How subjective memories are realized in TGD inspired theory of consciousness?

We remember our conscious experiences: also as re-experiences and not just as learned, often unconscious, behaviors that reduce to associations. In the following the notion of memory is discussed from the points of view of computer science and neuroscience, of quantum theories of consciousness, and of TGD inspired theory of consciousness.

Memory as challenge in computer science and neuroscience

The notion of conscious memories is highly problematic both in computer science and neuroscience.

1. Computers completely lack subjective memory if they are what they are believed to be, that is to obey the Turing paradigm. Computers are also believed to be deterministic, either in the sense of classical physics or of statistical quantum mechanics. Since non-determinism is the basic aspect of conscious entities, computers are expected to also lack conscious experiences. One can of course challenge the Turing paradigm (see this).
2. In neuroscience, memory is often interpreted as merely learned behaviors that have become mechanized. This view is a remnant of behaviorism. Associations provide a mechanism of memory and association is the basic mechanism of also large language models. This interpretation does not explain at all the episodic, experiential memories that we also have. Some of us have very intense sensory memories. All of us have dreams involving memories and the electric stimulation of the parietal brain regions can induce lively sensory memories of the past events.

   Memories must be stored in some sense. In neuroscience, the finiteness of the memory space becomes a basic problem. If memories are carved in stone, a large number of stones are needed and their number is increasing all the time. It might be necessary to give up some memories, most naturally the oldest ones. Computationalist would say that new data is written over the oldest data. What happens is just the opposite: the last memories to disappear are the childhood memories. The strong emotional content of these memories is certainly one reason for this. They are also remembered many times and this produces many copies of them. This makes it easier to recall them. This might be used as a neuroscience explanation for their stability.

   The reading of memories, that is having a conscious experience providing information about the memory, remains an unsolved challenge in the neuroscience context: this would require a genuine theory of conscious experience.

Memory as a challenge for quantum theories of consciousness

Any theory of consciousness, including quantum theories of consciousness, should be able to explain the basic mechanism of conscious memory. A basic element of subjective memory is its temporality. Its content corresponds to the events of the past.

1. An attractive idea is that, by their non-determinism which is a basic behavioral feature of conscious entities, quantum jumps determine the development of consciousness. Subjective memory recall would therefore represent information about the previous quantum jumps. The quantum states should represent information about what was experienced in the past.
2. In the standard ontology of quantum theory, the information of the conscious experience possibly related to the quantum jump and therefore is about both the initial and the final state and the transition between them, cannot be encoded into the final state of the quantum jump. According to the standard quantum theory, quantum states 3-D time=constant snapshots and do not remember anything about the previous quantum jumps.

   Therefore, theories of consciousness based on standard quantum mechanics cannot explain subjective memory, which is from previous conscious experiences, i.e. quantum jumps. For some reason, this fact seems to have been overlooked.

The understanding of subjective memories is therefore a hard challenge for the theories of consciousness.

If one accepts only the statistical view of quantum theory, a natural question would be that in some sense the characterization of quantum states requires a sequence of 3-D quantum states. This would require a failure of strict determinism but standard quantum theory does not allow this. The failure of strict classical determinism is however a valuable guideline and would mean that quantum states are in some sense "slightly" 4-dimensional so that also the brain would be 4-dimensional. The zero energy ontology of TGD indeed predicts this. Quantum states are superpositions of 4-D classical time evolutions obeying almost deterministic holography so that they are not quite 3-dimensional.

In TGD, the zero energy ontology (ZEO) combined with holography = holomorphy vision suggests a universal mechanism of this kind. In the sequal the general TGD based mechanisms of memory storage and recall are discussed first. The proposed mechanism is universal and applies also to matter which is usually regarded as "dead" (since it looks dead in the time scales of our perceptive abilities).

In TGD ZEO codes subjective memory as information about quantum jump to the final state of quantum jump

We have memories about the conscious experiences of the past. How are these memories formed? Zero energy ontology (ZEO) (see this) and this) suggests a rather concrete model for the representations of the memories in terms of the geometry of the space-time surface.

Consider first a brief summary of ZEO.

1. The basic notions of ZEO are causal diamond (CD), zero energy state, and state function reduction (SFR). There are two kinds of SFRs: "small" SFRs (SSFRs) and "big" SFRs (BSFRs).
2. A sequence of SSFRs is the TGD counterpart for a sequence of repeated measurements of the same observables: in wave mechanics they leave the state unaffected (Zeno effect). Already in quantum optics, one must loosen this assumption and one speaks of weak measurements. In ZEO, SSFRs leave the states at the "passive" boundary of CD unaffected but change the state at the active boundary, this gives to the flow of consciousness and defines a self as a conscious entity. In the TGD framework, SSFRs give rise to a flow of consciousness, self.
3. BSFR is the counterpart of the ordinary SFR. In the BSFR the arrow of the geometric time changes and BSFR means the death of self and to a reincarnation with an opposite arrow of geometric time. Death and birth as reincarnation with an opposite arrow of time are universal notions in the TGD Universe.

Consider now this view in more detail.

1. Causal diamond CD=cd× CP₂ (see this) is the intersection of future and past directed light-cones of M⁴. In the simplest picture, zero energy states are pairs of 3-D many-fermion states at the opposite light-like boundaries of the CD.
2. Zero energy states are superpositions of space-time surfaces connecting the boundaries of CD. These space-time surfaces obey holography, which is almost deterministic. Holography = holomorphy principle allows their explicit construction as minimal surfaces and they are analogous to Bohr orbits when one interprets 3-surface as a generalization of a point-like particle. Already 2-D minimal surfaces fail to be completely deterministic (a given frame can span several minimal surfaces). This non-determinism forces ZEO: in absence of it one could have ordinary ontology with 3-D objects as basic geometric entities.

   The failure of complete determinism makes 4-dimensional Bohr orbits dynamical objects by giving them additional discrete degrees of freedom. They are absolutely essential for the understanding of memory and one can speak of a 4-dimensional brain.

3. The 3-D many-fermion states and the restriction of the wave function in WCW to a wave function to the space-of 3-surfaces as the ends of Bohr orbits at the passive boundary of CD are unaffected by the sequence of SSFRs. This is the counterpart for the Zeno effect. This requires that a given SSFR must correspond to a measurement of observables commuting with the observables which define the state basis at the passive boundary.

   The states at the opposite, active, boundary of CD are however affected in SSFRs and this gives rise to self and flow of consciousness. Also the size of CD increases in a statistical sense. The sequence of SSFRs gives rise to subjective time correlating with the increase of geometric time identifiable as the temporal distance between the tips of the CD. The arrow of time depends on which boundary of CD is passive and the time increases in the direction of the active boundary.

