Wednesday, December 14, 2016

Hydrinos again

I have a habit of returning to TGD explanation of various anomalies to see whether progress in TGD could allow new insights. At this time the question about whether hydrinos might be real, served as an inspiration. This led a to consider a possible connection with cold fusion and a new TGD inspired model for hydrinos. I have discussed this topic earlier.

Randell Mills as written a book and numerous articles about hydrino concept and many of them are published in respected journals. The company of Mills has a homepage containing besides commercial side also list of the abstracts with links to the corresponding articles related to the experimental aspects of the hydrino concept giving a brief summary about what is known about hydrinos (see this).

The proposal is that hydrogen atoms allows besides the states labelled by integer n also states labelled by inverse integer 1/n. Ordinary states would have size proportional to n2 and binding energy proportional to 1/n2. Hydrino would have sizes proportional to 1/n2 and binding energies proportional to n2. There would be strange duality between binding energy and size of the orbit and it is difficult to imagine a modification of hydrogen atom making this possible. Not surprisingly, mainstream physicists do not accept the notion since it challenges the existing atomic model.

The most straightforward proof of the concept would be observation of a radiation emitted as ordinary hydrogen atom goes from ground state to hydrino state and emits radiation with energy En ≈ n2 E1, where E1 is the ground state energy E1≈ 13.6 eV. The natural limit for binding energies corresponds to n=137: in this case binding energy becomes larger than electron mass. Also more general transitions 1/n1→ 1/n2 are predicted. (see for the table of transition energies this).

These transitions are not however observed. The explanation is that they are non-radiative transitions occurring as the catalyst molecule having energy level with same energy absorbs the emitted UV photon. The proposal is that the energy from the transition 1/n→ 1/(n+1) and given by (2n+1) E1 goes to a many-particle state formed by n hydrogen atoms and is eventually liberated as a continuum EUV radiation (see this).

Skeptic can argue that if these transitions are possible, they should occur even spontaneously, and that if catalyst is indeed necessary there must be some good explanation for why this is the case. Hence the experimental support for the hypothesis is indirect and one can consider also alternative explanations.

In any case, the articles are published in refereed journals such as European Physics Journal and the claim is that energy is produced and the technology is claimed to already exist. The energy production is explained in terms of hydrino atom.

The article Mechanism of Soft X-ray Continuum Radiation from Low-Energy Pinch Discharges of Hydrogen and Ultra-low Field Ignition of Solid Fuels (see this) gives an idea about the experimental side.

The article reports EUV radiation in the wavelength range 10-20 nm (62 eV-124 eV) assigned with the transition 1/n=1/3→ 1/4 of hydrino atom for which the energy of the emitted quantum would be 94.2 eV. Emission in this wavelength range was observed for electrodes containing metal oxides favorable to undergo reduction to HOH (water) catalysts so that HOH catalyst would play a significant role. A low voltage high current was passed through a solid fuel comprising a source of H and HOH catalyst to produce explosive plasma and similar EUV radiation was detected. This kind EUV radiation cannot be explained in terms of any chemical reaction.

Is there a connection with TGD based model for cold fusion?

The experiment brings in mind the experiments of the group led by Prof. Holmlid (see the popular article and the slides of the talk by Sweinn Olaffsson related to cold fusion (or low energy nuclear reactions (LENR). This work is taken rather seriously by the community and the status of cold fusion has changed. Also in this case one considers electrolyte and water is in key role. Also Coulomb explosion producing plasma is involved and claimed to produce what is interpreted asa very dense phase of condensed matter consisting of string like structure with distance between hydrogen atoms given essentially by the Compton wavelength of electron.

  1. In TGD framework the atomic strings of Holmlid are replaced by nuclear strings (see this) and interpreted as dark nuclei with large value of heff meaning that the Compton length of proton is scaled up to that of electron by a factor about heff/h=211.

    Could the findings of Mills et al relate to the same phenomenon as the findings of Holmlid? The effective radius of the dark nucleus is 2.4× 10-12 meters. The radius of n=4 hydrino would be 3.3 × 10-12 m so that the two phenomena might have common origin.

