical approximation, does not depend on h_eff, the classical approximation improves as h_eff increases.

   The rate for M₈₉ hadronization is proportional to the hadronic mass scale m(89)=512m(107). Since the geometric time scale is L(107) by quantum criticality, the short lifetime of top does not prevent the formation of toponium. Quantum criticality could quite generally increase the probabilities for the formation of bound states of very short-lived particles.

The basic objection is that the official top quark as M₈₉ quark would most naturally correspond to genus g=0 for the partonic 2-surface and serve as a counterpart of u quark. The actual g=2 U type quark should have a lower mass.

1. There is indeed evidence for a top quark-like state at much lower mass from Aleph. The mass is estimated to be about 30 GeV or 28 GeV (see this). This has motivated the question whether the two candidates for the top quark could correspond to a scaled variant of the top. In the TGD framework, the p-adic length scale hypothesis might allow this (see this and this).
2. What about the toponium in this case? There is an old anomaly reported by Aleph at 56 GeV (see this) and there is reference to an old paper: ALEPH Collaboration, D. Buskulic et al, CERN preprint PPE/96 052. What was observed was 4-jet events consisting of dijets with invariant mass around 55 GeV. What makes this interesting is that the mass of 28 GeV particle candidates would be one half of the mass of a particle with a mass of 56 GeV particle, quite near to 55 GeV. Could this state be the toponium as g=2 U quark (see this and this)?

If this picture is correct, the official top quark would more naturally correspond to the genus g=0 and therefore to M₈₉ u quark. Could the poor understanding of the family replication phenomenon and of the origin of the CKM mixing explain this mis-interpretation?

1. The CKM matrix V is empirically determined from charged currents (W decays). The matrix elements of type V^U_D, U ∈{u,c}, D ∈{d,s} reflect the CKM mixing of d and s quarks. Unitary conditions bring in the matrix elements V^t_D and dependence on top quark mass. Both beta decays and kaon decays provide information about V^U_D, U U ∈{u,c}, D ∈{d,s}. These two kinds of constraints lead to slightly different outcomes \cite{bpnu/partano} for V.
2. Could a wrong identification of the top quark mass cause the discrepancy? In TGD, the official top as the g=0 quark of "dark" M₈₉ hadron physics created in the transition to quark-gluon plasma would induce a leakage of probability inducing a genuine violation of the unitary for the CKM matrix.
3. In TGD, the description of family replication has topological explanation and CKM mixing reduces to topological mixing (see this and this). A model for the transition between M₁₀₇ and M₈₉ is needed to see whether the new interpretation can be consistent with what is known about creation of official top quarks.
4. The prediction is that the official top as an M₈₉ u quark is accompanied by an M₈₉ d quark so that toponium should be a member of an isospin triplet. The M₈₉ counterparts of π and ρ mesons should exist. The discovery of the M₈₉ d quark, perhaps through the discovery of an isospin triplet for toponium, with nearly the same mass as the official top quark, would force us to take the TGD view seriously.

See the article Official top quark and toponium as  particles of M₈₉ hadron physics?, the article The findings of RHIC about quark gluon plasma from the TGD point of view or the chapter Comparing the S-matrix descriptions of fundamental interactions provided by standard model and TGD.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

TGD counterpart of Feynman diagrammatics with application to QFT limit and CP violation

Concerning the construction of scattering amplitudes, the M⁸ approach provides a very nice picture (see this) about the scattering amplitudes in the momentum space representation in the fermionic sector involving only 2-vertices identifiable in terms of analog of Brownian motion. This representation is however restricted to scattering amplitudes for a fixed space-time surface. The full scattering amplitudes require a functional integral over the WCW and this gives rise to the counterparts of bosonic propagators. In this article this aspect will be discussed.

The QFT limit of TGD must exist and emerge naturally from the full theory. This gives strong hints. One should understand the TGD counterparts of various notions such as fermion lines, vertices, fermion pair creation, and loops. The basic idea is simple: n-point functions of QFT generalize to n-point functions for the WCW spinor field at points which correspond to the 3-D edges of the space-time defining the vertices. Edges are 3-D delta function singularities for the trace of the second fundamental form for space-time surface as minimal surface, vanishing elsewhere and having an interpretation as a generalized acceleration and generalized classical Higgs field. This is true for any general coordinate invariant action constructible in terms of the induced geometry and has interpretation as universality associated with 4-D quantum criticality.