4. Ordinary SFRs correspond in TGD to BSFRs. Both BSFRs and SSFRs are possible in arbitrarily long scales since the h_eff hierarchy makes possible quantum coherence in arbitrary long scales.

   The new element is that the arrow of geometric time changes in BSFR since the roles of the active and passive boundaries of CD change. BSFR occurs when the set of observables measured at the active boundary no longer commutes with the set of observables associated with the passive boundary.

   The density matrix of the 3-D system characterizing the interaction of the 3-surface at the active boundary with its complement is a fundamental observable and if it ceases to commute with the observables at the active boundary, BSFR must take place.

Consider now what memory and memory recall could mean in this framework.

1. The view has been that active memory recall requires what might be regarded as communications with the geometric past. This requires sending a signal to the geometric past propagating in the non-standard time direction and absorbed by a system representing the memory (part of the brain or of its magnetic /field body). In the ZEO this is possible since BSFRs change the arrow of the geometric time.
2. The signal must be received by a system of geometric past representing the memory. This requires that 4-D space-time surfaces are not completely deterministic: Bohr orbits as 4-D minimal surfaces must have analogs of frames spanning the 2-D soap film, at which determinism fails. The seats of memories correspond to the seats of non-determinism as singularities of the space-time surface as a minimal surface, "frames" spanning the 4-D soap film.

3. How are the memories coded geometrically? This can be understood by asking what happens in SSFR. What happens is that from a set of 3-D final states at the active boundary some state is selected. This means a localization in the "world of classical worlds" (WCW) as the space of Bohr orbits. The zero energy state is localized so that the 3-D surfaces at the active boundary of the CD represent the outcome of quantum measurement. In ZEO, the zero energy state outcome therefore also represents the quantum transition to the final state! This is not possible in the standard ontology.

4. The findings of Minev et al (see this and this) that in quantum optics quantum jumps correspond to smooth classical time evolutions leading from the initial state to the final state provide a direct support for this picture. The interpretation works for SSFRs and also for the interpretation of studied transitions of atoms as pairs of BSFRs having interpretation as quantum tunnelling events.

   ZEO therefore gives a geometric representation of a subjective experience associated with the SSFR. One obtains conscious information of this representation either by passive or active memory recall by waking up the locus of non-determinism assignable to the original conscious event. The slight failure of determinism for BSFRS is necessary for this. The sequence of SSFRs is coded to a sequence of geometric representations of memories about conscious events.

   This is how the Universe gradually could develop representations of its earlier quantum jumps to its own state. Since the algebraic complexity of the Universe can only increase in a statistical sense the quantum hopping of the Universe in the quantum Platonia defined by the spinor fields of WCW implies evolution.

It is tempting to think that cognitive and sense-awareness, or at least memory, correspond to areas of the space-time surface (minimal surface), where quantum jumps between the different classical alternatives are possible. These "hot spots" would be analogous to the frames spanning the soap film and as quantum critical systems serve as seats of memories.

1. At least for SSFRs associated with remembering, classical non-determinism and quantum non-determinism would correspond to each. Could this be the case also for sensory and cognitive SSFRs, in fact all SSFRs? Could the classical-quantum correspondence fail only for BSFRs as counterparts of the "ordinary" SFRs.
2. The "memory locations" at the space-time surface, especially in the 4-dimensional brain, correspond to the loci of non-determinism (and of quantum criticality).
3. Memory recall would require a signal to the geometric past propagating in the non-standard direction of geometric time. The signal would be generated in a BSFR of some subsystem. The signal would be received by the quantum critical memory location by a resonance mechanism, and a second BSFR would occur, resulting in a response that would propagate to the future brain.

Can one say anything more concrete?

1. TGD predicts that any system can have a self as a sequence of SSFRs. Therefore there is an entire hierarchy of systems, which can be conscious and the question is what level in the hierarchy biological consciousness corresponds to. In the case of the brain, the quantum critical slightly non-deterministic hotspots of the 4-D space-time surface representing the brain could be associated with DNA, microbuli, neurons, axons, and larger structures constructed from them.
2. Perhaps the most natural identification for the seat of our conscious experience is associated with the field bodies (magnetic and electric) of these systems. The reason is that they contain dark variants of the ordinary particles characterized by a very large value of effective Planck constant h_eff, which serves as a measure for algebraic complexity, representative capacity, and intelligence.
3. Gravitational Planck constant ℏ_gr and electric Planck constant characterize the gravitational (see this and this) and electric bodies (see this and this). Both DNA, microtubuli, and DNA have large electric charges and the gravitational magnetic bodies of the Earth and Sun are excellent candidates for the field bodies involved.

   Water is an essential part of the living matter and expected to be crucial for our conscious experience. The proposal is that the monopole flux tubes accompanying the ordinary basic biomolecules carry sequences of dark protons providing a fundamental representation of the genetic code, which is universal and possible in all scales.

4. The notion of dark DNA leads to a proposal that the genetic code, realized in terms of a completely unique icosa tetrahedral tessellation of the hyperbolic 3-space H³ (see this), would be crucial in the communications based on multi-resonance mechanism as selector of the receiver and frequency modulation as the way to represent information.

   This mechanism, associated with the EEG and its possible fractally scaled copies at longer and shorter time scales, would be essential also for the memory recall. Dark photons obtained from ordinary photons have period and wavelength scaled up by h_eff/h. Large values of h_eff long time scales. The larger the value of h_eff the longer the time span of the memory.

See the article How subjective memories are realized in TGD inspired theory of consciousness? or the chapter Quantum Model of Memory.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

More about Langlands correspondence in the TGD framework

The interview of Edward Frenkel relating to the Langlands correspondence was very inspiring and led to a considerably more detailed understanding of how number theoretic and geometric Langlands correspondence emerge in the TGD framework from number theoretic universality, holography = holomorphy vision leading to a general solution of field equations based on the generalization of holomorphy, and M⁸-H duality relating geometric and number theoretic visions of TGD.

The space-time surfaces are realized as roots for a pair (P₁,P₂) of holomorphic polynomials of four generalized complex coordinates of H=M⁴× CP₂. In this view space-time surfaces are representations of the function field of generalized polynomial pairs in H and can be regarded as numbers with arithmetic operations induced from those for the polynomial pairs.

A proposal for how to count the number of roots of the (P₁,P₂)=(0,0), when the arguments are restricted to a finite field in terms of modular forms defined at the hyperboloid H³× CP₂ ⊂ M⁴× CP₂. The geometric variant of the Galois group as a group mapping different roots for a polynomial pair (P₁,P₂) identifiable as regions of the space-time surface (minimal surface) would be in terms of generalized holomorphisms of H.