  2. Dark nuclear binding energy is liberated as dark photons as dark protons fuse to a dark nuclear string. The naive scaling of the nuclear binding energy per nucleon would mean that it is proportional to the Compton length of nucleus and thus to h/heff=2-11. If nuclear binding energy is taken to be of order 1 MeV one has binding energy scale 500 eV, which is about 5-10 times higher than the energies in the energy range of EUV radiation. This would suggests that hydrino does not reduce to same physical effect as cold fusion. One must be however cautious and ready to challenge both the idea about low energy nuclear reactions and about hydrino atom as such.

  3. One could however consider also other values of heff/h. Assume that they come as powers of 2. If one has h/heff=2-14 the Compton length is 2.84 × 10-11 m to be compared with Bohr radius 5.3× 10-11 m. For h/heff= 2-13 the binding energy would be about 63 eV which corresponds to the lower boundary of the energy interval. In this case the size of dark nucleus would be 4 times longer than electron Compton length. Could the phase transition take in two steps or could one have quantum criticality in TGD sense meaning that phases with several values of heff are present? Or could the experiments of Mills and Holmlid differ in that Mills detects heff/h= 213 case and Holmlid heff/h= 211 case.

  4. The formation of dark proton string would give rise to emission of dark photons with nucleon binding energies of the nuclear string and its excited states formed in this manner. These dark photons are observed only if they transform to ordinary photons in the measurement volume. Their wavelength would be anomalously long - by a factor of order 213 longer than the wavelength of ordinary EUV photon in wavelength range 10-20 nm and therefore in the length scale range 80 - 160 μm assignable to living cells. The transformation to ordinary photons could be by the transition heff/h→ 1 and absorbtion by a complex of n hydrogen atoms transforming it to continuum radiation.

  5. The dark nuclei would decay eventually to ordinary nuclei and liberate ordinary nuclear binding energy. There is experimental evidence for the occurrence of this process. It is however quite possible that most of the dark nuclei leak out of the system and that the energy could be liberated in metal targets.
This if of course only a one possible model for the effect observed by Mills and TGD allows to consider also a model of hydrino based on the TGD based view about dark matter.

Hydrino as dark atom?

I have considered several models for hydrino in TGD context. One of them corresponds to a quantum group analog of Laguerre equation giving fractional spectrum for the principal quantum number n. The spectrum would be more general than that proposed by Mills since one would have n→ n/m rather than n→ 1/n.

The following considerations are inspired by the heretic proposal that hydrogen atom might not actually correspond to the smallest possible value of heff/h=n. This idea has popped into my mind repeatedly but I have dismissed it since I have felt that heff/h=n hypothesis is already enough to irritate colleagues beyond the border. The phase transition n→ n1<n scales up the binding energy spectrum by factor n/n1 and is the simplest proposal found hitherto.

The model should explain why hydrino states are generated spontaneously but require the presence of catalyst and why the photons associated to the hydrino transitions are not detected directly but only as a continuum radiation.

  1. The first guess would be that hydrino corresponds to hydrogen atom with non-standard value of Planck constant heff/h= nh. The problem is that the formal substitution h→ heff=nh× h in hydrogen atom scales down the energies by En→ En/nh2 so that they decrease instead of increasing.

    One can however make a heretic question. Does ordinary hydrogen atom really correspond to the smallest possible value of heff/h=neff with neff=1 and thus of αeff= e2/4π hbareff? Should one take this as a purely experimental question and remember also that in perturbative approach Planck constant does not appear in the scattering rates except in loop corrections. Therefore in the lowest order the value of heff could vary. In TGD loop corrections vanish by quantum criticality and coupling constant evolution is discretized and it could be difficult to detect the variation of heff.

  2. Could the ordinary hydrogen atom actually correspond to heff/h = nH>1 and therefore to αeff= αR/nH= e2R/4πhbar nH ("R" for "real") so that one would have αR= nHα? The convergence of the perturbation theory would dictate the value of nH and in only special situations smaller values of nH would be possible. This would explain why hydrogen atom does not make a spontaneous transition to the hydrino state.

    The maximal value of nH would be nH,max=137 (the binding energy becomes larger than the electron mass) implying αR≈ 1 for heff,R = h/137. For hydrino atom made possible by the presence of catalyst, the value of heff would be reduced so that the energy would be scaled up by a factor x2: x= heff,H/heff,h= nH/nh: here "h" is for "hydrino". The energy spectrum would transform as En/E1→ (nH/nh) × (En/E1) rather than En/E1 =1/n2→ n2 as in the model of Mills. The scaling would be fractional.

