About the TGD based models for Cambrian Explosion and the formation of planets and Moon

TGD based cosmology (see this) predicts that the cosmic expansion occurs as a sequence of rapid phase transitions, increasing the thickness of the monopole flux tubes and liberating energy as the string tension is reduced.

One application is Expanding Earth hypothesis (see this, this, this), which states that Cambrian Explosion about half billion years ago was induced by a relatively rapid increase of Earth radius by factor 2. The details of the energetics of this transition is still far from well-understood although I have considered several options (see this). The same problem appears in the model for the formation of the Moon (see this) as a transition in which a surface layer of the Earth was thrown out to form Moon by gravitational condensation.

Where did the energy needed to compensate for the decrease of the gravitational binding energy in these explosive transitions come from? A rough estimate for the gravitational binding energy of a proton at the surface of the Earth is about 1 eV. Gravitational energy is not the only energy involved so that the estimates involving only gravitational energy are very uncertain. What seems clear is that the needed energy cannot be electromagnetic.

I have already earlier proposed that the transformations of the so-called dark nuclei to ordinary nuclei and liberating almost all ordinary nuclear binding energy could explain "cold fusion" (see this). The TGD counterpart of cold fusion could also provide the energy needed to compensate for the reduction of the gravitational binding energy in the both processes.

This inspired an attempt to fuse the TGD views about the formation of the Moon and Expanding Earth hypothesis (EE) explaining CE to a unified narrative about geological and biological evolution is made by using various guidelines. The observation that angular momentum conservation predicts for both models the same result for the rotation velocity of the Earth before CE and also before the formation of the Moon, plays a key role in the model.

Zero energy ontology (ZEO) suggests that the two events correspond to subsequent "big" state function reductions (BSFRs) in astrophysical scales changing the arrow of geometric time on a scale of billions of years.

The original versions of both models made some un-necessarily strong assumptions and comparison with empirical data allows us to loosen them.

1. The recent Mars with radius near R_E/2 was taken as an analog model for the evolution of the Earth before CE. A more precise assumption takes into account that the formation of the moons of Mars took place about much later than for the Earth.

   Therefore the analogy applies only to the early geological evolution of the Earth after the formation of the Moon. This allows us to circumvent conflicts with the empirical data. The existence of the oceans, continents, and plate tectonics, not present in the recent Mars, does not lead to a conflict.

2. Angular momentum conservation was applied originally by assuming that angular momentum transfer from Moon to Earth was instantaneous so that the rotation velocity Ω of the Earth was 4 times the recent rotation velocity before CE. A more realistic assumption is that the transfer was gradual. One can however assume that the radius was roughly R_E/2 before the EE event. This allows to avoid conflicts with the empirical determinations of the rotation velocity Ω.
3. The so-called Great Uniformity, which looks mysterious in the standard physics framework, provides very direct evidence for the occurrence of the second BSFR leading to the doubling of the Earth radius. Also the very large increase of oceans conforms with the TGD view of the EE event. The Snowball Earth hypothesis used to explain the Great Uniformity is not needed.
4. The proposal that the formation of the Moon and EE event were induced by explosions associated with the core allows us to understand why the radius of the earth was reduced in the formation of the Moon and increased in the EE event. The identification of these events as "cold fusion" transforming dark nuclei to ordinary ones would have liberated a huge energy allowing to compensate for the reduction of the gravitational binding energy.
5. Zero energy ontology (ZEO) allows us to interpret the period before CE as a period with a reversed arrow of the geometric time. The paradoxical looking prediction is that the Moon was formed in the geometric future of the recent Earth! This forces a careful reconsideration of the empirical data obtained by various dating methods. Since the dating methods do not give information about the time associated with say systems with scale much larger than the Earth it seems that they are not sensitive to the arrow of the geometric time. If this is really true it means that ZEO not only solves the measurement problem but correctly predicts a change of the geometric arrow of time in the scale of billions of years.
6. During recent years it has become clear that the so called superionic phases in the mantle and core could be central for the understanding of geology. Some of the superionic phases could also have dark variants, which raises the question whether life in some exotic form is or could have existed also in the Earth's mantle and core.
7. The role of superionic phases already found to play a potential role in the interior physics of the Earth are discussed from the TGD point of view.

See the article About the TGD based models for Cambrian Explosion and the formation of planets and Moon or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.