See the article About Langlands correspondence in the TGD framework or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

A quantum model of the Sun and planetary system as analogs of atomic nucleus and atom

In this article a model of the Sun and planetary system as analogs of atomic nucleus and atom are discussed. This proposal has been already in earlier articles but the progress in the model of the Sun leading to rather dramatic predictions. In particular, the layer of M₈₉ giant nuclei with mass which is 512 times the mass of the ordinary nucleon located at monopole flux tubes would produce the nuclei of the solar wind and the energy of the solar radiation.

One must give up the standard model of the solar core as a seat of hot fusion and energy producer. What could be the real function of the solar core? In this framework the interior of the Sun could be a quantum coherent system analogous to atomic nucleus with hot fusion replaced with dark fusion explaining "cold fusion" as a quantum critical phenomenon. Solar interior would be also analogous to the cell nucleus, where the genetic code would be realized in terms of dark nuclear strings in the same universal way as in the TGD inspired quantum biology. This would conform with the earlier of the planetary system as an analog of an atom with a gigantic value of the gravitational Planck constant whose form is fixed by the Equivalence Principle.

In this article the model of the Sun as an analog of nucleus is developed in detail. The simplest model with a constant average density motivates the gravitational harmonic oscillator model with the orbitals of nuclei replaced with rigid 2-spheres with radii given by the harmonic oscillator model and containing a surface density of matter consistent with the constant average density. The basic quantization condition would state that the angular momentum is quantized using as a unit the gravitational Planck constant associated with the total mass of the sphere and those below it.

This model can be applied also to planets and also a model for the generation of planets in the explosions induced by the transformation of M₈₉ nuclei to M₁₀₇ nuclei throwing out part of the the M₈₉ layer with baryon number which correspond to 3 Earth masses. See the article Some solar mysteries or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

The TGD based model for the formation of planets passes the simplest tests in the case of Sun

The TGD based model for the Sun (see this) predicts the missing nuclear mass of 1500 M_E (M_E is the Earth mass) masses as a ₈₉ solid layer at the surface of the Sun consisting nucleons having a mass 512 times that mass of the ordinary nucleon. The model is consistent with the earlier proposal (see this and (see this) that planets are formed in mini big bangs throwing out a surface layer or part of it. This layer would naturally correspond to the M₈₉ layer having a baryonic mass of 3 Earth masses. Giant planets would have a core with mass of the order of M_E and the gaseous sphere would have gravitationally condensed around it. The model survives basic qualitative and quantitative tests as the following argument demonstrates.

1. The explosion of the M₈₉ solid layer at the surface of the Sun formed by M₈₉ monopole flux tubes explains the solar anomalies would create an expanding layer of ordinary M₁₀₇ nuclear matter, which could gravitationally condense to a proto planet since the monopole flux tubes making it a rigid sphere would split in the explosion. The explosion would be a phase transition transforming M₈₉ nuclei to M₁₀₇ nuclei.

   In the gravitational condensation a rigid spherical surface would transform to a planet at Bohr orbit describable by the Nottale's atomic model for the planetary system. The angular momentum quantization condition for the rigid sphere would be replaced by the quantization condition for angular momentum plus Newton's law which for the rigid sphere would correspond to the vanishing of torque guaranteed by the sphericality.

2. Angular momentum conservation would give strong constraints on the model, in particular the orbital and spin rotation frequency of the planet. One prediction is that the planets should rotate in the same counter clockwise direction as the Sun is spinning (this fact is not well understood). Only Venus and Uranus are exceptions to this rule and in the case of Venus it is thought that a collision with a fast moving asteroid has changed the rotation direction. One cannot of course exclude the possibility that the M₈₉ layer of the Sun can also rotate in a direction opposite to that of the Sun.
3. A quantitative test is provided by checking whether the rotational angular momenta of the planets are nearly the same or by dissipation somewhat smaller than the angular momentum associated with the M₈₉ layer. The prediction is

   L_layer,spin=(2/3)M_layerR_Sun²Ω_Sun= L_E,rot M_Ed_E² Ω_E,rot.

   Substituting the numbers M_layer= 1500 M_E, and d_E= AU= 1.49× 10⁸ km, T_E,rot= 365 d, T_Sun=25 day, one obtains L_layer/L_E,rot= 1.11. The discrepancy could be due to the dissipation.

This simple quantitative test can be performed also for the other planets. This is only one of the many quantitative successes of the TGD based model of the Sun and planets.

See the article Some solar mysteries or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

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The questions that I should have asked first

The development of a completely new idea is not a rational process. Only when the smoke clears, one realizes what questions one should have posed first in order to avoid side tracks.

I started the development of the model for the solar anomalies (see this) from the idea that the surface of the Sun involves a monopole flux tube layer carrying M₈₉ nucleons having mass 512 times that of ordinary nucleons. Among other things, this would explain the missing nuclear matter of the Sun, the evidence for solid structures at the surface of the Sun, and gamma ray anomalies. The decay of M₈₉ nuclei would give rise to ordinary nucleons of the solar wind and generate the radiation from the Sun. If the original goal had been to construct a model of the Sun, I would have started with the following questions.

1. I did not consider explicitly the constraints from the existing nuclear physics believe to prevail inside the solar core. But can one really give up standard nuclear physics and reduce the nuclear physics of the Sun to what happens in the M₈₉ flux tube layer? If this were the case, one should start from scratch and the entire known nuclear physics of the Sun should be rediscovered.

   The natural possibility is that the M₈₉ surface layer determines what is seen by the observer during the life cycle of the star. Only after the supernova explosion or a formation of BH, the evolution inside the core of the Sun becomes in daylight via the abundances of the elements created. The anomalously low convection currents in the convection zone support this view. Also the puzzle caused by elements heavier than Fe finds a solution: they would be produced in the decay of M₈₉ nuclei at the surface.

   It seems that the TGD counterpart for ordinary nuclear physics must be present in the core of the Sun. Could the monopole flux tubes containing only M₈₉ nucleons take care of the transfer of the nuclei and energy from the Sun to the environment? This process would involve the decay of M₈₉ nuclei to the ordinary nuclei. The M₈₉ layer would be an addition to the nuclear physics of the Sun rather than its replacement.

