Sunday, May 22, 2011

Motives and infinite primes

In algebraic geometry the notion of variety defined by algebraic equation is very general: all number fields are allowed. One of the challenges is to define the counterparts of homology and cohomology groups for them. The notion of cohomology giving rise also to homology if Poincare duality holds true is central. The number of various cohomology theories has inflated and one of the basic challenges to find a sufficiently general approach allowing to interpret various cohomology theories as variations of the same motive as Grothendieck, who is the pioneer of the field responsible for many of the basic notions and visions, expressed it.

Cohomology requires a definition of integral for forms for all number fields. In p-adic context the lack of well-ordering of p-adic numbers implies difficulties both in homology and cohomology since the notion of boundary does not exist in topological sense. The notion of definite integral is problematic for the same reason. This has led to a proposal of reducing integration to Fourier analysis working for symmetric spaces but requiring algebraic extensions of p-adic numbers and an appropriate definition of the p-adic symmetric space. The definition is not unique and the interpretation is in terms of the varying measurement resolution.

The notion of infinite prime has gradually turned out to be more and more important for quantum TGD. Infinite primes, integers, and rationals form a hierarchy completely analogous to a hierarchy of second quantization for a super-symmetric arithmetic quantum field theory. The simplest infinite primes representing elementary particles at given level are in one-one correspondence with many-particle states of the previous level. More complex infinite primes have interpretation in terms of bound states.

  1. What makes infinite primes interesting from the point of view of algebraic geometry is that infinite primes, integers and rationals at the n:th level of the hierarchy are in 1-1 correspondence with rational functions of n arguments. One can solve the roots of associated polynomials and perform a root decomposition of infinite primes at various levels of the hierarchy and assign to them Galois groups acting as automorphisms of the field extensions of polynomials defined by the roots coming as restrictions of the basic polynomial to planes xn=0, xn=xn-1=0, etc...

  2. These Galois groups are suggested to define non-commutative generalization of homotopy and homology theories and non-linear boundary operation for which a geometric interpretation in terms of the restriction to lower-dimensional plane is proposed. The Galois group Gk would be analogous to the relative homology group relative to the plane xk-1=0 representing boundary and makes sense for all number fields also geometrically. One can ask whether the invariance of the complex of groups under the permutations of the orders of variables in the reduction process is necessary. Physical interpretation suggests that this is not the case and that all the groups obtained by the permutations are needed for a full description.

  3. The algebraic counterpart of boundary map would map the elements of Gk identified as analog of homotopy group to the commutator group [Gk-2,Gk-2] and therefore to the unit element of the abelianized group defining cohomology group. In order to obtains something analogous to the ordinary homology and cohomology groups one must however replaces Galois groups by their group algebras with values in some field or ring. This allows to define the analogs of homotopy and homology groups as their abelianizations. Cohomotopy, and cohomology would emerge as duals of homotopy and homology in the dual of the group algebra.

  4. That the algebraic representation of the boundary operation is not expected to be unique turns into blessing when on keeps the TGD as almost topological QFT vision as the guide line. One can include all boundary homomorphisms subject to the condition that the anticommutator δikδjk-1jkδik-1 maps to the group algebra of the commutator group [Gk-2,Gk-2]. By adding dual generators one obtains what looks like a generalization of anticommutative fermionic algebra and what comes in mind is the spectrum of quantum states of a SUSY algebra spanned by bosonic states realized as group algebra elements and fermionic states realized in terms of homotopy and cohomotopy and in abelianized version in terms of homology and cohomology. Galois group action allows to organize quantum states into multiplets of Galois groups acting as symmetry groups of physics. Poincare duality would map fermionic creation operators to annihilation operators and vice versa and the counterpart of pairing of k:th and n-k:th homology groups would be inner product analogous to that given by Grassmann integration.The interpretation in terms of fermions turns however to be wrong and the more appropriate interpretation is in terms of Dolbeault cohomology applying to forms with homomorphic and antiholomorphic indices.