  3. Could this model explain why the transition to hydrino state is non-radiative? Dark photon with heff/h=nh<nH it would have shorter wave length by factor 1/nh in the range λ/nH, λ ∈ [10,20] nm and would be observed only when transformed to ordinary photon. If the photon emitted in the transition is dark it could leak out of the system, or could be absorbed by the catalyst if the catalyst has also dark hydrogen atoms with the same value of heff/h=nh. The catalyst would serve as a seed of nH→ nh phase transitions.

  4. How to understand the observed spectrum in the EUV range [10,20] nm? The transition energies for the transitions from the ground state of hydrogen atom to hydrino state would be of form

    Δ E/E1= (nH/nh)2 -1 .

    For the transitions between hydrino states with principal quantum numbers n1 and n2 one would have

    Δ E/E1=nH2[ (nh2n2)-2 -(nh1n1)-2]

    If one allows fractional values nH/nh, it is rather easy to explain the effective continuum spectrum. One can also consider the option that the transitions are such that nh is a divisor of nH and more generally nh2 divides nh1 in the transitions of hydrinos. If only the range of EUV energies spanning one octave is assumed, additional conditions follow.

    Here one must notice that single photon transition between ground states n=1 with different values of heff is not possible without spin flip for electron so that the minimum change of n for ground state transitions without spin flip is n=1→ 2. Spin flip allows also transitions n=1→ 1. The photon emitted in nH→ nh transition would define the EUV analog of hydrogen 21 cm line.

  5. The simplest option corresponds to nH=6.

    1. This option satisfies also the natural constraint that Bohr radius for nh=2 hydrino is larger than electron Compton length. There are also more complex options to consider (such as nH=12 and nH=24=16) but this option seems rather unique.

    2. Spin-non-flip transition n=1→ 2 has the energy Δ E/E1 =5E1/4 with Δ E/eV=17.0. Primary spin-flip transitions n=1 → 1 have energies Δ E/E1 ∈ [8,3] with E/eV∈ [108.8, 40.8]. Secondary spin-flip transition has energy Δ E/E1 =5 giving Δ E/eV= 60.0. Only 17 eV transition is outside the EUV energy range considered by Mills.

    3. This would however force to modify the conjecture that the imaginary parts for the zeros of Riemann Zeta correspond to the values of 1/αK assigned with electroweak U(1) hypercharge at p-adic length scales correspond to p-adic primes near prime powers of two (see this). The prediction for αR would be 1/αR=22.8. The minimal critical values of 1/αK would become 6-ples of the imaginary parts. Hydrino would correspond to a phase with an anomalously large value of 1/αK with the existence of perturbation theory possible only in special situations.

The model suggests a universal catalyst action. Among other things catalyst action requires that reacting molecule gets energy to overcome the potential barrier making reaction very slow. If an atom - say (dark) hydrogen - in catalyst suffers a phase transition to hydrino (hydrogen with smaller value of heff/h), it liberates binding energy, and if one of the reactant molecules receives it it can overcome the barrier. After the reaction the energy can be sent back and catalyst hydrino returns to the ordinary hydrogen state. The condition that the dark binding energy is above the thermal energy gives a condition on the value of heff/h=n as n≤ 32. The size scale of the dark largest allowed dark atom would be about 100 nm, 10 times the thickness of the cell membrane.

The notion of phosphate high energy bond is somewhat mysterious concept and manifests as the ability provide energy in ATP to ADP transition. There are claims that there is no such bond. I have spent considerable amount of time to ponder this problem. Could phosphate contain (dark) hydrogen atom able to go to the hydrino state (state with smaller value of heff/h) and liberate the binding energy? Could the decay ATP to ADP produce the original possibly dark hydrogen? Metabolic energy would be needed to kick it back to ordinary bond in ATP.

One could turn the situation upside down and ask whether the cold fusion effects could correspond to the formation of hydrino atoms in the proposed sense.