2. How to achieve consistency with the model based on dark fusion? I have developed rather nice models of the "cold fusion" and pre-stellar evolution igniting the ordinary fusion. This suggests that the convective zone corresponds to the region where the dark fusion prevails and the temperature gradually rises as one approaches the core, where the ordinary fusion is ignited. Note that the decay of the M₈₉ layer to ordinary nucleons would also provide energy by helping to maintain the temperature in the convective zone.
3. What could be the thickness of the M₈₉ layer? The Compton length of the M₈₉ nucleon is a fraction 1/512 of the Compton length of the ordinary nucleon and ridiculously short. On the other hand, if one assumes that the density of dark M₈₉ nuclei corresponds to roughly one per ordinary M₈₉ Compton volume, one can understand the missing nuclear mass of 1500M_E. Could gravitational Compton length, which does not depend on the mass of the particle, determine the thickness of the M₈₉ layer? For the Sun with β₀=2^-11 it would be Λ_gr=R_E/2, where R_E = R_Sun/109 is the Earth radius defining also the size scale of the Sunspots. For β₉=1 it would be by a factor 1/2000 shorter. It turns out that the gravitational oscillator model predicts Λ_gr=R_E/2 as the basic length scale of the gravitational harmonic oscillator!

How M₈₉ nuclei could be regenerated?

How M₈₉ nuclei are regenerated is a question, which occurred repeatedly but which I have managed to put under the rug.

1. The birth of a new star requires the emergence of a M₈₉ layer and possible M₈₉ nucleus deep in the interior of the Sun playing the role of the dipole of a dipole magnetic field. How could it emerge? M₈₉ regions should be deep in the interior of the Sun and define the analog of a dipole field. The M₈₉ nuclei must be generated in the solar nucleus or feeded to it. From the nucleus they would end up the surface of the Sun along the monopole flux tubes.
2. p-Adic cooling occurring in a stepwise manner by reducing the p-adic scales by octaves would provide a model for the decay of M₈₉ nuclei to M₁₀₇ nuclei. Can one consider p-adic heating of M₁₀₇ nuclei to M₈₉ nuclei? There is evidence from LHC for the creation of M₈₉ mesons and the solar gamma ray anomalies suggest that M₈₉ and even M_G,79 mesons are produced. From this there is however a long way to the p-adic heating of nuclei increasing their mass by factor 512 but one can ask whether the p-adic heating leads in a stepwise way also to a formation of M₈₉ nuclei.
3. In ZEO it is natural to ask whether the p-adic heating could be a time reversal of the p-adic cooling identifiable as a quantum tunnelling involving a pair of BSFRs. Huge energies are needed but the rise of the temperature could take place by steps proceeding hadron physics by hadronic physics with decreasing p-adic length scale L(107)→ L(105)= 2L{107}....→ L(89).

   Could the solar core involve a hierarchy of layers for which the p-adic temperature increases in powers of 2, at least up to the QCD Λ∼ 100-200 MeV assignable to the the temperature at which the transition to quark gluon plasma is believed to occur in QCD.

4. Could ZEO make possible p-adic heating as a p-adic cooling in a reversed time direction. Time reversal and macroscopic quantum coherence are general aspects of TGD and one can wonder whether heating quite generally involves a time reversal. In the TGD based model of self-organization the energy feed could correspond to extraction of energy from the environment by using reversal of the arrow of time.

This allows us to consider two identifications for the energy feed needed to generate M₈₉ nuclei.

1. ZEO could make it possible to extract energy from the environment of the solar nucleus to transform M₁₀₇ nuclei to M₈₉. The needed energies are huge and it is far from clear whether these energies can be provided by ordinary nuclear reactions with a much smaller energy scale and even by the reactions transforming nuclei at different p-adic temperatures to each other which also involve huge energy scales. If this were the case, the energy would come from the solar core and generate a heat current towards the center raising of the p-adic temperature.
2. The second option is that the energy arrives at the solar nucleus from the outside. TGD predicts that the stars of the galaxies form a network connected by monopole flux tubes. Could this network acting like blood circulation feed M₈₉ nuclei from, say galactic nuclei, to the Sun, where they would be used as a fuel. M₈₉ nuclei, which are burned to M₁₀₇ nuclei and in this process induce p-adic heating of the environment around the solar nucleus. One could consider a process in which the evaporation of BHs by time reversal could lead to the next level in the hierarchy of hadronic physics labelled by M_G,103. Cosmic evolution would be climbing along the ladder formed by Merssen primes and their Gaussian counterparts.

Could the Sun be regarded as a living, metabolizing system?

The above considerations force us to ask whether the Sun could be regarded as a living, metabolizing system.

1. ZEO suggests that the Sun is a living organism, which dies and reincarnates with a reversed arrow of time in each BSFR. Single BSFR would correspond to the 11 year half period of the sunspot cycle. The energy feed provided by nuclear fusion and the possible feed of the M₈₉ nuclei from the galactic circuitry to the solar nucleus could together with the ordinary nuclear fusion the needed energy. The decay of the M₈₉ nuclei to ordinary nucleus by gamma emission might make possible this kind of processes (the energy of the gamma ray in the decay N(k) → N(k-2)+γ is E_γ= 3m(N(k)/8.

   The flux tubes connecting the Sun to the galactic nucleus or possibly to the galactic blackhole-like object would be like blood circuitry bringing in metabolites and metabolic energy.

2. The Sunspot cycle could be analogous to breathing. Single inhalation/exhalation would take about 11 years. The decay of the monopole flux tubes would be analogous to catabolism of proteins. Could the recreation of the monopoles flux layer be seen as the anabolism as reconstruction of proteins. The arrow of time is opposite during the inhalation. At this step the energy from outside could enter the solar nucleus. The periodics of inhaling and outhaling are 11 years. The arrow of time changes when the polarity of the magnetic field changes. MB of the Sun dies and reincarnates.

   The decay and regeneration magnetic bubble and also the interior part of the MB as the counterpart of dipole of the dipole field would take during the reversal of the direction of the magnetic field and be analogous to biological death and reincarnation with an opposite arrow of time.

3. Sun receives metabolic energy from both dark and ordinary fusion and possibly also from the galactic M₈₉ monopole flux. The energy would be extracted from the environment during the inhalation period when the arrow of time is reversed. Dissipation with an opposite arrow of time would take place.
4. The transformation of M₈₉ nuclei to M₁₀₇ nuclei would be analogous to catabolism. M₈₉ nuclei would be analogous to proteins made from M₈₉ as analogs of amino acids. What about the astrophysical counterpart of DNA? TGD predicts a universal realization of the genetic code based on the tesselations of the hyperbolic 2-spaces realized as light-proper time constant surface in M⁴.