  5. The intuitive idea that the Galois group is analogous to 1-D homotopy group which is the only non-commutative homotopy group, the structure of infinite primes analogous to the braids of braids of braids of ... structure, the fact that Galois group is a subgroup of permutation group, and the possibility to lift permutation group to a braid group suggests a representation as flows of 2-D plane with punctures giving a direct connection with topological quantum field theories for braids, knots and links. The natural assumption is that the flows are induced from transformations of the symplectic group acting on δ M2+/-× CP2 representing quantum fluctuating degrees of freedom associated with WCW ("world of classical worlds"). Discretization of WCW and cutoff in the number of fermion modes would be due to the finite measurement resolution. The outcome would be rather far reaching: finite measurement resolution would allow to construct WCW spinor fields explicitly using the machinery of number theory and algebraic geometry.

  6. A connection with operads is highly suggestive. What is nice from TGD perspective is that the non-commutative generalization homology and homotopy has direct connection to the basic structure of quantum TGD almost topological quantum theory where braids are basic objects and also to hyper-finite factors of type II1. This notion of Galois group makes sense only for the algebraic varieties for which coefficient field is algebraic extension of some number field. Braid group approach however allows to generalize the approach to completely general polynomials since the braid group make sense also when the ends points for the braid are not algebraic points (roots of the polynomial).

This construction would realize thge number theoretical, algebraic geometrical, and topological content in the construction of quantum states in TGD framework in accordance with TGD as almost TQFT philosophy, TGD as an infinite-D geometry, and TGD as a generalized number theory visions.

This picture leads also to a proposal how p-adic integrals could be defined in TGD framework.

  1. The calculation of twistorial amplitudes reduces to multi-dimensional residue calculus. Motivic integration gives excellent hopes for the p-adic existence of this calculus and braid representation would give space-time representation for the residue integrals in terms of the braid points representing poles of the integrand: this would conform with quantum classical correspondence. The power of 2π appearing in multiple residue integral is problematic unless it disappears from scattering amplitudes. Otherwise one must allow an extension of p-adic numbers to a ring containing powers of 2π.

  2. Weak form of electric-magnetic duality and the general solution ansatz for preferred extremals reduce the Kähler action defining the Kähler function for WCW to the integral of Chern-Simons 3-form. Hence the reduction to cohomology takes places at space-time level and since p-adic cohomology exists there are excellent hopes about the existence of p-adic variant of Kähler action. The existence of the exponent of Kähler gives additional powerful constraints on the value of the Kähler fuction in the intersection of real and p-adic worlds consisting of algebraic partonic 2-surfaces and allows to guess the general form of the Kähler action in p-adic context.

  3. One also should define p-adic integration for vacuum functional at the level of WCW. p-Adic thermodynamics serves as a guideline leading to the condition that in p-adic sector exponent of Kähler action is of form (m/n)r, where m/n is divisible by a positive power of p-adic prime p. This implies that one has sum over contributions coming as powers of p and the challenge is to calculate the integral for K= constant surfaces using the integration measure defined by an infinite power of Kähler form of WCW reducing the integral to cohomology which should make sense also p-adically. The p-adicization of the WCW integrals has been discussed already earlier using an approach based on harmonic analysis in symmetric spaces and these two approaches should be equivalent. One could also consider a more general quantization of Kähler action as sum K=K1+K2 where K1=rlog(m/n) and K2=n, with n divisible by p since exp(n) exists in this case and one has exp(K)= (m/n)r × exp(n). Also transcendental extensions of p-adic numbers involving n+p-2 powers of e1/n can be considered.

  4. If the Galois group algebras indeed define a representation for WCW spinor fields in finite measurement resolution, also WCW integration would reduce to summations over the Galois groups involved so that integrals would be well-defined in all number fields.

p-Adic physics is interpreted as physical correlate for cognition. The so called Stone spaces are in one-one correspondence with Boolean algebras and have typically 2-adic topologies. A generalization to p-adic case with the interpretation of p pinary digits as physically representable Boolean statements of a Boolean algebra with 2n>p>pn-1 statements is encouraged by p-adic length scale hypothesis. Stone spaces are synonymous with profinite spaces about which both finite and infinite Galois groups represent basic examples. This provides a strong support for the connection between Boolean cognition and p-adic space-time physics. The Stone space character of Galois groups suggests also a deep connection between number theory and cognition and some arguments providing support for this vision are discussed.

