Can the initial stellar mass distribution of galaxy really depend on its distance from Earth?

Initial mass function (IMF) is used in the modelling of the galaxies. IMF would be the initial distribution of stellar masses as a given galaxy started to evolve about 10-13.6 billion years ago. It would be very natural to assume that the IMF is universal and the same for all galaxies, and this has indeed been done. The candidate for a universal IMF has been determined from the data related to the Milky Way and its satellites. There are however several candidates for the galactic IMF. It has been however found that the IMF depends on the distance of the galaxy from Earth and that the IMFs tend to concentrate on larger stellar masses. The dependence of MF on this distance is in conflict with the standard view about time assuming that the geometric past is fixed.

Zero energy ontology (ZEO) of TGD suggests a solution to the paradox.TGD Universe is quantum coherent also in astrophysical scales and "big" state function reductions (BSFRs) reversing the arrow of time occur for stars making them blackholes. This is the case also for Kerr-Newman rotating blackholes. Also quasars as white holes become galactic blackholes with an arrow of time opposite to that for a distant environment. ZEO implies that the geometric past and thus the IMF of the galaxy changes in the sequence of BSFRs. A simple argument based on the fact that massive stars have shorter age shows that the IMF for large distances from Earth indeed is concentrated on larger stellar masses.

See the article TGD based explanation of the satellite plane anomaly of the cold dark matter model or the chapter Cosmic string model for the formation of galaxies and stars.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

How can the perception of quale have a finite duration?

There is a philosophical problem related to the fact that the experience of, say, color has a duration. One could argue that the idea that color sensations correspond to SFRs, that is, a single moment of consciousness, is not consistent with this. One can imagine two ways to overcome this objection.

First option

One could argue as follows.

1. It is not possible to experience that one is not conscious so that the illusion of finite duration of sensory quale is created.
2. The "small" SFR as the TGD counterpart of a weak measurement in quantum measurement theory based on zero energy ontology (ZEO) begins as a cognitive measurement cascade in a Galois group of extension of rationals associated with a rational polynomial defining a given space-time region (see this andthis ). This cascade corresponds to a decomposition of the representation of Galois group for a functional composite polynomial P₁○ ... ○ P_n for which Galois group of the algebraic extension has decomposition to a semidirect product of relative Galois groups G_i associated with pairs P_i,P_i+1. This yields a product of irreps of G_i.
3. The cognitive cascade as a quantum correlate of analysis, is followed by measurements in quark spin and momentum degrees of freedom for the quark states defining the irreps of G_i. One can argue that the duration of the qualia mental image corresponds to the geometric lifetime of this sequence since eventually a BSFR, which means the death of the qualia mental image occurs. By the above argument, the steps in this sequence would not be experienced separately.
4. There is an objection against this view. ZEO (see this, this and this) motivates the proposal is that we are during sleep living in an opposite direction of time and classically it is impossible to receive signals from that period since the signals travel in an opposite time direction (TGD predicts that also signals with "wrong" time direction can be received and sent but are rare and the process involves BSFR at the level of system representing mental images as subself). However, when we wake up in the morning, we remember that we were conscious yesterday and realize that we do not remember anything about the period of sleep. Could the same argument apply to mental images related to qualia?

Second option

One could also argue as follows.

1. State function reductions (SFRs) (actually "small" SFRs responsible for the "flow of consciousness"") initiate a conscious experience of say some quale realized as subself, mental image. The next "small" SFR would end this experience and initiate a new one. If SFR is "big", the mental image dies and reincarnates with the opposite arrow of time and experience disappears from the consciousness of self.

   Mathematicians would say that a delta function is replaced with a step function as far as interpretation is considered. Nothing at the level of mathematical formalism has changed.

   The structure of conscious experiences reflects the structure of the physical states. In this spirit, one could argue that SFRs serve as a holographic data at the ends of the duration of the conscious experience, which determine the conscious experience associated with the duration itself. One would have have holography of consciousness.

2. Is this interpretation consistent with the fact that change is necessary for qualia as already basic physiological facts show? For instance, if the saccadic motion of the eye is prevented, the perceptive field becomes dark first and after that the visual consciousness disappears. This finding can be consistent with the new view since the lifetimes of the qualia mental images as subselves are certainly finite.

Critical reader could ask whether the two options are only slightly different verbalizations of the same basic intuition and perhaps regard the latter verbalization as mathematically clearer. The latter option looks clearer than the first one although it does not literally conform with what I have been telling for three decades about SFRs as basic building bricks of conscious experience! It can take decades to express really clearly what you have understood!

See the article Some objections against TGD inspired view of qualia or the chapter General Theory of Qualia.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD. 


p-Adic particle massivation and entanglement: are all physical states massless?!

Unlike Higgs mechanism, p-adic thermodynamics provides a universal description of massivation involving no other assumptions about dynamics except super-conformal symmetry which guarantees by the existence of p-adic Boltzmann weights.

The number theoretic picture leads to a deeper understanding of a long standing objection against p-adic thermodynamics (see this) as a thermodynamics for the scaling generator L₀ of Super Virasoro algebra.

If one requires super-Virasoro symmetry and identifies mass squared with a scaling generator L₀, one can argue that only massless states are possible since L₀ must annihilate these states! All states of the theory would be massless, not only those of fundamental particles as in conformally invariant theories to which twistor approach applies! This looks extremely beautiful mathematically but seems to be in conflict with reality already at single particle level!

The resolution of the objection is that thermodynamics is indeed in question.

1. Thermodynamics replaces the state of entire system with the density matrix for the subsystem and describes approximately the interaction with the environment inducing the entanglement of the particle with it. To be precise, actually a "square root" of p-adic thermodynamics could be in question, with probabilities being replaced with their square roots having also phase factors. The excited states of the entire system indeed are massless (see this).
2. The entangling interaction gives rise to a superposition of products of single particle massive states with the states of environment and the entire mass squared would remain vanishing. The massless ground state configuration dominates and the probabilities of the thermal excitations are of order O(1/p) and extremely small. For instance, for the electron one has p= M₁₂₇=2¹²⁷-1≈ 10³⁸.
3. In the p-adic mass calculations (see this and this), the effective environment for quarks and leptons would in a good approximation consist of a wormhole contact (wormhole contacts for gauge bosons and Higgs and hadrons). The many-quark state many-quark state associated with the wormhole throat (single quark state for quarks and 3-quark-state for leptons (see this).
4. In M⁸ picture (see this and this) tachyonicity is unavoidable since the real part of the mass squared as a root of a polynomial P can be negative. Also tachyonic real but algebraic mass squared values are possible. At the H level, tachyonicity corresponds to the Euclidean signature of the induced metric for a wormhole contact.

   Tachyonicity is also necessary: otherwise one does not obtain massless states. The super-symplectic states of quarks would entangle with the tachyonic states of the wormhole contacts by Galois confinement.

5. The massless ground state for a particle corresponds to a state constructed from a massive single state of a single particle super-symplectic representation (CP₂ mass characterizes the mass scale) obtained by adding tachyons to guarantee masslessness. Galois confinement is satisfied. The tachyonic mass squared is assigned with wormhole contacts with the Euclidean signature of the induced metric, whose throats in turn carry the fermions so that the wormhole contact would form the nearby environment.

   The entangled state is in a good approximation a superposition of pairs of massive single-particle states with the wormhole contact(s). The lowest state remains massless and massive single particle states receive a compensating negative mass squared from the wormhole contact. Thermal mass squared corresponds to a single particle mass squared and does not take into account the contribution of wormhole contacts except for the ground state.

6. There is a further delicate number theoretic element involved (see this and this). The choice of M⁴⊂ M⁸ for the system is not unique. Since M⁴ momentum is an M⁴ projection of a massless M⁸ momentum, it is massless by a suitable choice of M⁴⊂ M⁸. This choice must be made for the environment so that both the state of the environment and the single particle ground state are massless. For the excited states, the choice of M⁴ must remain the same, which forces the massivation of the single particle excitations and p-adic massivation.

These arguments strongly suggest that pure states, in particular the state of the entire Universe, are massless. Mass would reflect the statistical description of entanglement using density matrix. The proportionality between p-adic thermal mass squared (mappable to real mass squared by canonical identification) and the entropy for the entanglement of the subsystem-environment pair is therefore natural. This proportionality conforms with the formula for the blackhole entropy, which states that the blackhole entropy is proportional to mass squared. Also p-adic mass calculations inspired the notion of blackhole-elementary particle analogy (see this) but without a deeper understanding of its origin.

One can regard the breaking of conformal invariance induced by the thermodynamical description of entanglement as a TGD counterpart for the breaking of gauge symmetry.

