The questions that I should have asked first

The development of a completely new idea is not a rational process. Only when the smoke clears, one realizes what questions one should have posed first in order to avoid side tracks.

I started the development of the model for the solar anomalies (see this) from the idea that the surface of the Sun involves a monopole flux tube layer carrying M₈₉ nucleons having mass 512 times that of ordinary nucleons. Among other things, this would explain the missing nuclear matter of the Sun, the evidence for solid structures at the surface of the Sun, and gamma ray anomalies. The decay of M₈₉ nuclei would give rise to ordinary nucleons of the solar wind and generate the radiation from the Sun. If the original goal had been to construct a model of the Sun, I would have started with the following questions.

1. I did not consider explicitly the constraints from the existing nuclear physics believe to prevail inside the solar core. But can one really give up standard nuclear physics and reduce the nuclear physics of the Sun to what happens in the M₈₉ flux tube layer? If this were the case, one should start from scratch and the entire known nuclear physics of the Sun should be rediscovered.

   The natural possibility is that the M₈₉ surface layer determines what is seen by the observer during the life cycle of the star. Only after the supernova explosion or a formation of BH, the evolution inside the core of the Sun becomes in daylight via the abundances of the elements created. The anomalously low convection currents in the convection zone support this view. Also the puzzle caused by elements heavier than Fe finds a solution: they would be produced in the decay of M₈₉ nuclei at the surface.

   It seems that the TGD counterpart for ordinary nuclear physics must be present in the core of the Sun. Could the monopole flux tubes containing only M₈₉ nucleons take care of the transfer of the nuclei and energy from the Sun to the environment? This process would involve the decay of M₈₉ nuclei to the ordinary nuclei. The M₈₉ layer would be an addition to the nuclear physics of the Sun rather than its replacement.

2. How to achieve consistency with the model based on dark fusion? I have developed rather nice models of the "cold fusion" and pre-stellar evolution igniting the ordinary fusion. This suggests that the convective zone corresponds to the region where the dark fusion prevails and the temperature gradually rises as one approaches the core, where the ordinary fusion is ignited. Note that the decay of the M₈₉ layer to ordinary nucleons would also provide energy by helping to maintain the temperature in the convective zone.
3. What could be the thickness of the M₈₉ layer? The Compton length of the M₈₉ nucleon is a fraction 1/512 of the Compton length of the ordinary nucleon and ridiculously short. On the other hand, if one assumes that the density of dark M₈₉ nuclei corresponds to roughly one per ordinary M₈₉ Compton volume, one can understand the missing nuclear mass of 1500M_E. Could gravitational Compton length, which does not depend on the mass of the particle, determine the thickness of the M₈₉ layer? For the Sun with β₀=2^-11 it would be Λ_gr=R_E/2, where R_E = R_Sun/109 is the Earth radius defining also the size scale of the Sunspots. For β₉=1 it would be by a factor 1/2000 shorter. It turns out that the gravitational oscillator model predicts Λ_gr=R_E/2 as the basic length scale of the gravitational harmonic oscillator!

How M₈₉ nuclei could be regenerated?

How M₈₉ nuclei are regenerated is a question, which occurred repeatedly but which I have managed to put under the rug.

1. The birth of a new star requires the emergence of a M₈₉ layer and possible M₈₉ nucleus deep in the interior of the Sun playing the role of the dipole of a dipole magnetic field. How could it emerge? M₈₉ regions should be deep in the interior of the Sun and define the analog of a dipole field. The M₈₉ nuclei must be generated in the solar nucleus or feeded to it. From the nucleus they would end up the surface of the Sun along the monopole flux tubes.
2. p-Adic cooling occurring in a stepwise manner by reducing the p-adic scales by octaves would provide a model for the decay of M₈₉ nuclei to M₁₀₇ nuclei. Can one consider p-adic heating of M₁₀₇ nuclei to M₈₉ nuclei? There is evidence from LHC for the creation of M₈₉ mesons and the solar gamma ray anomalies suggest that M₈₉ and even M_G,79 mesons are produced. From this there is however a long way to the p-adic heating of nuclei increasing their mass by factor 512 but one can ask whether the p-adic heating leads in a stepwise way also to a formation of M₈₉ nuclei.
3. In ZEO it is natural to ask whether the p-adic heating could be a time reversal of the p-adic cooling identifiable as a quantum tunnelling involving a pair of BSFRs. Huge energies are needed but the rise of the temperature could take place by steps proceeding hadron physics by hadronic physics with decreasing p-adic length scale L(107)→ L(105)= 2L{107}....→ L(89).

   Could the solar core involve a hierarchy of layers for which the p-adic temperature increases in powers of 2, at least up to the QCD Λ∼ 100-200 MeV assignable to the the temperature at which the transition to quark gluon plasma is believed to occur in QCD.

4. Could ZEO make possible p-adic heating as a p-adic cooling in a reversed time direction. Time reversal and macroscopic quantum coherence are general aspects of TGD and one can wonder whether heating quite generally involves a time reversal. In the TGD based model of self-organization the energy feed could correspond to extraction of energy from the environment by using reversal of the arrow of time.

This allows us to consider two identifications for the energy feed needed to generate M₈₉ nuclei.