Reconnection and polarization reversal

Reconnection makes possible the orientation reversal of the solar magnetic field. The portions of the monopole flux with opposite directions must be very near to each other and touch so that the splitting to closed monopole flux tubes becomes possible. These flux tubes can change their orientation and after that fuse back to the flux tubes with opposite direction of the magnetic flux. The time reversal would correspond to the polarization reversal.

In TGD inspired quantum biology biocatalysis involves a reduction of h_eff for U-shaped flux look connecting the reactants. This reduces the length of the flux tube and brings reactants together and liberates energy kicking the reactants over the energy wall preventing the reaction otherwise. Now something analogous could take place. The closed flux tube having a distance of about R_E/2 between parallel strands with opposite polarities could suffer a phase transition reducing the value of ℏ_gr so that they distance would become very small and the reconnection splitting the long and narrow flux tube pair to pieces which then reconnect to form a narrow structure with opposite polarization. After that h_eff would increase to ℏ_gr.

Could the thermodynamical model of the Sun and planets be replaced with a geometric description?

A basic objection against the quantum model of stars and planets is that thermodynamic notions like pressure are absolutely essential for the understanding of the physics of the solar and planetary interiors.

1. In the thermal models pressure prevents gravitational collapse. In the geometric model, the tension of the monopole flux tubes in vertical and horizontal directions would prevent gravitational collapse. I have developed a model of nuclei and atoms based on spherical structures carrying Platonic solids (see this). If this applies also to the Sun and planets, they would resemble outcomes of engineering.
2. When nuclear fusion does not anymore produce enough energy, the flux tubes decay and the analog of the pressure disappears and the core collapses. The counterpart of this description in the geometric model would be as follows. The monopole flux tubes and the dark matter at them require energy feed and nuclear reactions. The p-adic cooling of M₈₉ nuclei could provide it. In the absence of the energy feed h_eff is reduced and the flux tubes collapse and gravitational collapse is the outcome.
3. In standard physics, blackholes or neutron stars emerge in the death of the star due to the loss of the pressure created by nuclear reactions. Ordinary BHs correspond to volume filling flux tube spaghettis consisting of M₁₀₇ nucleons. TGD however suggests an entire hierarchy of BHs labelled by Mersenne primes and their Gaussian counterparts. Note that the p-adic cooling in the absence of nuclear reactions transforms M₈₉ nuclei to ordinary nuclei and would lead to M₁₀₇ BH. M₈₉ blackholes could in turn emerge from M_G,79 blackholes.

See the article Some solar mysteries or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Two options for the New Sun in the TGD framework: which option is correct?

During the last month, I have been developing a model for the Sun inspired by the article of Nassim Haramein summarizing the anomalies related to the nuclear physics of the Sun. The big idea is that the Sun is analogous to an atom or atomic nucleus in the quantization, which generalizes Nottale's view about the planetary system as an atom-like structure. In a good approximation, only the uppermost layer, valence shell, identifiable as a magnetic bubble and consisting of flux tubes would interact with the external world. In particular, the energy production of the Sun would take place in this surface layer, which means a dramatic deviation from the standard model of the Sun.

There are two options for what the surface layers of the Sun could be.

For Option I, the totally crazy option, very long nuclei defined by monopole flux tubes formed from M₈₉ nucleons with mass of about 512 GeV would be in question. The M₈₉ nuclei could be also dark in the TGD sense and the explanation for the observations of LHC (see this and this) is in terms of a creation of M₈₉ mesons for which the value h_eff/h=512 so that the dark M₈₉ hadrons would have the same size as the ordinary hadrons. This would conform with the quantum criticality for the TGD analog of the phase transition interpreted in QCD as a formation of the quark gluon plasma.

Option I is completely crazy but it explains nicely the missing .5 percent of solar nuclear matter, the gamma ray anomalies, and the formation of planets as explosions of the surface layer. By baryon number conservation, the explosion of the surface layer would produce at most 3M_E of the ordinary nuclear matter. M₈₉ nuclei can form atoms with the same spectrum as ordinary atoms and this would explain the strange findings of Moshina suggesting a rigid core for the Sun.

For Option II, the not so crazy option, dark variants of ordinary nuclei would populate the flux tubes. The dark M₁₀₇ nuclei could appear in the solar corona also for the option I. For this one must give up the assumption that there is just a single layer if one wants to explain the missing nuclear matter of the Sun. The replacement M₈₉ → M₁₀₇ scales down the mass of the single layer by 2^-18 and the increase h→ h_eff= 2¹⁰h reduces the mass of the layer by factor 2^-20. One must therefore have 2³⁸∼ 10¹²/4 dark layers with thickens of about 1/2 of the electron Compton length. The simple model for the formation of planets is lost. Both gamma ray anomalies could be understood as local phase transitions to M₈₉ or M₇₉ hadron physics. Also the findings of Moshina might be understood in terms of dark atoms.

In both cases, the fluxes of energy and matter arriving from the Sun would be determined at the surface layer and this certainly leads to powerful predictions, which distinguish the TGD view from the standard view. For instance, the power produced in the transformation of the layer to ordinary nuclei should be proportional to the area of the surface and if the density of the start is kept constant and the anatomy of the surface layer does not depend on the size of the star, it should behave like M^2/3 as function of the stellar mass.

The energetics related to solar wind and radiation from the Sun would provide a killer test perhaps allowing us to choose between the two options. The ratio for the mass carried out by solar wind to the energy carried out by radiation should be consistent with the empirical findings.

The energy lost per year using solar mass as a unit is a convenient measure for the rate of the mass loss in solar wind and for the rate of the energy lost by radiation. In the standard model interpreted as thermal radiation at the surface of the Sun acting as blackbody radiation.

The experimental estimate for P(rad)/M(Sun) is P(rad)(M(Sun)) ∼ .5 10¹²/y. The estimate for P(wind)/M(Sun) is x× 10^-14/y, x in the range [2,3]. The ratio R is in the range [25,16.7].

1. Energetics for Option II

For Option II the energy liberated per nucleon in the evaporation of single dark layer would be essentially the ordinary binding energy per nucleon, which is few MeVs for h_eff/h=2¹⁰ suggested by the TGD based model of the "cold fusion" (see this) and in the range 10^-3-10^-2. If the liberated energy is transformed to radiation the ratio R is in the range 10^-3-10^-2. This is in conflict with the experimental findings. This leaves only the totally crazy option under consideration.

2. Energetics for the Option I

Solar wind could be created by the transformation of M₈₉ nucleons to M₁₀₇ nucleons. This process is new from the standard physics view.

1. If the process occurs as a single step k=89→ 107, the energy of the ordinary nuclei is huge and their velocity is essentially light velocity. This cannot make sense.

