A model for the formation of galaxies

I have proposed a general vision about galaxy formation as formation of tangles on cosmic strings carrying monopole flux. The strings can be long and also short. In the case of long string the model explains flat velocity spectrum of distant stars automatically. For closed short strings the velocity spectrum is not flat. There is however no detailed model for the galaxy formation. In particular, the complex structure of spiral galaxies is poorly understood. Even the question whether there is single long cosmic string orthogonal to the galactic plane or cosmic string parallel to the spiral structure in galactic plane - as proposed decades ago in the original model - or both has remained open. In the sequel I make an attempt to collect the essential facts about elliptic and spiral galaxies and consider a qualitative model for the galaxy formation consistent with these facts. The goal is rather modest: just to develop an internally consistent view about the evolution of galaxies.

1. The simplest model for elliptic galaxy is as a closed string possibly reconnected as a loop from long string or as a tangle of a cosmic string having topology analogous to that of field lines of dipole magnetic field. Quasar would have preceded the formation of the tangle in which string would have thickened to flux tube and dark energy would have transformed to ordinary matter. Quasars would be time reversal of galactic blackhole like entity (GBHE).
   
   
2. In the case of spiral galaxies the existence of vast polar structures (VPOS) in the plane orthogonal to the galactic plane of spiral galaxy (see this) strongly suggest that two cosmic strings are involved and that the spiral structure believed to correspond to a standing wave analogous to traffic jam is associated with dark matter of a long cosmic string. This model conforms with the fact that the stars of spiral galaxies are older than those of elliptic galaxies except inside the bulge.
   

   The asymmetry between the two planes suggests that the spiral arms are formed when an elliptic galaxy identified as a tangle of a long string S_|| formed via a quasar stage in the galactic plane has collided with a cosmic string S_⊥ orthogonal to the galactic plane. These collisions are unavoidable for non-parallel strings and gravitational attraction causes the needed relative motion.
   

   The differential rotation of portion of S_|| around S_⊥ would have deformed S_|| to a spiral shape. S_|| would have also generated the visible spiral arm pair in the transformation of dark energy to ordinary matter. Galactic bulge would correspond to the elliptic galaxy and galactic blackhole like entity (GBHE) would have formed from the matter in bulge: this conforms with the fact that elliptic galaxies have always galactic blackhole. The galactic bar could be analogous to the dipole of dipole magnetic field. In principle also the string orthogonal to the galactic plane could produce ordinary matter by thickening.
   
   

One open question relates to the fact that TGD predicts two kinds of cosmic strings with closed transverse cross section and having vanishing induced Kähler field or non-vanishing induced Kähler form carrying monopole flux. The latter are stable against splitting by the conservation of the monopole flux and have no counterpart in Maxwellian electrodynamics. The monopole flux tubes could correspond to the cosmic strings giving rise to galaxies, stars, and even planets as tangles. Non-monopole flux tubes might serve as gravitational flux tubes mediating gravitational interactions. Presumably both kinds of flux tubes are involved but their precise roles are not well-understood.

See the article A model for the formation of galaxies or the chapter Cosmic string model for the formation of galaxies and stars.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

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