Polynomials P define two kinds of space-time surfaces depending on whether their roots determine either mass or energy shells. For the energy option a space-time region corresponds by M⁸-H duality (see this and this) to a solution spectrum in which the roots correspond to energies rather than mass squared values and light-cone proper time is replaced with linear Minkoski time. The physical interpretation of this solution spectrum has remained unclear.

The energy option gives rise to a p-adic variant of the ordinary thermodynamics and requires integer quantization of energy. This option is natural for massless states since scalings leave the mass shell invariant in this case. Scaling invariance and conformal invariance are not violated.

One can wonder what the role of these massless virtual quark states in TQC could be. A good guess is that the two options correspond to phases with broken resp. unbroken conformal symmetry. In gauge theories to phases with broken and unbroken gauge symmetries. The breaking of gauge symmetry indeed induces breaking of conformal symmetry and its breaking is more fundamental.

1. Particle massivation corresponds in gauge theories to symmetry breaking caused by the generation of the Higgs vacuum expectation value. Gauge symmetry breaking induces a breaking of conformal symmetry and particle massivation. In the TGD framework, the generation of entanglement between members of state pairs such that members having opposite values of mass squared determined as roots of polynomial P in the most general case, leads to a breaking of conformal symmetry for each tensor factor and the description in terms of p-adic thermodynamics gives thermal mass squared.
2. > What about the situation when energy, instead of mass squared, comes as a root of P. Also now one can construct physical states from massless virtual quarks with energies coming as algebraic integers. Total energies would be ordinary integers. This gives massless entangled states, if the rational integer parts of 4-momenta are parallel. This brings in mind a standard twistor approach with parallel light-like momenta for on-mass shell states. Now however the virtual states can have transversal momentum components which are algebraic numbers (possibly complex) but sum up to zero.

   Quantum entangled states would be superpositions over state pairs with parallel massless momenta. Massless extremals (topological light rays, see this) are natural classical space-time correlates for them. This phase would correspond to the phase with unbroken conformal symmetry.

3. One can also assign a symmetry breaking to the thermodynamic massivation. For the energy option, the entire Galois group appears as symmetry of the mass shell whereas for the mass squared option only the isotropy group does so. Therefore there is a symmetry breaking of the full Galois symmetry to the symmetry defined by the isotropy group. In a loose sense, the real valued argument of P serves as a counterpart of Higgs field.

   If the symmetry breaking in the model of electroweak interaction corresponds to this kind of symmetry breaking, the isotropy group, which involves also a subgroup of quaternionic automorphisms as analog of Galois group, could act as a discrete subgroup of SU(2)_L× U(1). The hierarchy of discrete subgroups associated with the hierarchy of Jones inclusions assigned with measurement resolution suggests itself. It has the isometry groups of Platonic solids as the groups with genuinely 3-D action. In the QCD picture about strong interactions there is no gauge symmetry breaking so that a description based on the energy option is natural. Hadronic picture would correspond to mass squared option and symmetry breaking to the isotropy group of the root.

To sum up, in the maximally symmetric scenario, conformal symmetry breaking would be only apparent, and due to the necessity to restrict to non-tachyonic subsystems using p-adic thermodynamics. Gauge symmetry breaking would be replaced with the replacement of the Galois group with the isotropy group of the root representing mass squared value. The argument of the polynomial defining space-time region would be the analog of the Higgs field.

See the article Two objections against p-adic thermodynamics and their resolution, the chapter TGD as it is towards the end of 2021, or the chapter About TGD counterparts of twistor amplitudes.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD. theory.fi/tgdmaterial.html">Articles and other material related to TGD.

Dark meiosis and the mystery of why different cells express the chromosomes of father and mother in different manner

Condensed matter physicists are discovering that the world of electrons at atomic level is govering by knotting and linking (this). This picture is just what TGD predicts but applies to all systems, not only electrons, and in all scales from hadron physics to cosmology. Besides particles there are magnetic flux tubes connecting them to a network. This is completely new from the perspective of quantum field theory based description.

Since 3-space is a surface in M⁴×CP₂ is 3-D, flux tubes and string world sheets accompanying them are necessarily linked and knotted: this distinguishes TGD from string models. This implies braiding and makes possible topological quantum computation (TQC) like activities at fundamental level, in particular in living matter and especially at the DNA level.

Since spacetime is 4-D, string world sheets and flux tubes can reconnect. This is a new element to TQC like activity. Reconnection is a fundamental aspect of the TGD inspired quantum biology.

Meiosis serves as a good example demonstrating how powerful predictions this vision leads to. Meiosis as a recombination of DNAs would be induced by a reconnection of the magnetic flux tubes. The reconnecting flux tubes, which accompany mother' and father's chromosomes, which control the ordinary DNA strands, carry "dark" genes with codons realized as dark proton triplets. Darkness means large effective Planck constant h_eff and high "IQ" therefore ability to control ordinary biomatter.

This leads to a solution of the mystery of why the gene expression, which selects either the allele for mother and father, does this differently in different cells (see this). The explanation is that dark meiosis, which yields a pair of different dark gametes for dark DNA, occurs already in cell replication for daughter cells and differently in each cell replication. Ordinary meiosis occurs only later and dark gamete serves as a controller and template for it. Since the dark gametes select whether the allele of mother or father is selected by resonance mechanism, dark meiosis effectively creates new descendants at cell level as far as transcription and replication are considered. 50 replications would mean 2⁵⁰ ≈ 10¹⁵ descendants living in the same body and expressing themselves genetically!

Natural selection would therefore occur already at the cell level and only those dark gametes, for which the cells controlled by them survive and have produced ordinary gametes as their images, have a change to participate in sexual production, which is like the finals in Olympics.

Second implication is that the two gametes produced in dark meiosis in cell replication and going to different cells are related by father ↔ mother symmetry and since XX chromosome pair characterizes female and XY chromosome pair male, sister and brother which are mirror images of each other emerge. Therefore cells have a well-defined sex!

This raises questions. Could same cellular sex dominate in organelles and even organs so that also these could be said to have a well-defined sex? Could the battle between sexes start already at the cell level and possibly lead to extinction of the other sex? Do cells have sexual relationships like us and tend to pair? Could possible multi-cellular structures with a well-defined sex have this kind of relationships? What comes into mind are epithelial layers consisting of two cell layers and various binary structures in the body and brain.

See the article Mysteries related to gene expression and meiosis or the chapter ZEO, adelic physics, and genes.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

About the number theoretic aspects of zero energy ontology

The interaction between number theoretic vision, ZEO, and the TGD view DNA enriches all of them. In this article the recent view about quantum measurements is discussed in light of the recent progress in the understanding of the number theoretic aspects of TGD.

By M⁸-H duality space-time regions would be determined by polynomials whose roots define in M^>4⊂ M⁸ 3-D mass shells providing the data for holography fixing the space-time surfaces. Whether product polynomials besides irreducible polynomials should be allowed has been an open question. The product polynomials could naturally correspond to free states unable to entangle. The functional composition was earlier interpreted as formation of many-particle states but perhaps a more natural interpretation is as a generation of sheets of the many-sheeted space-time with interactions having wormhole contacts as geometric correlates.

This modified picture leads to a re-analysis of state function reduction (SFR), in particular the notions of "big" SFR and "small" SFR from a number theoretic perspective. This leads to a more precise view about the notion of time and time evolution. The emerging picture can be applied to TGD inspired theory of consciousness, in particular various aspects related to the notion of time and memory.

See the article About the number theoretic aspects of ZEO or the chapter with the same title.

Mysteries associated with lightnings, ball lightnings and the electrosphere of Earth

Lightning and ball lightning are electrospheric phenomena involving several poorly understood aspects. Also the origin of the electrosphere of Earth is still a mystery. In the TGD framework it is possible to deduce information about magnetic and electric bodies of Earth (briefly MB and EB) by using empirical inputs and these phenomena.