   In the model for Centauro and Gemini events introduce p-adic cooling as a process allowing to avoid this (see this, this and this) p-Adic prime p∼ 2^k would correspond a temperature in p-adic thermodynamics which is for mass squared rather than energy and mass scale would be indeed given by m(k) which would gradually reduces in the cooling.

   In the p-adic cooling, the p-adic length scale of the nucleon would be increased in a stepwise manner octave by octave: L(89)→ L(91)= L(93)/2→ ....L(107). 9 steps would be involved. Mass scale would be reduced in the same way. Whether particles can appear with several p-adic mass scales has been a long standing question and it might be that solar physics demonstrates this!

   The p-adic cooling would produce final state nuclei which do not move with light-velocity since the energy of about m(89)= 511m(107) would be transformed to photons and mesons of various hadronic physics along the path and eventually give rise to radiation.

2. A given step would involve transformation N(k)→ N(k+2) of a nucleon given mass m to that with mass m/2 and emission of some particle say photon or meson of the physics associated with p-adic length scale L(k-2). These particles of at least part of them would heat the solar surface producing the radiation from the Sun.

   The gamma rays produced at the first step of the process have so high energy that they are not expected to thermalize to thermal radiation at the surface of the Sun but leak out of the Sun. These gamma rays would belong to the anomalous gamma rays from the Sun. The absence of anomalys gamma rays in the range 30-50 GeV suggests that meson production dominates over the production of gamma rays in the transformation N(k)→ N(k+2). Therefore the spectrum of gamma rays should reflect the mass spectra for the pions of the hadron physics appearing in the casca coming as powers 2^107-km(π).

3. Consider the kinematics for the first step of the p-adic cooling in which one has k=89→ k+2=91. Assume that the transition is N(k)→ N(k+2)+ X. Assume for definiteness that X has so small mass that it can be regarded as massless. Energy conservation gives E(107)= m(89)-E_X, E(X)∼ p(X) and mass shell condition for the k=91 nucleon gives E(X)= 3m(89)/8 from this one obtains for the velocity of the nucleon β= v/c= 3/8.
4. At each step the same occurs and from the formula β= β₁β₂/β₁+β₂ for the addition of velocities, one obtains that v is scaled down by a factor 1/2 at each step. 9 steps gives for the velocity of N(107) the value β(107)=3/8 × 2^-9= 3× 2^-12∼ 3/8× 10^-3 ∼ 10⁵ m/s. The velocity is non-relativistic and corresponds to a kinetic energy m_nβ²/2 ∼ .5 keV.

   The temperature of the solar corona is ∼ .1 keV and the heating of the solar temperature could be caused by the dissipation of the energy of nucleons. This energy is also near the energy scale of dark nucleons in the model of "cold fusion" as dark fusion.

For Option I the high energy gamma rays, which are not expected to thermalize and they indeed contribute to the gamma ray anomaly. To estimate the thermal part of the energy flow one can assume that the gamma rays thermalize only for the steps k→ k+2 from k≥ k₀. This would mean that the mass m(k)/2 nuclei N(k), k≥ k₀, k₀= 107-r₀ nuclei would be transformed to radiation. The mass transformed to radiation would be the m(107)× ∑_r=0^r₀-1 2^r= m(107)(1+2+2²+..+2^r₀-1).

The ratio R= P(rad)/P(wind) of the energy lost as radiation to the mass lost as solar wind would be in a rough approximation R=1+2+2²+..+2^k₀-1. k₀= 101 (prime) for which one has m(101)/2=4m(107)= 4GeV gives R=30 and k₀= 103 with m(103)/2=2m(107)= 2 GeV gives R=22. The ratio R is in the range [25,16.7] This favors the k₀=103 option.

It seems that the totally crazy option might work!

See the article Some solar mysteries or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Solar radius is not affected by the solar variability

In the Scitechdaily article (see this an interesting question was posed.

How it is possible that the solar radius is not affected by solar cycle variability? This is one of the many questions which are popping as the existing view of solar physics is collapsing. The early cosmology and galactic physics collapsed first after the findings of James Webb telescope and now stellar physics is following!

TGD provides an immediate answer (for a background see the earlier blog posting)

1. The numerous anomalies of the Sun leave only one conclusion: the standard view of the solar interior is completely wrong. Only the surface layer, magnetic bubble, is active and generates solar wind.
2. The solar wind consists of matter emerging from the magnetic bubble forming a thin layer at the surface of the Sun. The nuclei of the solar wind from the Sun do not arrive from the solar core as fusion products but are created in a phase transition in which M_89 nucleons at long monopole flux tubes with mass 512 times the ordinary nucleon transform to ordinary nucleons and liberate almost all of their mass as kinetic energy and bosonic matter. These flux tubes form what I have called a magnetic bubble at the surface of the Sun. Solar core where fusion would be occurring is a mere fragment of imagination.
3. In fact, in a good approximation Sun is analogous to a quantum harmonic oscillator consisting of mass shells as magnetic bubbles and the evolution of the Sun gradually burns these layers. The analogy with atoms and nuclei is obvious: only the valence shells are active and inner shells are totally silent and interact with the external world! This kind of layered structure was one of the first suggestions of classical TGD about 40 years ago but I could not take it seriously.
4. Planets and supernovae correspond to massive explosions throwing out these shells and solar wind is caused by their local explosions.
5. Finally the answer to the question. The solar wind affects the corona. The interior of the Sun has no effects on the shape of the Sun since it is totally passive just like the inner shells of the atom. Astrophysics is extremely simple.

See the article Some solar mysteries or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

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New view of the Sun

The article by Nassim Haramein inspired a detailed study of the TGD view of the Sun and eventually led to a rather radical proposal. The existing view about the interior of the Sun as a seat of nuclear fusion producing nuclear matter and transferred outside the Sun by the solar wind and supernovae might be totally wrong. Already the earlier considerations strongly suggested that nuclear matter is produced at the surface layer of the Sun that forms a magnetic bubble. The correlation of the neutrino flux with solar activity and its anticorrelation with sunspots further strengthens this conclusion. I have already earlier proposed a quantum view of the Sun as an analog of a harmonic oscillator consisting of matter shells as these magnetic bubbles.

The evolution of the star would mean that it gradually loses these analogs of nuclear shells formed by  giant nuclear strings consisting of M₈₉  nucleons 512 times heavier than ordinary M₈₉ nuclei. Global explosions in which M₈₉  transform to M₁₀₇ nuclei  generate planets and supernovae and local explosions generate the solar wind. No nuclear fusion in the solar interior is needed.

Further solar anomalies

There are also further solar anomalies discussed in the article of Haramein (see this). Not all of them are absolutely essential for the discussion of the TGD based model.