A key role is played by the notion of exotic smooth structure (see this, this, and this), which are possible in TGD (see this, this, this, and this). Exotic smooth structure is realized in terms of edges of the space-time allowing V-shaped fermion lines. In time direction this corresponds to a creation of a fermion pair. Most importantly, it is also possible to have finite fermion loops in which the fermion turns backwards in time and returns back along the same line.

This picture is applied to CP violation, whose understanding relies on loops. TGD predicts an entire hierarchy of standard model physics. A given standard model physics corresponds to color multiplets associated with a given mode of the Dirac equation in H (see this and this). To each multiplet one can assign a p-adic mass scale. The local transition to a scaled variant of hadron physics with a larger p-adic mass scale contributes to the CP violation. The CP violation can be assigned to the instanton part of the Kähler action giving rise to Kähler-Chern-Simons term assignable to the light-like partonic orbit carrying the fermion line (see this and this).

See the article TGD counterpart of Feynman diagrammatics with application to QFT limit and CP violation or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Are Pollack batteries possible?

This posting was motivated by the claim of Donut Lab about a breakthrough in battery technology. February 2026, Donut Lab published one of a planned series of independent VTT test reports covering fast-charge performance only. All other claimed specifications -- energy density (400 Wh/kg), cycle life (100,000 cycles), extreme-temperature tolerance, safety, and cost -- remain entirely unverified by any independent party.

1. The claims of Donut LAB

What was announced was "Ultra high energy density, the fastest charging time, practically unlimited cycles, extreme safety, and lower price than lithium-ion". The reactions from professional circles have been skeptical. It is indeed difficult to see how the claims about Donut batteries could be consistent with standard condensed matter physics.

1. The claim about very rapid charging time of about 5 minutes is verified in the VTT test. This corresponds to charging rate 11 C, where 1 C corresponds to a charging time of 1 hour.
2. It was found that there is a high heat production during charging. During VTT Test #6, the cell reached temperature of ≈ 90 ^_ºC under 11C charging with passive cooling only, triggering an automatic safety cutoff by the test equipment the cell itself showed no damage or signs of thermal runaway.
3. The number of life cycles is claimed to be extremely large, about 10⁵ cycle times and testing of so many cycles has been claimed to be implausible since it would require years. VTT made only 7 tests meaning 7 cycle times. The strong heating during the loading by ohmic currents is expected to cause damage to the electrode receiving the charge and this reduces the number of cycle times.
4. The claimed energy density of about 400 Wh/kg is very high. Suppose that the system consists of basic units with mass Am_p (m_p is proton mass) having atomic volume a₀³, where a₀= 10^-10 m. This would give an energy density of dE/dm= 1.4× 10^-10, where the unit c=1 is used. This would mean .1 eV per proton mass m_p≈ 10⁹ eV.

   The energy density relates closely to the reported energy efficiency related to the counterpart of capacitor charge about 10⁵ Coulombs, which is very high but consistent with that for mobile phone batteries. Note that the energy density is proportional to the dielectric constant ε of a dielectric possibly used between the positively and negatively charged electrons. It measures how large fraction of energy is stored as chemical energy. For a simple capacitor the energy is mere electrostatic energy.

5. Donut battery is claimed to be a solid state battery cell. VTT did not verify the chemistry of the cell. \item Donut battery is claimed to be a solid state battery cell. VTT did not verify the chemistry of the cell. Donut patent application gives the following information about the battery.
   • Cathode with cathode material in particulate form + polymeric binder (polymeric binders are used to bind together battery materials)
   • Solid electrolyte with solid electrolyte material + polymeric binder
   • Anode with anode material in particulate form + polymeric binder

The basic problem is what is called trilemma. In the framework of standard condensed matter physics, the conditions for high charging speed, large number of life cycles, and high energy density are mutually conflicting. The high charging rate, which has been verified, requires high energies so that the charging involves ohmic dissipation and large energy and momentum transfer to the electrode causing its deterioration. It is claimed that the momentum transfer during the charging is small.