1. Ball lightings are known to be real are not understood. Ball lightning-like phenomena can be created also artificially in microwave ovens using match. Matches contain organic material and this serves as a good hint.
2. There is a New Scientist article, which gives a popular representation of ball lightings (see this). The theory of Cameron (see this) is mentioned in the article. The theory assumes that lightnings are essentially phenomena associated with the electromagnetic radiation field alone and neglects the fact that plasma is very probably involved. The theory relies on exact solutions of Maxwell's equations and proposes that ball lightnings involve monochromatic electromagnetic fields which are knotted and linked making the field configurations topologically nontrivial. Both magnetic and electric field lines can be knotted. This does not however imply topological stability since the linearity of Maxwell's equations implies that these field configurations are unstable. The finding that lifetime is long enough for microwave lengths does not conform with the fact that visible light is involved. Another theory mentioned in the article is by Boerner and proposes that lightning comes from another dimension. What this could actually mean, is of course a highly non-trivial question.
3. The basic mystery is how ball lightning can survive for so long a time. An ordinary plasma ball is not expected to do so. This suggests that ball lightning obeys non-linear dynamics and is some kind of topological entity robust by their topological non-triviality.
4. A very natural expectation is that ball lightning is a self-organizing system consisting of plasma which radiates. Self-organization requires energy feed. It could come as a Coulombic energy from the electric field of Earth through which part of the plasma of ball lightning has arrived. Here one encounters a problem. The electric resistance of the atmosphere causes a dissipation of the energy so that the charged particles cannot accelerate to high energies. How could lightning avoid this?
5. Two problems are always better than one. The second puzzle is that ordinary lightnings involve relativistic electrons and gamma rays. This is impossible in standard physics due to the already mentioned electric resistance of the atmosphere. Could ball lightning involve a new phase of matter, for which the dissipation is very small. Perhaps because it interacts very weakly with the ordinary matter of the atmosphere?
6. The third mystery is that the surface of Earth carries a negative charge, which creates an electric field. This field is essential for the generation of lightning. The origin of this field is however not understood.
7. There is also a fourth problem. Dark matter exists but there is no generally accepted theory of dark matter. All experiments trying to detect proposed candidates for dark matter particles (the particle physicist's way to solve a problem is to propose a new particle) have failed. There is of course also the mystery of life but it is better to stop here.

In the sequel a TGD based model for electrosphere is deduced by using various empirical inputs and the TGD based view about dark matter and the model of quantum biology inspired by it. A model, which allows us to understand these phenomena in the TGD framework, is developed. The model relies on the TGD based model of dark matter residing at the flux tubes of the magnetic body. The gravitational magnetic bodies of both Earth and Sun are important.The notion of the electric body of Earth as an analog of the cell membrane acting as a generalized Josephson junction is developed. Lightning and ball lightning would be associated with the analog of action potential.

See the article Mysteries associated with lightnings, ball lightnings and the electrosphere of Earth or the chapter About Concrete Realization of Remote Metabolism.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

Quantum Gravitation and Topological Quantum Computation

The progress in the understanding of the role of quantum gravitation in quantum biology (see this), as it is understood in the TGD framework, leads to the questions about the role of quantum gravivation in topological quantum computation (TQC). I sketched the first TGD based vision about DNA as a TQCer for about 13 years ago. In particular, a model of the system consisting of DNA and nuclear/cell membrane system acting as a TQCer was discussed.

TGD has evolved a lot after this and there are several motivations for seeing what comes out from combining the recent view about quantum TGD and TGD inspired quantum biology with this model.

1. There is a rather detailed view about the role of dark matter as phases of ordinary matter with the effective Planck constant h_eff=nh₀. Large values of h_eff allow to overcome the problems due to the loss of quantum coherence.

   This leads to the notion of the dark DNA (DDNA), whose codons are realized as dark proton triplets and proposed to accompany the ordinary DNA. Also dark photon triplets are predicted and one ends up to a model of communications and control based on dark cyclotron resonance in which codons serve as addresses and modulation of the signal frequency scale codes the signal to a sequence of pulses. Nerve pulses could be one application.

2. Quite recently, also the understanding of the possible role of quantum gravitation in biochemistry, metabolism, bio-catalysis, and in the function of DNA has considerably increased. The gravitational variants of hydrogen bonds and valence bonds between metal ions having very large value of h_eff= h_gr, where h_gr=GMm/v₀ is the gravitational Planck constant originally introduced by Nottale, are in a key role in the model and explain metabolic energy quantum as gravitational energy liberated when dark protons "drops" from a very long gravitational flux tube in the transition h_gr → h. Also electronic metabolic energy quantum is predicted and there is empirical support for this.
3. A further motivation comes from the number theoretic vision of quantum TGD. Galois groups as symmetry groups represent new physics and the natural questions are whether Galois groups could give rise to number theoretic variants of anyons and what could the TGD counterparts of the condensed matter (effective) Majorana electrons proposed by Kitaev as anyon like states?

   The answer is that quantum superpositions of symmetric hydrogen bonded structures of form X..H-H+X-H...X are excellent candidates for the seats of dark (h_eff>nh₀>h) bi-localized electrons defining TGD analogs of condensed matter Majorana electrons.

   The Galois groups permute the roots of a polynomial, which determines a space-time region by M⁸-H duality. The roots correspond to mass squared values, in general algebraic numbers, and thus to mass hyperboloids in M⁴_c⊂ M⁸_c. The H images correspond to 3-hyperboloids with a constant value a=a_n of light-cone proper time. Therefore the Galois group can permute points with time-like separation. Note however that the real or rational parts of two values of a can be same.

   This looks very strange at first but actually confirms with the fact that time-like braidings defining TQC correspond in TGD time-like braidings (involving also reconnections) of string like objects defining string world sheets, which are not now time evolutions of space-like entities as physical state but correspond to time-like entities defining boundary data necessary for fixing holography completely. Their presence is forced by the small failure of the determinism of the action principle involved and is completely analogous to the non-determinism for soap films with frames serving as seats for the failure of determinism.

4. Braidings appear therefore at the level of fundamental TGD and correspond to string world sheets. They are possible only in 4-D space-time but not in string models.

   Also TQC-like processes appear automatically at the level of fundamental physics. In particular, the number theoretical state function reduction cascade for the Galois group following the time evolution induced by braiding can be regarded as a generalization of a decomposition of integers to primes: now primes are replaced by simple groups defining primes for finite groups. Nature is doing number theory!

5. Also zero energy ontology (ZEO) brings in new elements. The change of the arrow of time in "big" state function reductions (BSFRs) implies that dissipation with a reversed arrow of time provides an automatic error correction procedure. Also TQC in which the arrow of time varies for sub-modules, can be considered.

See the article Quantum Gravitation and Topological Quantum Computation or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD. 


TGD based solution of the satellite plane anomaly

The satellite galaxies of larger galaxies tend to move in a plane around the host as described in the review article of Pawlovski whereas the ΛCDM predicts that the orbits are more or less random. The article gives illustrations showing the concentration around the planes for the Milky Way, Andromeda, and Centaurian. The plane of satellites is approximately orthogonal to the plane of the host galaxy in all cases.

Quite generally, ΛCDM fails on short scales. The success in long scales is understandable in the TGD framework since the approximation of the mass density of cosmic strings by a continuous mass density is good in long scales.

Why planar orbits are preferred?

TGD predicts (see this , this , and this) a fractal network of very massive long cosmic strings which can locally thicken to flux tubes: this thickening involves transformation of dark energy and possible dark matter of cosmic string to ordinary matter giving rise to galaxies and other structures. Also stars would have thickened flux tube tangles inside themselves. The model finds support from the observation that galaxies form long strings as found decades ago (Zeldowich was one of the discoverers).

The TGD based model predicts the formation of planes in which objects in various scales move. The prediction is fractal: this applies to planets around stars, stars around galaxies, satellite galaxies around larger galaxies,....

This model explains the satellite plane anomaly and also the earlier anomalies if the galaxies are associated with the long "cosmic strings" predicted by TGD (see this). They create a strong gravitational potential giving rise to a radial force in the plane orthogonal to the cosmic string. The motion along the string is free whereas the planar motion is rotation. The velocity spectrum is flat as required by the flatness of the galactic velocity spectrum. In the simplest model cosmic string is the carrier of galactic dark matter and dark energy. No dark matter halo and no exotic dark matter particles are needed.

Helical orbits are the most general orbits. If a concentration of matter occurs to a plane, it tends to catch objects moving freely in the direction of string to its vertical gravitational field and planar sheets such planetary systems, spiral galaxies, and the planar systems formed by satellite galaxies can form.

The first guess is that the satellite galaxies move in the plane of the host galaxy. The plane is however approximately orthogonal to the plane of the host in the 3 cases illustrated in the review article of Pavlowski.

1. I have proposed that the intersections of nearly orthogonal cosmic strings could induce the thickening to flux tubes and transformation of the dark energy of flux tubes to ordinary matter starting to rotate in the planes defined by the intersecting cosmic string.
2. These intersections are unavoidable for strings like objects in 4-D space-time and would occur at discrete points. In the collision of cosmic strings, these points would define the nucleus of the host galaxy, say the Milky Way. The satellite galaxies would be assignable to the plane defined by the second colliding cosmic string, which would take the role of stars in the plane of the host galaxy.

   The colling cosmic strings would be in a very asymmetric position. Why this asymmetry? Could the satellites correspond to circular pieces of cosmic string generated in the collision by reconnections (note the analogy with reconnections of magnetic flux tubes of solar wind occurring during auroras) and generating the matter of the satellite.