  1. heff would be reduced rather than increase in the presence of a catalyst inducing a phase transition reducing heff,H. In particular, could the formation of string of dark nuclei with size of electron be replaced with the formation of strings of dark hydrinos with the same size but with smaller Planck constant as for ordinary hydrogen atom? This picture would be more in spirit with that proposed by Holmlid but forces to challenge the hypothesis that cold fusion followed by the decay of dark nuclei to ordinary nuclei is responsible for the anomalous energy production.

  2. Holmlid however reports evidence for superconductivity. The reduction of the value of Planck constant and thus of Compton scale of electron does not support superconductivity.

  3. Of course, both phenomena could be involved. Hydrogen with nH=6 and hydrinos with heff/h =nh ∈ {2,3} for electrons would have dark nuclei with heff/h=211. The scaled down Bohr radius for nh=2 would be 5.9× 10-12 m and dark proton size would be electron Compton length 2.4× 10-12 m. For other options the Bohr radius could be smaller than the size of dark proton so that nH=6 option would be unique.

For more references see the article Hydrinos again and for background the chapter Summary of TGD Inspired Ideas about Free Energy of "TGD and Fringe Physics".

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

Articles and other material related to TGD.

8 comments:

Jouni said...

Oikein hyvää Joulunaikaa teille kaikille.
Jatkan mielihyvin eeterin pyörteiden ymmärtämättömyyteni meressä kauhomistani, mutta samassa hengenvedossa on minun kerrottava näkemykseni tämänkaltaisen tiedon panttaamisen rangaistavuudesta tulevissa oikeustapauksissa.
Toivottavasti voit olla helposti yhteydessä vaikkapa Risto Linturin kanssa, jonka suodattamana teoriosoimasi tilanteet ja niiden tulkinta voi kenties tavoittaa ns päättävät elimet Suomessamme.

Matti Pitkänen said...


Olen itse alistunut siihen, että Suomessa ideoiden kommunikointi yliopiston tai päättäjien suuntaan on mahdotonta. Eliitteasenne on aivan liian vahva jotta nämä tahot suostuisivat kuuntelemaan tai edes sallimaan kommunikaatioita suomalaisissa tiedotusvälineissä. Tilannetta pahentaa, että TGD todellakin toimii ja on ja aivan liian menestyksekäs, jotta se voitaisiin ottaa ainakaan Suomessa muuta kuin crackpot teoriana. Täällä on ajateltava pienesti ja sallitun tieteen pitää edistyä infinitesimaalisilla askelilla.

Kaikki olisi ok, jos TGDn perusidea olisi ymmärretty ottaa vastaan 35 vuotta sitten väitöskirjani julkaisun jälkeen. Olen tehnyt yksin sen, joka olisi tehty kollektivisesti parissa kymmenessä vuodessa. Voi sanoa, että vaikenemisen vuoksi olen ikäänkuin kaivanut 39 vuotta kultaa kaikessa rauhassa keskellä kylää. Siinä ajassa ehtii: 3 paksua kirjaa ja 17 online kirjaa plus paljon artikkeleita, blogisivut ja tämä kotisivu. TGD on laajentunut myös kvanttibiologian ja tietoisuuden teoriaksi. Mutta kollegat eivät mistään hinnasta suostu myöntämään että kultaa se on, jumalauta!;-). Tilanne on äärimmäisen nolo koko teoreettikunnan kannalta kansainvälisestikin.

Ulkomailla tilanne on kuitenkin muuttumassa ja järki alkaa voittaa: kirjoitin juuri pikku artikkelin Hollantilaisen yliopiston fysiikan opiskelijoille suunnattuun lehteen.

Joka tapauksessa: Hyvää Joulunaikaa sinnekin.

Jouni said...

Kiitos vastauksestasi, olen siitä otettu.
Toivottavasti netti kaikkineen voi saattaa samalla ajattelun tasolla kuin sinä olevia yhteen, ja voisitte jakaa ajatuksia vertaistenne kanssa, minä en ole sillä tasolla.
Itselleni täysin vieraille poluille minut on vienyt Andrea Rossin pullistelut 2011 korvilla, ja näin olen eksynyt lukemaan tekstejä joita en ymmärrä.
Paremman maailman toivossa kaikkea hyvää toivoo Jouni

Matti Pitkänen said...