This led to is a kind of private brain storming session about whether TGD based physics could allow the the realization of batteries based on TGD view of Pollack effect (see this, this, this, this). I am not specialized to battery technologies and these considerations are just speculations and need not have much to do with the Donut Lab battery, except as a thought ignition and framing the energy charging, storage, and dissipation systems. The basic inspiration comes from biological analogies and the charging of the battery is regarded as an analog of photosynthesis.

The notions of field/magnetic body, the hierarchy of effective Planck constants and Pollack effect are the key elements of the model and the following gives a brief summary of h_eff hierarchy and Pollack effect.

2. Could the notion of Pollack battery make sense?

I have considered the possibility that the Pollack effect plays a central role in electrolysis, which is the key effect in the chemistry of batteries. The following is an attempt to build a model for a battery based on the Pollack effect.

The claimed properties of the Donut battery can be used as guidelines in speculations. Something new making possible the rapid charging and the resolution of the trilemma and Pollack effect could be the missing element. I have discussed its generalization and possible applications to biology (see this and this) and also to develop some speculative ideas about living computers (see this and this).

1. The fast charging could be understood if the ions are generated by the Pollack effect or its generalization at the second electrode. Protons or perhaps even alkali ions could be generated by the generalized Pollack effect. In the presence of an electric field the positively charged ions would travel to the second electrode in the electric field (note that for static electric fields the voltage is the same along the space-time sheet for ordinary matter and for the magnetic flux tube).

   Since the value of h_eff is large, dissipation would be small and could be even absent if the analog superconducting is in question. Therefore the travel time would be very short and could make rapid charging possible. In the simplest classical model the particle would experience the analog of free fall in the approximately constant gravitational field of Earth.

2. It is enough to get the positive ions to the opposite electrode. The positive electrode generates an opposing electric field E_opp causing a gradually increasing electric force. It is enough to have a gradually increasing electric field E, which exceeds this opposing electric field. The dark positive ions would experience the force Δ E= E-E_opp. This would save energy in charging and minimize the effects caused at the positive electrode. The positive ions could be transferred with minimal energy and momentum transfer to the positive electrode. Δ E could be much weaker than the electric field E_opp between the electrodes defining the voltage of the battery. This would minimize the damage to the electrode.
3. Where the positive dark ions would be generated by the Pollack effect. Could the Pollack effect occur at the electrode becoming negatively charged or in the counterpart of electrolyte between the electrodes? The recent finding reported in ScienceDaily (see this) that addition of water to a Sodium-Vanadium battery increases its charge capacity almost by a factor 2, suggests that the Pollack effect for water is in an essential role.

   What is nice is that Sodium and Vanadium are not rare metals unlike Li. Researchers found that keeping water inside a key sodium-ion battery material nearly doubled its charge storage. It also charges faster and stays stable for hundreds of cycles. This discovery could make lithium obsolete. The same material can also desalinate seawater into drinking water.

   This suggests that the Pollack effect generates negatively charged EZs in water. The first guess is that the negative charge is transferred to the negatively charged electrode by conduction in the electric field used for charging. If this occurs by ohmic conduction, a small value of Δ E would make the transfer slow. There is however evidence for the change of the arrow of time at the electric field body and this suggests large h_em (see this and this). If the negative ions are in large h_eff=h_em phase (proportional to the charge of the electrode), the transfer could occur without dissipation and be fast.

   Also the huge dielectric constant ε (as large as 10⁶) strongly suggests that chemical energy storage dominates over electrostatic energy storage. This storage would naturally occur to the dielectric between the electrodes. The energy storage would be chemical as in biosystems and the electret would take the role of proteins and lipids. This suggests that the solid state dielectret should be organic material able to store metabolic energy. Carbon polymers carrying energy in carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds is what suggests itself. In this case the use of the energy cannot lead to the catabolism producing CO₂ and water. The molecules must however experience a chemical change liberating energy. Double bonds (C=O)-(CH₃) groups are essential in the energy storage using proteins and lipids.