   Why only the second cosmic string would have satellites around it? For two separate cosmic strings it is difficult to understand why reconnection would form loops. This process is natural for the two antiparallel strands of a closed U-shaped loop. Cosmic strings indeed form loops.

This model involves two strings. One can also consider a single cosmic string.

1. Cosmic strings are closed in a large enough scale, and the model for quantum biology encourages to consider U-shaped cosmic strings for which the parallel string portions carry opposite magnetic fluxes and can naturally reconnect. The flux tube could self-reconnect and generate loops, possibly assignable to the satellite galaxies. The reconnection process would be fundamental in TGD inspired quantum biology (see for instance \cite{btart/alleledominance}).
2. In the reconnection of the strands carrying opposite magnetic flux would form a section S orthogonal to the long part L of the U-shaped string. Could one assign the host galaxy with L and the satellite galaxies to S? L and S would define nearly orthogonal planes and the satellite galaxies could form around loops created from L by a repeated reconnection and they would rotate around the host in the plane defined by S.

Is there something that could define galactic planes?

One can wonder whether there is something, which serves as a seed for the concentration of stars around a selected plane, perhaps associated with the boundary of a cell of the honeycomb structure. The collision of two cosmic strings would naturally define two planes of this kind. In the case of a single U-shaped closed string, which looks a more promising option, there is no obvious identification of the plane orthogonal to this object.

1. In the TGD Universe, space-time is a 4-surface in H=M⁴× CP₂ and also membrane like entities are predicted as 4-D minimal surfaces of H having lower-D singularities analogous to the frames of a soap film minimal surface property (and simultaneous extermality with respect to Kähler action) fail but the field equations for the entire action involving volume term and Kähler action are satisfied at the singularities.
2. One can also consider 3-D singularities, which form a tessellation of H³ at a given moment of cosmic time a and assign it with the honeycomb of large voids. The frame would be a tessellation. The quantization of cosmic redshifts in a given direction, discussed from the TGD viewpoint n here, could be seen as evidence for cosmic tessellations having astrophysical objects at their nodes.

   The boundaries of the large cosmic voids form a honeycomb structure and could correspond to a tessellation of H³. The long U-shaped cosmic strings would be associated with the boundaries of the cells of the honeycomb and perhaps even form a 2-D lattice like structure.

3. The objects M¹× X²× S¹, where M^{1 is time axis, X2 is a piece of plane of E2, and S1 is a geodesic sphere of CP₂, define very simple minimal surfaces carrying no induced Kähler field. The objects X2× S1 could accompany the boundaries of the honeycomb cells. Universe could be populated by these membrane-like objects. Cell membrane is one important example.}
4. Planar or approximately planar objects orthogonal to the cosmic string could tend to gather the matter flowing along helical orbits along the cosmic string. These planes would accompany planetary, galactic, etc... planes and the honeycomb structure could be also seen as a fractal analog of a multicellular structure.
5. Warped planes represent slightly more complex minimal surfaces with 3-D M⁴ projection (a thin metal foil or sheet of paper gets warped) for which the plane is deformed but still flat minimal surface. I am not sure whether the "warping" \cite{bcast{warping (see this) of the outer regions of galactic planes, which has received attention recently (see this" and this") but has been detected already 1956, is really really warping that is vertical deformation, which depends only single coordinate varying along a straight line (a 2-D plane wave of membrane).

See the article A solution of two galactic anomalies in the TGD framework or the chapter Cosmic string model for the formation of galaxies and stars.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

10 times too high amount of He-4 in atmosphere as evidence for cold fusion

I learned an interesting piece of fact related to nuclear physics anomalies. It has been found that the amount of ³He in the Earths' atmosphere is ten times higher than expected.

The result is not deduced by measuring the amount ³He but that of ⁴He. The amount of the latter is too high and since ⁴He produces ³He, the amount of ³He must be higher than normal if we believe in standard nuclear physics.

The first report by Fleischmann and Pons about "cold fusion" was the claim that ⁴He is produced by fusion of two deuterium nuclei. "Cold fusion" was labelled as pseudoscience first but now it has been accepted as a real science and cold fusion researchers are not regarded as science criminals anymore.

Could this extra ⁴He be produced by "cold fusion"? No extra ³He, not produced in "cold fusion", would be needed.

The TGD based model for cold fusion (see this, this, and this) relies on the notion of dark nuclei and one of the basic predictions is that heavier nuclei can be produced outside stellar cores at much lower temperatures than in the Sun. In the TGD framework, prestellar evolution would start by "cold fusion" and would lead eventually to such a high temperature that ordinary fusion would start.

"Cold fusion" solves many problems of the standard nuclear physics based view. For instance, the production of nuclei heavier and iron is poorly understood: the hypothesis that Supernovae might have produced them remains unproven. Also the abundances of many light nuclei, such as Lithium, are poorly understood. Also the model for solar fusion has an anomaly discovered a few years ago. There is also evidence that living matter produces nuclei such as Calcium by some unknown mechanism.

See the article Cold fusion again or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

DMT experiences and hyperbolic geometry

I received a link to a highly inspiring talk about a modelling of DMT induced experiences in terms of 2-D and more generally 3-D hyperbolic geometry. The title of the talk was "DMT and Hyperbolic Geometry". The talk was by a person using the name "Algekalipso" and I understand that the person in question is Andres Gomez Emilsson. The organization in question is a non-profit organization known as Qualia Research Institute. There is also article with essentially the same content.

1. Can one characterize DMT experiences by using temperature like parameters?

The question posed in the beginning of the talk was whether there could exist parameters analogous to temperature allowing a general qualitative understanding of the nature of the DMT and more general psychedelic experiences. The proposal was that the DMT experience could be characterized by two parameters.

1. The first parameter characterizes how "hyperbolic" the visual field is and is identifiable as the curvature of the hyperbolic space. The idea is that during a DMT trip the experienced 3-space is not Euclidean but hyperbolic. This kind of geometry has been proposed as an effective statistical geometry of the brain in which functionally similar neurons distant from each other are close to each other.

   In the TGD framework, this effective geometry could correspond to a real hyperbolic geometry of 3-D hyperbolic space playing a key role in TGD and assignable naturally to the magnetic body (MB) (see this). What would be experienced would be the projection of objects of H³ to the usual Euclidean space E³.

   In the TGD framework, space-times are minimal surfaces apart from singularities analogous to frames of soap films and their basic aspect is local saddle point property possessed also by hyperbolic spaces (see this). Maybe DMT experiences make it possible to visually perceive 3-surfaces as objects in H³. Also the usual vision also corresponds to hyperbolic vision but with a small value of the H³ curvature.

2. The second parameter would characterize the complexity of the experience and could in the TGD framework correspond to algebraic complexity associated with the extension of rationals assignable to a given space-time region (see this and this).

   The value h_eff=nh₀ of the effective Planck constant, which can be larger than h, would correspond to the dimension n of the extension of rationals and serve as a universal IQ. Dark matter would correspond to phases of ordinary matter with h_eff ≠ h.

   As the IQ increases, the experience transforms from simple to complex and eventually chaotic since the experiencer is not able to make sense of it. Under some assumptions this would relate to the formation of Julia set type fractals (see this).

2. About hyperbolic spaces

First some mathematical background.

1. Hyperbolic 3-space H³ is a generalization of 1-D hyperbola of 2-D space-time as a curve defined by condition t²-x²= a² but with its metric being induced from the 2-D Minkowski metric ds²= dt²-dx² . By performing all possible rotations of this 1-D hyperbola one obtains H³.
2. In particle physics H³ corresponds to mass shell E²-p²= m² and in cosmology to cosmic time identifiable as a²=t^r-r² in M⁴ ⊂ M⁴× CP₂. a defines Lorentz invariant cosmic time and is therefore analogous to absolute time invariant under Lorentz boosts which do not affect the tip of the light-cone. It is not invariant under translations however.

   In the TGD framework H³ has a central role and plays a key role also in the model of the brain involving the notion of magnetic body (MB). One could say that cognitive and sensory representations are realized at the intersection of MB with H³.