Tuntuu siltä, että tilanne on muuttumassa positiiviseen suuntaan. Research Gate on uusi kommunikaatiofoorumi jossa ei ole sensuuria ja se tuottaa jatkuvasti positiivisia ylätyksiä. Ehkäpä TGD alkaa vihdoin tunkeutua kollegojen tietoisuuteen.

Jouni said...

Holmlid julkaisi paperin:
http://www.mail-archive.com/vortex-l@eskimo.com/msg113044.html

Toivottavasti tuo on kiinnostavaa;

Matti Pitkänen said...


Kiitos linkista ja pahoillani hitaasta vastauksesta. gmailini luokittelee postia roskaksi aika omituisin perustein.

Matti Pitkänen said...


Holmlid has changed his view about whether ordinary cold fusion explains the process. There are of course many good reason excluding this interpretation and TGD based model starts from this differences. The appearence of mesons in spectrum is completely incredible and if true there is definitely new physics involved. The results would be world view changing since the masses of mesons are by several orders of magnitude larger than nuclear energy scale. TGD based model could explain this in terms of quantum coherence.

cashmemorz@gmail.com said...

Considering the predictive nature of the Grand Unified Theory-Classical Physics, makes it stand out over Standard Quantum Mechanics as a 100 times more accurate theory, more like a compendium of laws of nature.

The first application of this was in 1986 by Herman Haus at MIT when the USA Department of Defence required a quantum scale explanation for how the Free Electron Laser works. Haus explanation, using the model of the electron which was based on Haus' own new non-radiation condition, was used by the DoD in preference over all other explanations based on SQM math. It was that NRC paper by Haus that got Mills started on deriving first, the same model of the electron as Haus had made.

The second application of a prediction made by GUT-CP was that of the Hydrino reaction.

The third application was that the universe was expanding and in an accelerating manner. This was tied to the further prediction of GUT-CP, of the eternal nature of the universe. That was predicted by GUT-CP in 1995. The notion that the universe was even expanding, never mind also accelerating, contrary to what the Big Bang allowed for, was discovered by observations of the CMBR in 1998. The data from the CMBR, gathered by cosmologists and interpreted under the STD model was never tied by std cosmologists, to the same data that Mills theory just happened to throw out as a happenstance.

The fourth prediction was using the heat of recombination of atoms as derived under GUT-CP, to form molecules. That math was used by Mills to develop a computer app, a molecular modeller that predicts its models at least 100 times on average, more accurately than has ever been possible to achieve by using the math of SQM in its kind of modellers.

There was a fifth prediction also involving hydrinos, for how to make diamonds tougher by using hydrinos in the interstices of the crystals of poly-crystalline diamond thin films. That item was achieved in practical form when an employee of Mills, J.Sankar

(R. L. Mills, J. Sankar, A. Voigt, J. He, P. Ray, B. Dhandapani, “Role of Atomic Hydrogen Density and Energy in Low Power CVD Synthesis of Diamond Films,” Thin Solid Films, 478, (2005) 77–90. )


invented in 2000, a chemical process for this, guided by the predictions of GUT-CP.

A sixth prediction of GUT-CP is being studied by Huub Bakker at Massey University, NZ. This is to develop an anti-gravity device.
A lecture or talk given by Bakker at Massey U regarding this item and many other aspects of GUT-CP, is seen in an introductory manner in this video link.

https://webcast.massey.ac.nz/Mediasite/Play/8ef7e03e26fc458b8eb7f351738f26811d#!

I give this view as someone who has studied GUT-CP, Mills, his companies and how it all developed since I started on this in 2012.

One of my major finding is that GUT-CP is not cold fusion. CF is largely a guessing game, by comparison, since 1989. Mills has derived fully the very GUT that most in QM are waiting for. That GUT-CP does not depend on or use waves is one of the reasons for its many successes but a major weakness in QM.

When, not if, Mills finds the time to get back to developing his anti-gravity device, it will be game over for QM and CQM will continue from where it was derailed by Huygens when, in the 1600' he introduced waves into QM.

Mills should have gotten at least ten Noble by now, if not more. SQM depends too much on and uses authority of who did what first, and puts these into a permanent hall of fame as if QM was some kind of sports race.