Muon surplus in high energy cosmic ray showers as an indication for new hadron physics

According to the article "Viewpoint: Cosmic-Ray Showers Reveal Muon Mystery in APS Physics (see this) Pierre Auger Observatory reports that there is 30 per cent muon surplus in cosmic rays at ultrahigh energy around 10¹⁹ eV (see this). These events are at the knee of cosmic ray energy distribution: at higher energies the flux of cosmic rays should be reduced due to the loss of energy with cosmic microwave background. There are actually indications that this does not take place but this is not the point now. This article tells about how these showers are detected and also provides a simple model for the showers.

This energy is estimated in the rest system of Earth and corresponds to the energy of 130 TeV in cm mass system for a collision with nucleon. This is roughly 10 times the cm energy of 14 TeV at LHC. The shower produced by the cosmic ray is a cascade in which high energy cosmic ray gradually loses its energy via hadron production. The muons are relatively low energy muons resulting in hadronic decays, mostly pion decays, since most of the energy ends up to charged pions producing muons and electrons and neutral pions decaying rapidly to gamma pairs. The electron-positron pairs produced in the electromagnetic showers from neutral pions mask the electrons produced in neutral pion decay to electrons so that the possible surplus can be detected only for muons.

Since cosmic rays are mostly protons and nuclei the primary collisions should involve a primary collision of cosmic ray particle with a nucleon of atmosphere. The anomalously large muon yield suggests an anomalous yield of proton-antiproton pairs produced in the first few collisions. Protons and antiprotons would then collide with nuclei of atmosphere and lose their energy and give rise to anomalously large number of pions and eventually muons.

Unless the models for the production (constrained by LHC data) underestimate muon yield, new physics is required to explain the source of proton-antiproton pairs is needed.

In TGD framework one can consider two scaled up variants of hadron physics as candidates for the new physics.

1. The first candidate corresponds to M₈₉ hadron physics for which hadron masses would be obtained by a scaling with factor 512 from the masses of ordinary hadrons characterized by Mersenne prime M₁₀₇= 2¹⁰⁷-1. There are several bumps bumps identifiable as pseudo-scalar mesons with predicted masses also some bumps identifiable as some scaled up vector mesons (see this). Also the unexpected properties of what was expected to be quark gluon plasma suggest M₈₉ hadron physics. In particular, the evidence for string like states suggests M₈₉ mesons. If the situation is quantum critical, M₈₉ have scaled up Compton length. The natural guess is that it corresponds to the size of ordinary hadrons.
   

   The proton of M₈₉(=2⁸⁹-1) hadron physics would have mass of 512 GeV so that the production of M₈₉ hadrons could take place at energies, which for ordinary hadrons would correspond to 260 GeV meaning that perturbative M₈₉ QCD could be used. The quarks of this hadron physics would hadronize either directly to ordinary M₁₀₇ or to M₈₉ hadrons. In both cases a phase transition like process would lead from M₈₉ hadrons or to M₁₀₇ hadrons and produce a surplus of protons and antiprotons whose collisions with the nuclei of atmosphere would produce a surplus of pions.
   
   

2. One can also consider M₇₉ hadron physics, where M_G,79 corresponds to Gaussian Mersenne (1+i)⁷⁹-1. The mass scale would be 32 times higher than that for M₈₉ hadron physics and correspond to 8 GeV for ordinary hadron collisions. Also now perturbative QCD would apply.
   
   

One can argue that M₈₉ or M_G,79 hadron physics comes in play for collisions with small enough impact parameter and gives an additive contribution to the total rate of protons and antiproton production. The additional contribution would be of the same order of magnitude as that from M₁₀₇ hadron physics.

Could quantum criticality play some role now?

1. What is the situation is quantum critical with h_eff/h>1? The first naive guess is that at the level of tree diagrams corresponding to classical theory the production rate has has no dependence on Planck constant so that nothing happens. A less naive guess is that something similar to that possibly taking place at LHC and RHIC happens. Quantum critical collisions in which protons just pass by each other could yield dark pseudo-scalar mesons.
   
   
2. If quantum criticality corresponds to peripheral collisions, the rate for pseudo-scalar production would be large unlike for central collisions. The instanton action determined to a high degree by anomaly considerations would be determined the rate of production for pseudo-scalar mesons. Vector boson dominance would allow to estimate the rate for the production of vector bosons. Peripherality could make the observation of these collisions difficult: especially so if the peripheral collisions are rejected because they are not expected to involve strong interactions and be therefore uninteresting. This might explain the disappearance of 750 GeV bump.
   
   
3. Suppose that quantum criticality for peripheral collisions at LHC and RHIC enters into game above the mass scale of M₈₉ pion with mass about 65 m_p∼ 65 GeV and leads to creation of M₈₉ mesons. By a simple scaling argument the same would happen in the case of M_G,79 hadron physics above 65 m_p(89)= 3.3 × 10⁴ TeV to be compared with the collision energy of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays about 13× 10⁴ TeV.
   
   

See the article M₈₉ Hadron Physics and Quantum Criticality or the chapter New Particle Physics Predicted by TGD: Part I of "p-Adic Physics".

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

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