For details see the new chapter Motives and Infinite Primes of "Physics as a Generalized Number Theory" or the article with same title.

5 comments:

Ulla said...

Look at this new talk of Arkani-Hamed,from 2.5.
http://online.itp.ucsb.edu/online/bblunch/arkanihamed/

A general formula for Feynmans. Strong and weak forces.

Ulla said...

http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/05/castle-is-crushing-down.html
:)

Matti Pitkanen said...

What Nima and others are developing is a new manner to calculate scattering amplitudes in N=4 SUSYs which as such are not physical since only gauge bosons and superpartners are in spectrum. This probably will have applications also in less symmetric situation. The ability to calculate will eventually have very far reaching implications.

What is perhaps even more important than calculational technology is the identification of Yangian symmetry which in zero energy ontology of TGD leads to really powerful vision about generalization of S-matrix, the basic prediction of QFT. Zero energy states span the symmetry algebra of S-matrix. , It is hard to imagine a deeper realization of symmetries of the theory than identification of quantum states as infinitesimal generators of symmetries. If one wants to get visual grasp of this think of the diagram of E_8 Lie algebra which became familiar to us during the short period of time when media raised Lisi to the status of next Einstein. Generalize this by making it infinite-dimensional.


A further important theoretical outcome is the discovery that motives, extremely abstract structures due to Grotendienck- certainly one the strangest persons in mathematics- seem to relate to physics.
This comes from residue calculus to which the calculation of amplitudes residues and this is integration: very roughly performing infinite sums.

Motivic cohomology - cohomology is about integrals - could be also seen as an attempt to give meaning for integration of forms also in p-adic realm in a number theoretically universal manner: p-adic integration is one of the basic challenges of TGD and can be carried out in terms of Fourier/harmonic analysis making sense for symmetric spaces and their padic variants. Therefore the connection with number theoretical universality of physics- the basic element of TGD - is suggestive already in the mathematical structure of existing theories.

The really astonishing outcome of my attempt to understand the basic ideas of motivic cohomology was that the correspondence of infinite primes with rational functions and polynomials leads to a generalization of homology and cohomology theories to their non-Abelian variants by replacing boundary and coboundary operations with non-Abelian modifications mapping group elements to elements of commutator group, whose mapping to zero gives counterparts of ordinary homology and cohomology. This non-abelialinization is to my best knowledge something completely new. The realization of this picture leads also to braids appearing as basic structural elements of quantum TGD. This would mean also unification of homology and cohomology with braid and knot theories.

Therefore TGD is more and more contributing also to the development of new mathematics by inspiring new mathematical insight just as quantum physics as inspired ideas in topological quantum field theories. And as one can guess, colleagues continue to remain silent hoping that there could still be small probability that TGD might be wrong. Extremely silly but this is what Big Science is!

Matti Pitkanen said...

I have often thought of writing a post about blog culture. The sad fact is that the attention of most bloggers -Peter Woit is basic example- is directed to stupidities written by big names. The last example are the commentaries articles about the claimed connection of inflationary multiverse and quantum measurement theory: it is simply total rubbish.

But should one waste time to this kind of rubbish? Every professional knows that it is rubbish and there is no danger than this rubbish could spoil the life of a layman.

The blog culture tends to give a very weird view about theoretical physics: as if all of us were some kind of swindlers. There are also people doing excellent work instead of narcissistic fighting for the attention of media. The problem is that understanding of this kind of work would require also the blogger to work hardly. It is much easier to write about trash by big names and it makes also the blogger to feel himself intelligent and certainly guarantees maximum number of readers.

Ulla said...

I don't know exactly how I would interpret those words of yours, concerning my post.

Look here. Something happen.
http://www.neverendingbooks.org/index.php/the-birthday-of-the-primesknots-analogy.html