3. The value of cosmic time a characterizes the curvature of H³. The curvature is proportional to 1/a² and the smaller the value of a, the larger the curvature and "hyperbolicity". As a decreases, one approaches the analog of the Big Bang with infinite curvature. As a increases, one approaches flat E³ in an infinite future. Cosmic evolution proceeds from the Big Bang to the future whereas DMT trip would be a travel towards the moment of Big Bang. One can of course ask whether trips could also be in the opposite time direction.
4. The lecture (see also the written version) contains a nice description of hyperbolic geometry. In particular, the volume of a ball in H³ increases exponentially as a function of its radius and this means that H³ has a lot of volume. This might be very relevant for memory storage. This can be easily understood from the visualization in terms of real hyperboloid.
5. The counterpart of plane E² of E³ in H³ is 2-D hyperbolic space H² and Poincare sphere gives a good view about what the projections of the tesselations of H² look like when projected to E². The radial size for the basic unit of tessellations decreases with the distance from the origin whereas the region around the origin looks like E².
6. The hyperbolic geometry H² embedded locally in E³ has the saddle property meaning that in one direction the observer is at the bottom of the valley and in another direction at the top of the hill. This property has analog also at the level of abstract geometry: geodesic lines diverge very rapidly since the curvature scalar is negative: for spheres they converge.
7. By their negative curvature, H³ and H² allow tessellations (analogs of lattices in E³ and E²) which are not possible in E³. For instance. 7-polygons are possible. The number of tessellations is infinite whereas in E² only 17 wall papers are possible.
8. Hyperbolic analogs of plants are mentioned as fractals.

3. A possible interpretation of DMT experiences

DMT experiences could reflect both the relationship between the geometries of hyperbolic 3-space and Euclidian 3-space represented as 3-surfaces of Minkowski space and the algebraic complexity assignable to the tesselations of H³.

3.1 DMT trip as travel backwards in cosmic time

It was already mentioned that the proper time parameter a and algebraic complexity characterized by extension of rationals could characterize DMT experience. The increased complexity in turn means approach to apparent chaos since it is not possible to comprehend too high complexity. The following description is what I understood from the representation of Emilsson. I have not personally made DMT trips except spontaneously decades ago. This experience was so impressive that I got a passion to understand conscious experience from a quantum physics point of view.

1. For small DMT does, the visual experiences correspond to patterns in plane E² ⊂ E³, which can be regarded as plane H²⊂ H³ for large value of a and thus small curvature.

   The 17 lattices of E², called wallpapers, serve as a background for the visual field. As if one would be perceiving two different worlds simultaneously. The lattices can be dynamical and pulsate. This kind of experience was part of the "Great Experience" decades ago.

2. As the DMT dose increases, the value of a decreases and one moves towards the Big Bang, so to say. In TGD and TGD inspired theory of consciousness, causal diamonds (CDs), identified as intersections of future and past directed light-cones, could be called correlates of perceptive fields. CD is analogous to a Big Bang followed by a Big crunch. The CDs form a fractal hierarchy.

   The visual field becomes more and more hyperbolic. What we would see is the projection of the patterns of H²_a⊂ H³_a⊂ M⁴₊ to E²_t⊂ E³_t⊂ M⁴₊, where a is cosmic time and t is the linear Minkowski time.

3. At the next step the 2-D patterns in H³ are replaced by patterns in H³ as hyperbolic analogous of curved surfaces in E³ and one can say that the dimension of the visual field becomes 3.
4. In TGD Universe space-time surfaces are minimal surfaces (see this) and analogous to 4-D soap films spanned by frames appearing as singularities where minimal surface property and also the determinism of field equations fail so that the frames are space-time correlates as seats of non-determinism. The saddle property of minimal surface could explain the appearance of the "hyperbolic plants" which Emilsson lists as part of DMT experience.

Do we really see a hyperbolic world or does the visual perception reflect only the statistical geometry of the brain? The TGD proposal is that these two views reflect real space-time surfaces. One can of course argue that since conscious experience itself is associated with quantum jumps in the TGD framework so that the experience is about becoming rather than about being in the physical sense.

3.2. Algebraic complexity of the experience as a second parameter

The second parameter discussed in the talk was meant to characterize what was called valence as a measure for the degree of "bliss" of the experience. TGD counterpart would be algebraic complexity associated with the extension of rationals defined by the polynomial defining the space-time region. The value of h_eff/h₀=n as dimension of extension would serve as the parameter . For large values of n the situation becomes too complex to comprehend or remember and the bliss is lost.

In the TGD framework more complex systems can be engineered as functional composites of polynomials and this leads to the increase of h_eff. One can interpret this also as a construction of many-particle states with each polynomial, which represents a particle-like entity (see this and this). When a fixed polynomial is iterated functionally, one obtains a fractal known as Julia set so that the connection with fractals is quite concrete (see this).

To sum up, the reports of Emilsson suggest a very concrete connection between DMT experience and TGD based views of space-time and number theoretical vision about quantum theory explaining dark matter as h_eff=nh₀ phases. DMT perception would be perceptions of both ordinary and dark matter simultaneously.

4. Possible implications for the interpretation of TGD

The proposed picture involving in an essential manner both H³ and E³ suggests some quite non-trivial implications concerning the physical interpretation of TGD.

4.1 H³ is ideal for information storage and holography

The hyperbolic radial distance r_H in H³ from origin is given by r_H= a arsinh(r_E/a) ≈ a log(r_E/a), where r_E is the Euclidean distance in E³. r_H depends logarithmically of r_E slowly. The area S=4π a²r² of the hyperbolic sphere of radius u projected to Euclidean sphere with r increases as function of u as S≈ 4π a²exp(2u/a). One can imbed a tree graph (say) m ranches in the node much more effectively than in the Euclidean case. One can think of the tree grapas a simple model for a neural network consisting of layers such that n:th layer has mⁿ nodes for

If a given node requires fixed area Δ S, the solid angle Δ Ω required by a node decreases as 1/r² whereas in E³ it remains constant, the number of these areas at sphere increases as S/Δ S= 4π exp(2u/a)/Δ S. In the Euclidean case it increases as S/ΔS= 4π r²/Δ S. This means that the geometric information storage capacity ofH³ is exponentially larger. Therefore the idea that the 3 surfaces associated with H³_a could serve as information storage is very attractive.

4.2 H³ and the origin of p-adic length scale hypothesis

p-Adic prime assignable to a region of the space-time surface is identified as the largests ramified prime associated with the polynomial defining the region of the space-time surface. p-Adic length scale hypothesis states that the physical preferred p-adic primes correspond to p-adic primes p≈ m^k, where m is a small integer: m=2 is the most important case.

I have proposed that there are two scales involved. The small p-adic length scale associated with m and the exponentially larger p-adic length scale proportional to p^1/2. The origin of these scales has remained a mystery.

Could the small scales correspond to the radial scales r_H and large scales to radial scales r_E?

1. H₃ allows tessellations playing a key role in TGD framework and the size scale of the cell of the tesselation defines a natural length scale unit Δ r_H= aX, which could define the small scale and scales would be expressible in terms of this unit.
2. In E³ the natural scale would correspond to Euclidean lattices with constant cell size Δ r_E. For r_H= Δ r_H, r_E = a sinh(r_H/a) ≈ aexp(r_H/a) would give r_E ≈ aexp(nX= a m^{Δ X/log(m)}.
3. r_E=L_p= p^1/2R would give p^1/2R = am^{Δ Xlog(a)/log(m)}. p-Adic length scale hypothesis p≈ m^k requires X= klog(m)/2log(a/R).

   Note that there would be a logarithmic dependence of the p-adic length scale on the a, which would have an interpretation as a renormalization of the p-adic length- and mass scales.

See the article DMT experience and hyperbolic geometry or the chapter Magnetic Sensory Canvas Hypothesis.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

Delayed luminescence for microtubules, quantum gravitation, and the mechanism of anesthesia

Jack Tuszynksi has reported very interesting findings in Science of Consciousness 2022 (see this). The findings are described in a popular article (see this).

A delayed luminescence in microtubules (MTs) irradiated by laser light has been observed. This can be seen as a support for the presence of quantum coherence at least in the scale of MTs. Also it was found that the application of anesthetics (such as noble gas Xenon expected to have very weak chemical effects) shortens the delay time. This suggests the reduction of quantum coherence by anesthetics so that quantum coherence in long scales should be crucial for consciousness. One of the challenges is to understand the reason for the reduction of quantum coherence.

Delayed luminescence has been associated with bio-photons a long time ago and DNA is proposed to serve as the seat of the delayed luminescence. In particular, the group led by Tuszynski has studied (see this) the emission of mitochondrial biophotons and their effect on electrical activity of the membrane via MTs. A TGD based view of biophotons as decay products of dark photons is discussed in (see this and this) .

To my opinion, the findings represented by Tuszynksi provide support for quantum consciousness but not specifically for Orch-OR, which still remains a rather poorly defined approach since the statement that Planck scale quantum gravity effects are crucial for consciousness has no concrete content.

In the TGD based view of cell and neuronal membrane, nerve pulse and EEG magnetic body magnetic body (MB) plays a key role.