1. The theoretically predicted solar convection is too weak to explain empirical facts about heat transfer in the convective zone. In the TGD framework the notion of monopole flux tube is a natural seat of the convection (see this).

   One can also make a really radical questions? Is the solar interior something totally different from what we have used to think. Is there any fusion in the solar interior? What gives rise to the solar wind?

2. The anomalously high temperature of the solar corona is   poorly understood. Temperature is 3 orders of magnitude higher at the solar corona than at the solar surface and there is emission of high energy X rays (see this). The temperature is about 1 million Kelvin  whereas the ignition temperature for nuclear fusion is 15 million Kelvin. TGD predicts dark fusion explaining the "cold fusion" and it would play a key role also in the formation of the Sun and also other astrophysical objects.

3. Sunspot cycle having half-period of 11 years is one of the poorly understood aspects of the Sun. What happens is that the polarity of the solar magnetic field changes with a period of 11 years.

   The high energy gamma ray emission (see this) anti-correlates with the solar cycle so that the emission is minimum during the reversal of the magnetic field. Furthermore, the emission is largest towards North pole (see this). I have proposed a TGD based model for the sunspot cycle (see this) and this anomalous gamma rays are a surface phenomenon, and their emission correlates with the sunspot cycle, it is natural to start the model building from this model.

4. Solar neutrino problem, that is the fact that the observed neutrino flux is considerably lower than predicted by the standard solar model, is usually assumed to be due to the mixing of neutrinos as they travel from Sun to Earth. The article of Haramein (see this) challenges the notion of neutrino mixing. The proposal is that τ and μ neutrinos could be produced if the temperature in the solar core is much higher than it is believed to be. There is however strong evidence for neutrino mixing from experiments which use atmospheric neutrinos, reactor neutrinos or neutrinos from particle accelerators.
5. There is evidence for the correlation between the solar neutrino flux and solar wind and solar activity and for anticorrelation between solar neutrino flux and the number of sunspots (see this and this). It is however argued that the anticorrelation with the sunspot number does not exist (see this). In the framework of standard physics this looks strange if one believes that the production of neutrinos takes place in the interior of the Sun.

   This forces us to ask whether the origin of solar neutrinos is what it is believed to be. One can also challenge the existing beliefs about whether the convection is the origin of the solar wind and whether it could be generated at the surface layer of the Sun. Could the standard narrative about the interior of the Sun be completely wrong?

A new view of the Sun

The solar convection problem (see this) means that the convection, which should bring nuclear matter from the core to the surface, is much smaller than believed to be. The solar neutrino problem means that the solar neutrino flux is much lower than it is predicted to be. Furthermore, there is a correlation of the neutrino flux with the solar wind and anticorrelation with sunspot number were discussed (see this and this). These findings do not conform with the view that nuclear fusion produces the nuclear matter arriving from the Sun.

I have already earlier (see this) asked whether the Sun could be satisfactorily described by using the analog of the shell model with harmonic oscillator potential replaced with gravitational potential associated with the average mass density of the Sun.

The basic prediction concerning neutrinos would be that, not only nuclei, but also neutrinos are predominantly produced at the surface layer of the Sun: there would be no nuclear fusion in the core of the Sun! The long M₈₉ flux tubes split by reconnection to loops carrying. The M₈₉ nuclei transform to M₁₀₇ nuclei and almost all rest energy is transformed to kinetic energy causing the explosion. This process would also produce neutrinos brought to Earth by the solar wind.

Neutrino mixing is a well-established phenomenon and would take place also now. However, the model for the production of neutrinos changes profoundly. One expects that all neutrino generations are produced in the M₈₉ → M₁₀₇ transition. The production of neutrinos in the decays of ordinary pions produced as end products in the process could be an important mechanism, analogous to the interaction of the solar surface and atmosphere with cosmic rays also proposed as a mechanism for the production of neutrinos.

Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) effect (see this) is proposed as an explanation for the anomalously large mixing of high energy neutrinos involves a resonance effect caused by the presence of a density of electrons with a value dictated by neutrino mass difference considered. The MSW effect is not needed in the model. One can however ask whether the neutrinos could mix strongly in the solar corona and whether neutrinos could be produced in the corona as a side product of dark nuclear fusion.

This picture would explain why the neutrino flux correlates with solar activity. What about anticorrelation with the number of sunspots? The TGD based model for the reversal of the solar magnetic field assumes that the monopole flux tubes at the surface of the Sun split to short loops by reconnections, which then change their direction from North-South to South-North. The splitting would occur at sunspots. During this period there would be no big loops, whose reconnection and the transformation to ordinary nuclei would generate the solar wind. If the M₈₉ nuclei do not transform to ordinary nuclei during this period, the neutrino flux would have a minimum.

See the article Some solar mysteries or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Memory materials and zero energy ontology

Memory materials (or smart materials) provide a challenge for the view of condensed matter based on the standard quantum theory since standard quantum theory does not allow a mechanism for the coding of information about the past of the quantum past of the system involving possibly quantum jumps to its recent state. In TGD, zero energy ontology (ZEO) combined with holography = holomorphy vision provides this kind of mechanism discussed in article and blog article (see this and this). In what follows, the general mechanism of conscious memory is discussed first and then it is applied to memory materials.

1. ZEO and holography make possible memories by coding the quantum jump as a conscious event to the final state of the quantum jump

We have memories about the conscious experiences of the past. How are these memories formed? Zero energy ontology (ZEO) (see this) and this) suggests a rather concrete model for the representations of the memories in terms of the geometry of the space-time surface.

Consider first a brief summary of ZEO.

1. The basic notions of ZEO are causal diamond (CD), zero energy state, and state function reduction (SFR). There are two kinds of SFRs: "small" SFRs (SSFRs) and "big" SFRs (BSFRs).
2. A sequence of SSFRs is the TGD counterpart for a sequence of repeated measurements of the same observables: in wave mechanics they leave the state unaffected (Zeno effect). Already in quantum optics, one must loosen this assumption and one speaks of weak measurements. In the TGD framework, SSFRs give rise to a flow of consciousness, self.
3. BSFR is the counterpart of the ordinary SFR. In the BSFR the arrow of the geometric time changes and BSFR means the death of self and to a reincarnation with an opposite arrow of geometric time. Death and birth as reincarnation with an opposite arrow of time are universal notions in the TGD Universe.

Consider now this view in more detail.