4. Very large charge for the capacitor-like system is required. A capacitor with parallel plates cannot realize this demand. The idea is that the standard capacitor is replaced with a very thin, highly folded bilayer, analogous to the pair of the lipid layers of a cell. These layers are insulated from each other by using a polymer so that dielectric breakdowns do not occur between the layers. There would also be electrolytes between the layers as electrodes.

   If the bilayer is folded several times, the surface area increases so that the charge (and capacitance) can become very large. Interestingly, a also the cortex is also highly folded, which supports the idea that the surface area and the associated charge are maximized for both cells and cortex to increase the value of the total charge. This ensures maximum value of electric Planck constant h_em proportional to the total charge of the bilayer and serving as a universal IQ in TGD inspired theory of conscious experience.

5. The simplest Pollack battery would not involve the electrolyte and would store energy as electrostatic energy. The naive idea is that the addition of current wire between two electrodes makes it possible to use the energy of the capacitor. The addition of electrolyte is also possible.

   Ohmic conductivity makes possible the transfer of currents in the electrolyte and the storage of energy as electric energy. Taking into account the contribution of the electric energy means the replacement of the electric energy CU²/2 with electric plus chemical energy ε_r CU²/2. For water the value is in the range 78-80. Doped semiconductors/polymers can have dielectric constant exceeding values 10⁶. This suggests that the dielectric storage of energy dominates overy the electrostatic storage. This would mean that the charging by Pollack effect should transfer energy to the electret requiring "dropping" of positive ions to the electret where they react chemically.

   Does the presence of ohmic current create negative effects spoiling the nice features of Pollack battery? Should one require the dropping of the positively charged ions to the positive electrode or is the dropping to a possible electrolyte containing region between the electrodes desirable?

Just for fun, one can make brave amateurish guesses about the actualization of the Pollack battery. Pollack effect is the new element.

1. The first guess would be the use of water for which Pollack effect certainly occurs. As alredy noticed, the addition of water to Sodium-Vanadium battery increases the charge storage capacity by a factor of almost 2 and also the charging becomes faster (see this).
2. One can also consider more exotic options. Could Carbon nanotubes (see this) serve an additional element of the Pollack battery besides electrodes and electrolyte? Carbon nanotube has an aromatic ring with six C atoms as a basic building block. Each C atom has a double bond with one of the neighboring 3 carbons associated with an aromatic ring.

   It is known that -OH groups can be added to the defects (C=C is replaced with C-C) associated with the aromatic rings and the surface of Carbon nanotubes and they could could serve as seats of Pollack effect (see this). The Pollack effect as transformation -OH→ O^- + dark proton, followed by the transfer of electron as dark electron to the negative electrode or to electrolyte, would replace C-OH with C-O. O has an unpaired electron. The loading of hydrogen would transform C-O back to C-OH.

   A feed of hydrogen and irradiation by IR light to induce the Pollack effect as the analog of photosynthesis would create dark electrons and protons accelerating them in the electric field. Could this store energy to chemical ordinary energy to electrolyte as they transform to ordinary protons and electrons and bind chemically?

   When hydrogen gas consisting of H₂ molecules is used to generate energy, it qwould combine with oxygen molecules O₂ and generate water. Now this process should occur for H₂ and C-O of carbon nanotubes to create C-OH. Is this process possible energetically? The reaction H₂ +2C-O rightarrow 2C-OH should occur. Is the binding energy for 2 C-OH bonds larger than the sum of binding energies of 2C-O and H₂?

See the article Are Pollack batteries possible? and the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

A possible TGD based narrative for how life might have evolved

I have worked decades in attempting to combine various basic ideas of TGD inspired quantum biology to a single narrative about how life could have evolved at the Earth and possibly is evolving at other planets.

TGD introduces several new concepts, such as the new view of space-time and classical fields. TGD also predicts a new quantum ontology predicting phases of ordinary particles labelled by effective Planck constant h_eff behaving like dark matter and residing at the field bodies. Zero energy ontology (ZEO) is part of the new quantum ontology. The basic challenge has been the fusion of these notions with the standard approach involving electromagnetic fields and biochemistry. In particular, the Pollack effect and its generalizations have turned out to be central in the development of TGD based views of living matter. Also the TGD views of cell membrane and of neuron and nerve pulse and EEG examples should be integrated with standard biochemistry- and bio-electricity based approaches.

