There is now evidence for dark matter filaments from the detection of weak-lensing caused by them (see the popular article). See also the article "Weak-lensing detection of intracluster filaments in the Coma cluster" by HyeongHan et al in Nature Astronomy, 2024. This kind of dark filaments are a basic prediction of TGD and their classical energy corresponds to dark energy.
Before radiation-dominated cosmology, the matter in the TGD Universe matter consists of extremely massive objects, which I call cosmic strings. In TGD, the spacetimes correspond to 4-surfaces M4×CP2 and cosmic strings are string-like 3-surfaces. The monopole flux associated with these string-like objects stabilizes them against splitting. They are typically more or less perpendicular to the galaxies they have generated in a local decay process and create a gravitational field in the plane of the galaxy behaving like 1 over transversal distance.
The string tension alone explains the constant velocity spectrum of distant stars and the model avoids the problems of the &Lamgda;CDM and MOND. However, cosmic strings are unstable against decaying into ordinary matter by thickening, which reduces the string tension, and in this process galaxies are formed. In particular, the collisions of the cosmic strings trigger decay to ordinary matter as the TGD counterpart of inflation.
The extremely fast star formation in the very early universe, recently observed by JWT, is a mystery for which an explanation is proposed in terms of giant black holes which, contrary to standard wisdom, were born before the galaxies and formed directly from plasma rather than as the end result of evolution (see this). The above picture explains the star formation in terms of the production of matter in the decay of cosmic string to monopole flux tubes. The above picture picture explains the rapid star formation in terms of the production of matter in the decay of cosmic string to monopole flux tubes.
For the TGD vision of the formation of galaxies see for instance this, this, this, and this .
For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.
For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.
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