1. MB has several layers labelled by effective Planck constant h_eff and the gravitational magnetic body with gigantic value of h_eff=h_gr=GMm/v₀ corresponds to the longest scale of quantum coherence and would perform higher level control by controlling metabolism.

   h_eff=nh₀ is a purely number theoretical notion - n is the dimension of the extension of rationals assignable to the space-time region determined basically by a polynomial of a real variable - and emerges in TGD based vision about cognition involving what I call adelic physics (see this and this).

2. MB has a long range coherence and uses the biological body as a sensory receptor and motor instrument. Gravitational MB has a huge value of ℏ_eff= ℏ_gr= GMm/v₀: ℏ_gr is the gravitational Planck constant introduced originally by Nottale. MB is responsible for quantum control in very long scales. Quantum gravitation would be involved but in a very different sense than in the Orch-OR approach, where Planck scale dynamics is assumed.

   In this view, cell membranes act as Josephson junctions and communicate sensory input to the magnetic body (MB) of the system as dark Josephson radiation. MB in turn controls the cell by dark cyclotron radiation produced as pulses as MB receives frequency modulated Josephson radiation resonantly.

3. The TGD based interpretation of findings of Tuszynski would be that the laser beam serves as a metabolic energy feed increasing the value of h_eff and therefore the scale of quantum coherence. One can say that this metabolic energy feed creates or wakes up an analog of a conscious living organism: now at the level of microtubular MB. As it "dies" in "big" state function reduction (BSFR) involving the reduction of h_eff to a smaller value, not necessarily the normal value h_eff=h, the loaded metabolic energy is liberated.

   This would not apply only to MTs but quite generally. For instance, biophoton emission from cut leaves, would represent a similar decay process. Biophotons would be ordinary photons resulting as decay products of dark photon BE condensates and dark photons emitted with cyclotron Bose-Einstein condensates decay.

I have quite recently developed a rather detailed TGD inspired view of the role of quantum gravitation in metabolism. One can say that quantum gravitation distinguishes between chemistry and biochemistry. Quantum gravitation would play a key role in metabolism, biocatalysis, and in the TGD based view about DNA. This view and some of its latest applications are discussed here.

1. Gravitational MBs of Earth and Sun, which consist of very long loop-like flux tubes characterized by ℏ_gr, explain the findings of Blackman and others, are of special interest and assumed to play a key role in metabolism.
2. Gravitationally dark protons would be associated with very long gravitationally dark hydrogen bonds (HBs) so that hydrogen is effectively negatively ionized.

   Gravitationally dark electrons or their Cooper pairs would in turn accompany gravitationally dark valence bonds (VBs) connecting metal atoms or their Cooper pairs with molecules of opposite valence (hydrogen peroxide H₂O₂). Also the metal atom is effectively ionized. This provides a more accurate view of dark metal ions assumed to play a central role in the TGD inspired quantum biology.

3. The ordinary hydrogen-/valence bond reconnects with a pre-existing very long flattened square type closed gravitational flux tube and becomes a very long gravitational bond and the proton/electron Cooper pair is delocalized to the gravitational flux tube.
4. The delocalization at the very long gravitational flux tube having size scale of Earth implies that the proton/electron or electron Cooper pair does not contribute to the effective charge of an electronegative atom having gravitational HB with the hydrogen of water molecule. Therefore the hydrogen/metal atom looks like a negative/positive ion in short scales. Negatively charged phosphates associated with DNA nucleotides would be only effectively negatively charged. In the case of salts, metallic atoms form a dark salt with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) molecule and one has effectively a positive doubly charged e ion or Cooper pair of singly charged ions.
5. The formation of dark gravitational HB requires metabolic energy feed since it reduces the gravitational potential energy. Solar radiation provides this energy in photosynthesis. The reduction of dark gravitational HB to ordinary HB in turn liberates this energy. Thus the flux tubes of the dark gravitational MB serve as metabolic energy storages. A new form of metabolism associated with dark electron Cooper pairs. As a matter of fact, triplets of dark protons are required to get a value .55 eV of metabolic energy quantum. In the same manner triplets of dark electron Cooper pairs are required to get an electronic metabolic energy quantum of .55 mV. The model poses strong constraints on the values of gravitational potentials and radii of the astrophysical objects involved. Amazingly, Earth and the moon of Jupier known as Europa satisfy these constraints.
6. The delocalization mechanism also allows effective charge densities in short scales and could have dramatic implications for the model of nerve pulse. The nerve pulse need not correspond to a generation of ohmic currents through the membrane but to effective ionization or its reverse process due to the transformation of hydrogen and valence bonds to dark gravitational bonds.

   MTs could play an important role since they involve GTPs as analogs of ATPs and are thus involved with metabolism. The conduction of nerve pulse in the sense of the Hodgkin-Huxley model through myelinated sections of axons is very difficult to understand. The new view would allow the shortening and lengthening of MTs to change the effective charge density of MTs so that membrane potential would change and nerve pulse conduction in the TGD sense would be possible.

How could one understand the effect of anesthetics? I have considered this problem earlier. First one should try to understand how the critical dynamics of MTs relates to nerve pulse conduction inside myelinated regions of the axon.

1. Certainly the membrane potential should become hyperpolarized to prevent nerve pulse conduction so that consciousness would be lost. This requires that the effective charge densities inside and outside neural and axonal membranes are changed. Usually this would require flow of charge through the cell membrane. In the TGD framework it could be enough that the effective charge inside the axonal interior becomes less negative to create an effective nerve pulse.
2. If the anesthetic induces the transformation of gravitationally dark HBs (VBs) to ordinary ones in the interior of the axon, the effective charge of the axon becomes more (less) negative and the axonal potential becomes more (less) negative. MTs have GTPs near their ends and GDPs in the intermediate region. Negative charges of GTPs and GDPs would naturally correspond to gravitational HBs.

   The variation of MT lengths involves a transformation of GTPs to GDPs and vice versa. This would change the effective charge density of the MTs and affect the membrane potential. If gravitational HBs become ordinary, metabolic energy is liberated and vice versa. Hyperpolarization would require a generation of reconnections and a local change of the MT lengths.

   The variation of the lengths of axonal MTs would induce effective negative charge near the growing end of MT. Could the moving depolarization front of the axonal membrane correspond to an increasing GDP region of an axonal MT?

   Note: Also the transformation of metallic valence bonds to their dark variants and vice versa could control the membrane potential. Ca^{++ waves would result in cell interior when valence electron pairs of Ca atoms or their salts become gravitationally dark. This would make the axonal interior more negative.}

How the presence of noble gas having very weak chemical interactions could affect the nerve pulse conduction inside the axon?

1. Could the anesthetic freeze the dynamics of MTs so that nerve pulse conduction would become impossible? The presence of an anesthetic should make the axonal interior more negative and induce hyperpolarization.

   Could the presence of the anesthetic stabilize the MT by minimizing the length of its GDP region? Somehow the growth of MT should be prevented means addition of tubulins and GTPs. This is achieved if the density of tubulin-GTP pairs in axonal water is reduced. The generation of GTP from GDP requires a formation of gravitational HBs from ordinary HBs. The density of ordinary HBs should be reduced.

2. Could the presence of the anesthetic reduce the density of ordinary HBs in the axonal water? HBs are associated with water clusters. Could the presence of anesthetic in the lipid layer reduce the rate for the generation of water clusters and therefore HBs in the axonal water?

   In the TGD inspired theory consciousness, the MBs of water clusters can be seen as correlates for mental images of water as a conscious entity (see this and this). The level of consciousness for water would be reduced. Water would be anesthetized and this would freeze the MTs in turn freezing the axonal membrane.

3. Meyer and Overton observed that the potency of anaesthetic agents correlates with their lipid solubility. Anesthetics also seem to affect specific ion channels and receptors. One can argue that if the anesthetic is solvable to lipids, it can enter also inside the axon and somehow reduce the density of HBs assignable to the water molecule clusters accompanied by gravitational MBs. The effective charge of the axonal interior would become more negative and induce a hyperpolarization if the exterior is not affected.
4. How could anesthetics anesthetize water? A hint comes from the Pollack effect (see this. The exclusion zones discovered by Pollack are negatively charged regions at the interfaces of hydrophilic surfaces. The TGD based interpretation could be that part of protons become dark protons at gravitational HBs. It is known that anesthetics diminish the amount of EZ water (see this).
5. How could anesthetics prevent the formation of EZs and thus of gravitational HBs? A metabolic energy feed is needed in Pollack effect and is by photons as also the delayed luminescence for MTs demonstrates. How could the feed of photons needed to produce EZs be prevented by anesthetics? Energy is feeded in resonance. Could the presence of anesthetic change the energy needed to transform HB to dark gravitational MB so that the resonance condition would not be satisfied.