For me the challenge has been and still is the fact that biochemical thinking is very different from that of a theoretical physicist thinking in terms of action principles, field equations, and quantum theory. In order to understand the stunning complexities of biochemistry one must learn the key concepts at an intuitive level.

Of course, notions such as acids and bases and electrolysis, electronegativity, oxidation, reduction, and redox reactions belong to the basic conceptual arsenal. One should also understand how these notions relate to basic biological processes such as photosynthesis, chemical storage of metabolic energy and respiration. One begins to learn the significance of these notions as one tries to understand how to test whether some sample, taken for instance from Mars, contains organics possibly produced by the decay of living organisms.

Could the new physics provided by TGD provide totally new insights about biology and biochemistry? The mechanisms leading to emergence of the basic organic molecules serving as building bricks of basic information molecules like amino acids, DNA and RNA are poorly understood. The extreme efficiency of biocatalysis remains a mystery in the biochemistry based approach: more concretely, where does the energy making it possible to overcome potential barriers preventing the reactions come from? How did the basic information molecules and genetic code emerge and why is the genetic code what it is? Is there some hidden new physics behind the replication of DNA, its transcription of DNA to mRNA, and translation of mRNA to proteins? How did the genetic code evolve?

I am not a biochemist and the article linked below is also an attempt to clarify these notions for myself. Google AI allows anyone to get detailed accounts of the basic notions and has been of considerable help in fact checking and learning of new facts about basic biochemistry during the writing of the article. I will also discuss some examples related to the evidence for life on Mars and the recent finding of JWST that organic molecules relevant for life existed much before the planet Earth.

See the article A possible TGD based narrative for how life might have evolved.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

The discovery of geobatteries as manganese nodules at deep sea floor and the TGD view of evolution of life

The new view of space-time and quantum motivates one of the most radical proposals of TGD inspired view of quantum biology stating that the life could have evolved in underground oceans and bursted to the surface in Cambrian Explosion that occurred about .5 billion years ago as the radius of the Earth increased by factor 2. This picture is motivated by the TGD view of cosmic expansion as a sequence of rapid expansions rather than smooth expansion and by the finding that the continents fit nicely together if the radius of the Earth is by a factor 1/2 smaller. The reason for the rapid expansion would have been a huge nuclear explosion in the interior of Earth as dark fusion in which dark nuclei transformed to ordinary nuclei and liberated almost all nuclear binding energy. Similar explosion would have generated the Moon and the moons of Mars (see this).

The presence of multicellular life forms requires photosynthesis but according to the standard physics, solar radiation cannot reach the Earth's interior. A possible solution of the problem is that the light arrived from the Earth's interior as dark photons during the era before CE when nuclei were dark and formed a quantum coherent state in the scale of Earth.

One can also wonder where the oxygen needed for cell respiration came from. The answer to this question is suggested recently found evidence that electrolysis decomposing water to hydrogen and oxygen is possible in the metal nodules at the deep ocean floor (see this). The manganese (Mn) nodules are coal-like metallic lumps. Mn has atomic number 25 and mass number 55 and behaves therefore like fermion. It is often associated with iron with atomic number 26 and mass number 56. Nodules are rich in metals, specifically manganese, nickel, copper, cobalt, and lithium.

The nodules act as natural "geobatteries" carrying a charge similar to that of a 1.5 V battery. The batteries are able to split seawater to oxygen and hydrogen. These potato-sized mineral formations, found thousands of meters below the surface, were observed producing measurable amounts of oxygen in complete darkness without sunlight or photosynthesis. The metals could act as catalysts: TGD suggests that dark metal ions with large values of $h_{eff}$ were involved.

Could these nodules appear also in underground oceans and make possible evolution of photosynthetizing life by producing the needed oxygen? The energy source could still be the dark photon radiation from the interior of Earth but the oxygen needed for cell respiration would be produced by the counterparts of nodules. See the article About the TGD based models for Cambrian Explosion and the formation of planets and Moon or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.