1. ZEO could make it possible to extract energy from the environment of the solar nucleus to transform M₁₀₇ nuclei to M₈₉. The needed energies are huge and it is far from clear whether these energies can be provided by ordinary nuclear reactions with a much smaller energy scale and even by the reactions transforming nuclei at different p-adic temperatures to each other which also involve huge energy scales. If this were the case, the energy would come from the solar core and generate a heat current towards the center raising of the p-adic temperature.
2. The second option is that the energy arrives at the solar nucleus from the outside. TGD predicts that the stars of the galaxies form a network connected by monopole flux tubes. Could this network acting like blood circulation feed M₈₉ nuclei from, say galactic nuclei, to the Sun, where they would be used as a fuel. M₈₉ nuclei, which are burned to M₁₀₇ nuclei and in this process induce p-adic heating of the environment around the solar nucleus. One could consider a process in which the evaporation of BHs by time reversal could lead to the next level in the hierarchy of hadronic physics labelled by M_G,103. Cosmic evolution would be climbing along the ladder formed by Merssen primes and their Gaussian counterparts.

Could the Sun be regarded as a living, metabolizing system?

The above considerations force us to ask whether the Sun could be regarded as a living, metabolizing system.

1. ZEO suggests that the Sun is a living organism, which dies and reincarnates with a reversed arrow of time in each BSFR. Single BSFR would correspond to the 11 year half period of the sunspot cycle. The energy feed provided by nuclear fusion and the possible feed of the M₈₉ nuclei from the galactic circuitry to the solar nucleus could together with the ordinary nuclear fusion the needed energy. The decay of the M₈₉ nuclei to ordinary nucleus by gamma emission might make possible this kind of processes (the energy of the gamma ray in the decay N(k) → N(k-2)+γ is E_γ= 3m(N(k)/8.

   The flux tubes connecting the Sun to the galactic nucleus or possibly to the galactic blackhole-like object would be like blood circuitry bringing in metabolites and metabolic energy.

2. The Sunspot cycle could be analogous to breathing. Single inhalation/exhalation would take about 11 years. The decay of the monopole flux tubes would be analogous to catabolism of proteins. Could the recreation of the monopoles flux layer be seen as the anabolism as reconstruction of proteins. The arrow of time is opposite during the inhalation. At this step the energy from outside could enter the solar nucleus. The periodics of inhaling and outhaling are 11 years. The arrow of time changes when the polarity of the magnetic field changes. MB of the Sun dies and reincarnates.

   The decay and regeneration magnetic bubble and also the interior part of the MB as the counterpart of dipole of the dipole field would take during the reversal of the direction of the magnetic field and be analogous to biological death and reincarnation with an opposite arrow of time.

3. Sun receives metabolic energy from both dark and ordinary fusion and possibly also from the galactic M₈₉ monopole flux. The energy would be extracted from the environment during the inhalation period when the arrow of time is reversed. Dissipation with an opposite arrow of time would take place.
4. The transformation of M₈₉ nuclei to M₁₀₇ nuclei would be analogous to catabolism. M₈₉ nuclei would be analogous to proteins made from M₈₉ as analogs of amino acids. What about the astrophysical counterpart of DNA? TGD predicts a universal realization of the genetic code based on the tesselations of the hyperbolic 2-spaces realized as light-proper time constant surface in M⁴.

Reconnection and polarization reversal

Reconnection makes possible the orientation reversal of the solar magnetic field. The portions of the monopole flux with opposite directions must be very near to each other and touch so that the splitting to closed monopole flux tubes becomes possible. These flux tubes can change their orientation and after that fuse back to the flux tubes with opposite direction of the magnetic flux. The time reversal would correspond to the polarization reversal.

In TGD inspired quantum biology biocatalysis involves a reduction of h_eff for U-shaped flux look connecting the reactants. This reduces the length of the flux tube and brings reactants together and liberates energy kicking the reactants over the energy wall preventing the reaction otherwise. Now something analogous could take place. The closed flux tube having a distance of about R_E/2 between parallel strands with opposite polarities could suffer a phase transition reducing the value of ℏ_gr so that they distance would become very small and the reconnection splitting the long and narrow flux tube pair to pieces which then reconnect to form a narrow structure with opposite polarization. After that h_eff would increase to ℏ_gr.

Could the thermodynamical model of the Sun and planets be replaced with a geometric description?

A basic objection against the quantum model of stars and planets is that thermodynamic notions like pressure are absolutely essential for the understanding of the physics of the solar and planetary interiors.

1. In the thermal models pressure prevents gravitational collapse. In the geometric model, the tension of the monopole flux tubes in vertical and horizontal directions would prevent gravitational collapse. I have developed a model of nuclei and atoms based on spherical structures carrying Platonic solids (see this). If this applies also to the Sun and planets, they would resemble outcomes of engineering.
2. When nuclear fusion does not anymore produce enough energy, the flux tubes decay and the analog of the pressure disappears and the core collapses. The counterpart of this description in the geometric model would be as follows. The monopole flux tubes and the dark matter at them require energy feed and nuclear reactions. The p-adic cooling of M₈₉ nuclei could provide it. In the absence of the energy feed h_eff is reduced and the flux tubes collapse and gravitational collapse is the outcome.
3. In standard physics, blackholes or neutron stars emerge in the death of the star due to the loss of the pressure created by nuclear reactions. Ordinary BHs correspond to volume filling flux tube spaghettis consisting of M₁₀₇ nucleons. TGD however suggests an entire hierarchy of BHs labelled by Mersenne primes and their Gaussian counterparts. Note that the p-adic cooling in the absence of nuclear reactions transforms M₈₉ nuclei to ordinary nuclei and would lead to M₁₀₇ BH. M₈₉ blackholes could in turn emerge from M_G,79 blackholes.

See the article Some solar mysteries or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.