For backgroud see the article Quantum gravitation and quantum biology in TGD Universe or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

Jupiter's Moon Europa as a candidate for a seat of life

Jupiter's moon Europa is one of the most promising candidates for a seat of life since it contains water in the form of ice. Is quantum gravitational metabolism based on the solar and Jovian gravitational fields consistent with Earth-like metabolism?

For the Jupiter's gravitational field, the gravitational potential energy at the surface of Europa is V_gr=GM_Jm/R_Eu and defines the maximal value Δ E_max of the metabolic energy quantum for a flux loop defining dark gravitational HB oriented radially outwards along A line connecting Europa and Jupiter. The mean distance d_Eu from Jupiter is d_Eu= 105.3× R_E to be compared with the radius R_J=10.97 R_E of Jupiter. The mass of Jupiter is M_J= 317.8M_E. This gives Δ E_max,Eu/Δ E_max,E=V_gr,J/V_gr,E= (M_J/M_E) × (R_E/d_Eu)≈ 3.0.

For a single gravitationally dark proton, the maximal metabolic energy gain would be .99 eV, which is twice the metabolic energy quantum. Standard metabolic energy quantum .5 eV corresponds to a radially oriented loop with height h=d_Eu. If a proton triplet defines the metabolic energy quantum, one would have h=(1/5)R_Eu.

Solar radiation should provide the metabolic energy. The average distance d_J of Jupiter from Sun varies between 5.0AU and 5.4AU so that the gravitational metabolic energy quantum has upper bound Δ E_gr,Sun,J \leq Δ E_gr,Sun,E/5≈ .5 eV, which corresponds to metabolic energy quantum. Photosphere produces IR radiation with energies in the range .4-.6 eV. Therefore Europa seems to satisfy the conditions from quantum gravitational metabolism.

See the article Quantum gravitation and quantum biology in TGD Universe or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

Gravitational fields of Earth and Sun and metabolism

The notion of magnetic body (MB) is central in the TGD inspired quantum biology. There are MBs assignable to electromagnetic and gravitational interactions and even color and electroweak interactions. A considerable progress in the understanding of the role of gravitational MB in metabolism has occurred and I hope that the following summary is reasonably near to the "final" one.

Gravitational magnetic body as a controlling agent and the prediction of two metabolic energy quanta

In the TGD framework magnetic body (MB) would serve as the controlling agent receiving sensory information as a frequency modulated dark Josephson radiation and controlling the cell by using dark cyclotron radiation coming as pulses corresponding to resonant receival of Josephson radiation.

The large value of h_eff=h_gr=GMm/v₀ (see this) implies that the dark cyclotron radiation in the EEG range would correspond to visible and UV energies.

The intuitive notion is that MB consists of U-shaped monopole flux tubes extending from the system considered and serving as kinds of tentacles. These flux tubes for two systems can reconnectand form a pair of flux tubes connecting the system if the cyclotron frequencies of the tubes are the same so that cyclotron resonance becomes possible.

In (see this), the question of what the notion of gravitational MB does mean, was considered.

1. The dark flux tube would be gravitational with h_eff=h_gr. Gravitational flux tubes have lengths, which can be of the order of Earth size scale and the radii of gravitational Bohr orbits define a natural scale form them.
2. The elongated gravitational flux tubes could correspond to either hydrogen bonds (HBs) or valence bonds (VBs). The loop-like bond could connect nearby atoms just like the ordinary bond. The delocalization of the charge to the flux tube leads to an effectively ionized donor atom.
3. All values of h_eff are possible. For electromagnetic flux tubes the values of h_eff/h are not very large. This picture leads to a view about hydrogen and VBs as bonds having h_eff/h>1 (see this). Also gravitational variants of hydrogen and VBs are possible. In this case, the proton or electron would be vertically delocalized in the Earth scale so that the donor atom would be effectively ionized. For instance, a phosphate ion could be an effective ion having a gravitational hydrogen bond with the hydrogen of a water molecule.
4. A gravitational valence bond, connecting a metal atom with an atom with an opposite valence, would lead to effective ionization of the metal atom. For instance, biologically important bosonic ions such as Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺, Fe⁺⁺ and Zn⁺⁺ associated with their oxides could correspond to effective ions like this.

   The signature would be a pairing with a neutral oxygen atom by a gravitational valence bond. I have introduced the notion of dark ion to explain the findings of Blackman and others and dark ion could correspond to this kind of pair. Note that the original variant of the model assumed that the entire ion is dark, the later version assumed that the valence electron of free atom is dark, and the model considered here assumes that darkness is a property of bond.

5. The effective ionization requires energy Δ E to compensate the increment of the gravitational potential energy given by Δ E_gr=(≤ V_gr(R)> -V_gr(R_E)). Here E_gr(R) is gravitational potential energy proton or electron, and R_E denotes the radius of Earth, and R is the distance of the point of flux tube from the center of Earth.

   Classical energy conservation suggests that the value of vertical kinetic energy at the surface of Earth is equal to the increment of the gravitational potential energy at the top of the loop. From energy conservation one can estimate the metabolic energy quantum as a liberated kinetic energy in the normal direction equal to the increase of gravitational potential energy. Hence the naive guess could be correct.

6. The maximal value for Δ E_max for electron Cooper pair (dark Cooper pair is at infinite distance) corresponds to V_gr(R_E)= .36 meV to be compared with the energy scale .3 meV defined by the temperature of 3 K microwave background and to the value .4 meV of the miniature potential. This suggests that, in the case of the electron, the reduction of kinetic energy contributes more than 10 per cent to the Δ E.

   For a single dark proton one has V_gr(R_E)≈ .34 eV, which is below the nominal value of the metabolic energy currency about .5 eV.

7. The condition that the end of the vertical gravitational loop travels along a stationary orbit parallel to the plane of rotation of Earth such that the normal velocity of the dark particle vanishes at the top, implies for the tangential velocity v_T the condition v²_T=ω²R²= GM/R allowing to determine the radius of the orbit as

   R/R_E=(r_s,Ec²/2ω²)^1/3× 1/R_E ≈ 3.1 .

   The change of the gravitational potential energy in the transition to an ordinary proton would be Δ E= Δ E_gr=.68× V_gr(R_E), which would give Δ E=.18 eV. In the dark genetic codons hydrogen bonds appear as triplets. 3 dark protons would give metabolic energy quantum .55 eV. Interestingly, a translocation of 3 protons fuels synthesis of ATP!

8. For an electron Cooper pair the upper bound for the metabolic energy quantum would be Δ E_max= .33 meV, which is below the miniature potential .4 meV. For the stationary flux tubes one obtains Δ E= .17 meV. Later the evidence for the 'spikes' in fungi (see this) discovered by Adamatsky will be discussed: their amplitude is reported to be in the range .03-2.1 meV which contains Δ E.

   For an electron Cooper pair triplet one would have Δ E= .51 meV consistent with the miniature potential .4 meV. Should one take this seriously? Could also dark electron Cooper pairs organize into triplets like dark protons would do and in this manner define dark genetic code? TGD predicts that genetic code is universal: could also dark electron Cooper pairs define a dark variant of the genetic code?

   Posner molecules [(PO₄)^-3)]₆Ca⁺²₉, to be discussed in the sequel, consists of 3 [(PO₄)^-3)]₂Ca⁺²₃ acting as a basic unit. This unit could contain 3 electronic Cooper pairs with electronic metabolic energy quantum Δ E= .51 meV. In principle, Cooper pairs can have spin 1 or spin state giving 4 states altogether. Could these states define letters of a dark genetic codon so that the basic unit would define a genetic codon and Posner molecule could correspond to a triplet of genetic codons?

   The TGD view about formation of bound states as Galois singlets (see this) allows us to consider this possibility. For an extension of extensions of ... the Galois group would decompose to a hierarchy of Galois groups actings as normal subgroups. Codons as triplets would be Z₃ singlets in both the ordinary and the electronic genetic code. Genes would correspond to larger Galois groups decomposing to normal subgroups. Codon doublets of DNA double strands would be Z₂ singlets and triplets of triplets of Posner molecules would be Z₃ singlets.

9. A proper treatment of the situation would require Schrödinger equation for the dark particle at the flux loop. The situation is analogous to a quantum model of the fountain effect of super-fluidity discussed in (see this) in a situation when the gravitational potential can be linearized (WKB approximation).

   One can consider Schödinger equation for h_gr idealizing the loop with a 1-D box with gravitational potential GMm/r. The Schrödinger equation reduces in dimensionless variable u= (m/ℏ_gr)z=2β₀ (z/r_s), r_s= 2GM to

   (-∂_u²/2 -β₀/u)Ψ= (E/m)Ψ== ε Ψ .

   A possible condition is that the vertical derivative ∂_zΨ vanishes at the top of the loop. The metabolic energy quantum equals (GM/R_E- ε(v))m and is quantized. The height of the loop could be quantized using the condition that the loop end is stationary with respect to Earth.

If this speculative picture makes sense, quantum gravitation would play a key role in metabolism and genetic code.

1. The transformation of electrons and protons between ordinary and gravitationally dark states would be a key process of metabolism and biocatalysis. This conforms with the fact that proton and electron exchanges play a key role in biology. For instance, phosphorylation means that the receiving molecule gains phosphate, which can form gravitationally a dark hydrogen bond so that the system becomes metabolically active. This would correspond to the activation in bio-catalysis.
2. In the same way, in a redox reaction, the electron donor is oxidized and the electron receiver is reduced. Reduced molecule gains the ability to have a gravitationally dark electron, and therefore becomes metabolically active in the electronic sense. Redox reaction would be the electronic counterpart for phosphorylation.

The role of solar gravitational field in metabolism

Also the gravitational field of the Sun could be important in metabolism.

1. At the distance of 1 AU of the Earth, the counterpart of single proton metabolic energy quantum .18 eV would be 2.6 eV, which is in the visible range. For a proton triplet, the energy would be 7.8 eV and in the UV range. This quantum would be realized as a long flux tube directed away from the Sun in the plane of the Earth's orbit and orthogonal to the orbit.
2. Could the visible solar radiation kick protons to solar gravitational flux tubes and the radiation of photosphere having energy range [.4,.6] eV to the gravitational flux tubes of Earth in photosynthesis? Could the solar part of dark gravitational energy for protons be transformed to ordinary metabolic quanta in metabolism? Note that the feed of the solar radiation energy to flux tubes suggests a modification of the proposed simple model involving only gravitation.
3. This picture would be true for all Sun-like stars and for planets at the distance of Earth and supports the view that Earth-like planets for Sun-like stars are favourable for life.

Metabolic energy depends on gravitational environment

According to the proposed simple model, bio-chemistry would strongly depend on the local gravitational environment.

1. For an object with mass M and radius R, the estimated maximal gravitational metabolic energy quantum E_max is scaled up by factor is scaled up by a factor z= (M/M_E)× (R_E/R). The values of z for Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Moon are (.2,.14,.86,.04). For Venus, which is called the sister planet of Earth, z is not too far from unity.

   For the stationary orbits around an object with radius R₁, mass M₁, and rotation frequency ω₁ the ratio Δ E₁/Δ E_E of metabolic energy quantum to that for Earth satisfies the scaling formula

   Δ E₁/Δ E_E = R_E/R₁ × (1-x₁x₂x₃) ,
   x₁= (M₁/M_E)^1/3 ,
   x₂=(ω_E/ω₁)^2/3 ,
   x₃=R_E/R₁ .

2. In the case of the Moon, E_max would be by a factor z= R_E/R_Moon= .017 smaller than at the surface of Earth. The stationarity condition would require a flux tube orbit radius smaller than the Moon radius. In the case of Venus, the sidereal rotation period is -243.0 days (retrograde): also now the orbit of stationary radius would be smaller than the radius of Venus. This suggests that only the metabolism utilizing the solar gravitational field photosynthesis is possible and would be essentially the same as at the surface of Earth.

3. In the case of Mars one has ω₁/ω_E≈ 1 , M₁/M_E=.1, R₁/R_E= .533 . This gives Δ E= .24 Δ E_E, which for the proton Cooper pair would give .13 eV. Could the solar gravitational field save the space traveller in case of Moon and Mars? The largest distance from Earth is about 1.7 AU and at this distance the maximal value of the solar metabolic energy quantum is scaled down by a factor .59.

Just for fun, one can also look at the situation in Sun.

1. At the surface of the Sun, one has z≈ 3.0× 10² and the metabolic energy quantum .55 eV for dark proton triplet scales to Δ E_Sun≈ .16 keV: this is below the threshold for the nuclear fusion and below the temperature of ≈ .23 keV of the solar corona. An interesting question is whether the X-ray radiation arriving to Earth could have some, perhaps even biological, function. TGD indeed predicts that nuclei have excitations in the keV range (see this).
2. For a dark electron Cooper at solar surface, the upper bound is .08 eV. The temperature of the photosphere corresponds to photon energy of .4-.6 eV, which corresponds to the metabolic energy quantum associated with the Earth's gravitational flux tubes. Could the IR thermal radiation from the photosphere serve as a metabolic energy source?

How does this model relate to the TGD inspired model for Cambrian Explosion (see this and this)?

1. The TGD explanation for the sudden emergence of new phyla in Cambrian Explosion is that the radius of Earth doubled in CE in rather short time. If the end of flux tube moves along stationary orbit, the scaling formula gives for the metabolic energy quantum before the transition for the dark proton triplet the value Δ E_gr=.38 × Δ E_gr,max, which gives Δ E_gr=.3 eV. This is considerably smaller than .55 eV.
2. According to Stephen Gould (see the book "Wonderful life" about Burgess Shale Fauna, a large number of the phyla suddenly disappeared. Could this mean that they were not able to adapt to the transition increasing the value of the metabolic energy quantum? On the other hand, a rapid evolution started. Could this relate to the increased sizes of the protonic and electronic metabolic energy quanta? Solar metabolic energy quanta would not have changed.

Do Moon travellers survive in TGD Universe?

3 dark protons give the nominal value of metabolic quantum. If the naive estimates are taken seriously, terrestrial life might not be possible on Mars and Moon. Humans have however successfully visited the Moon and it is not clear whether the solar gravitational field comes to rescue.

Rather than giving up the idea, it is better to ask what goes wrong with the simplest model. The quasiclassical estimate assumes that the dark charge at the top and bottom of the gravitational flux tube has the same kinetic energy. If the kinetic energy at the top is higher, the value of the metabolic energy quantum increases. This inspires the question whether the reduction of the kinetic energy in the metabolic energy quantum can be neglected.

1. The simplest model for the particle at gravitational valence bond is as a particle in a box with kinetic energies given by E_n= n²ℏ_eff²/mL², L the length of the loop. If L scales like h_eff, the kinetic energy does not depend on h_eff. Therefore the scale of kinetic contribution can be estimated in a molecular length scale.
2. Could the system adapt to a reduction of the maximal gravitational potential at the surface of the Moon, Mars, or Venus by increasing the average value of n in the superposition of the standing waves having maximum at the top of the valence loop? The system would adapt by increasing the localization of the dark charge at the top of the loop. The reduction of the bond length would mean reduction of the superposition to n=0 wave so that the kinetic energy would be indeed liberated.

Dark gravitational bonds and high energy phosphate bond

How could the somewhat mysterious high energy phosphate bond (HEPB) associated with di-phospates (DP) and tri-phosphates (TP) relate to the gravitationally dark hydrogen bonds (HBs)?

1. HEPB (see this) is identified as the bond ...--O--... connecting two P atoms in ATP or ADP (see this). Hydrolysis involves also one H₂O molecule. The -O-P bond splits inducing the splitting of ATP to ADP and P₁. One cannot assign HEPBs to the monophosphates (MPs) associated with DNA so that the splitting of the O-P bond must play an essential role..
2. It is best to start by listing the facts about ATP→ ADP +P_i+2H⁺ reaction for which the Wikipedia article (see this) gives both graphical representation and the overall formula for the reaction.

   In the initial state 4 O-atoms of ATP have a visible negative charge. The simplest assumption is that all ions O^- actually correspond to gravitationally hydrogen bonded O...H pairs with a delocalized proton charge so one should use the notation O^"-". O^- would be replaced with O...H-O-H such that the HB carries a gravitationally dark proton delocalized in even astrophysical scale. The negative charge would be only effective and associated with OH^"-" rather than being a real negative charge of O^-. The same assumption is natural also for ADP and AMP. This would define the meaning of organic phosphates. In the final state both P_i and ADP have visible charge -3 to give a total visible charge -6.

   2H⁺ in the final state guarantees the conservation of the visible charge in the reaction.

3. The P(O^"-")₂ of the third phosphate transforms to an inorganic phosphate P_i. A natural interpretation is that the gravitationally dark protons become ordinary ones. This explains 2H⁺ in the final state. This reaction would liberate part of the metabolic energy.
4. One H₂O molecule is used in the reaction. The natural assumption is that one hydrogen of H₂O has a dark gravitational HB with the oxygen appearing in O-P of (O^"-"₂P=O)-O-P... so that it one has O^"-" visible charge -1. The bond ...P-O-...H becomes the effective oxygen ion of ...P-O^"-" of P_i so that P_i would not be completely inorganic. The remaining OH of the water molecule becomes one O^"-" of P of ADP. Also this reaction can liberate metabolic energy.

See the article Quantum gravitation and quantum biology in TGD Universe or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.