1. Causal diamond CD=cd× CP₂ (see this) is the intersection of future and past directed light-cones of M⁴. In the simplest picture, cero energy states are pairs of 3-D many-fermion states at the opposite light-like boundaries of the CD.
2. Zero energy states are superpositions of space-time surfaces connecting the boundaries of CD. These space-time surfaces obey holography, which is almost deterministic. Holography = holomorphy principle allows their explicit construction as minimal surfaces and they are analogous to Bohr orbits when one interprets 3-surface as a generalization of a point-like particle. Already 2-D minimal surfaces fail to be completely deterministic (a given frame can span several minimal surfaces). This non-determinism forces ZEO: in absence of it one could have ordinary ontology with 3-D objects as basic geometric entities.

   The failure of complete determinism makes 4-dimensional Bohr orbits dynamical objects by giving them additional discrete degrees of freedom. They are absolutely essential for the understanding of memory and one can speak of a 4-dimensional brain.

3. The 3-D many-fermion states and the restriction of the wave function in WCW to a wave function to the space-of 3-surfaces as the ends of Bohr orbits at the passive boundary of CD are unaffected by the sequence of SSFRs. This is the counterpart for the Zeno effect. This requires that a given SSFR must correspond to a measurement of observables commuting with the observables which define the state basis at the passive boundary.

   The states at the opposite, active, boundary of CD are however affected in SSFRs and this gives rise to self and flow of consciousness. Also the size of CD increases in a statistical sense. The sequence of SSFRs gives rise to subjective time correlating with the increase of geometric time identifiable as the temporal distance between the tips of the CD. The arrow of time depends on which boundary of CD is passive and the time increases in the direction of the active boundary.

4. Ordinary SFRs correspond in TGD to BSFRs. Both BSFRs and SSFRs are possible in arbitrarily long scales since the h_eff hierarchy makes possible quantum coherence in arbitrary long scales.

   The new element is that the arrow of geometric time changes in BSFR since the roles of the active and passive boundaries of CD change. BSFR occurs when the set of observables measured at the active boundary no longer commutes with the set of observables associated with the passive boundary.

   The density matrix of the 3-D system characterizing the interaction of the 3-surface at the active boundary with its complement is a fundamental observable and if it ceases to commute with the observables at the active boundary, BSFR must take place.

Consider now what memory and memory recall could mean in this framework.

1. The view has been that active memory recall requires what might be regarded as communications with the geometric past. This requires sending a signal to the geometric past propagating in the non-standard time direction and absorbed by a system representing the memory (part of the brain or of its magnetic/field body). In the ZEO this is possible since BSFRs change the arrow of the geometric time.
2. The signal must be received by a system of geometric past representing the memory. This requires that 4-D space-time surfaces are not completely deterministic: Bohr orbits as 4-D minimal surfaces must have analogs of frames spanning the 2-D soap film, at which determinism fails. The seats of memories correspond to the seats of non-determinism as singularities of the space-time surface as a minimal surface.

3. How are the memories coded geometrically? This can be understood by asking what happens in SSFR. What happens is that from a set of 3-D final states at the active boundary some state is selected. This means a localization in the "world of classical worlds" (WCW) as the space of Bohr orbits. The zero energy state is localized to the outcome of quantum measurement. In ZEO the outcome therefore also represents the quantum transition to the final state! This is not possible in the standard ontology.

   The findings of Minev et al (see this and this) that in quantum optics quantum jumps correspond too smooth classical time evolutions leading from the initial state to the final state provide a direct support for this picture.

   ZEO therefore gives a geometric representation of a subjective experience associated with the SSFR. One obtains conscious information of this representation either by passive or active memory recall by waking up the locus of non-determinism assignable to the original conscious event. The slight failure of determinism for BSFRS is necessary for this. The sequence of SSFRs is coded to a sequence of geometric representations of memories about conscious events.

   This is how the Universe gradually develops representations of its earlier quantum jumps to its own state. Since the algebraic complexity of the Universe can only increase in a statistical sense the quantum hopping of the Universe in the quantum Platonic defined by the spinor fields of WCW implies evolution.

2. ZEO and memory materials

Basic facts about memory materials and shape-memory alloys can be found from Wikipedia (see this) The following summary is essentially the summary of the Wikipedia article

1. Basic examples of shape-memory alloys are copper-aluminium-nickel and nickel-titanium (NiTi), but SMAs can also be created by alloying zinc, copper, gold and iron. NiTi, NiTi-based SMAs are preferable for most applications due to their stability and practicability as well as their superior thermo-mechanical performance. NiTi SMAs can exist in two different phases, with three different crystal structures (i.e. twinned martensite, detwinned martensite, and austenite) and six possible transformations. The thermo-mechanical behavior of the SMAs is governed by a phase transformation between the austenite (A) and the martensite (M).

   Twinning of M means that it decomposes to crystals behaving like separate units. If quantum coherence is involved this could mean a reduction of quantum coherence length.

2. The thermal behavior of NiTi alloys is described by a hysteresis curve (see this) in which the percent or M varies between 100 and 0 corresponding to pure M and pure A.

   NiTi alloys change from A to M upon cooling starting from a temperature below M_s at which the heating has completely transformed A to M ; M_f is the temperature at which the transition by cooling from A to M is completed. During heating A_s and A_f are the temperatures at which the transition from M to A starts and is complete.

3. Applying a mechanical load to twinned M leads to a re-orientation of the crystals, referred to as de-twinning , which results in a deformation which is not recovered (remembered) after releasing the load. De-twinning starts at a certain stress σ_s and ends at f above which M continues to exhibit only elastic behavior (as long as the load is below the yield stress). One can interpret the de-twinning as loading of elastic energy to the twinned M so that detwinned M would have a lower energy.
4. The phase transformation from A to M can also be induced at a constant temperature by applying a mechanical load above a certain level. The transformation is reversed when the load is released. The reversibility suggests that the system's time evolution is analogous to a unitary evolution: in ZEO a sequence of SSFRs separated by analogs of unitary evolutions would characterize it.

5. The memorized deformation from detwinning of M is recovered after the heating to A. The transition from M to A depends only on temperature and stress. The transition does not depend on time, as most phase changes do. The reason would be that there is no diffusion involved.

   While the rapid cooling of carbon-steel is analogous to the cooling of A, it is not reversible and involves diffusion. Steel does not have shape-memory properties.

   ZEO suggests that in the case of A-M system a quantum phase transition describable as a sequence of SSFRs defining a generalization of unitary evolution making possible memory is in question. In the case of steel the description in terms of a sequence of SSFRs is not possible and memory would be lost.

The heating and also de-twinning process by applied pressure involves a feed of energy.

1. The hierarchy of effective Planck constants defines a hierarchy of phases of the ordinary matter behaving like dark matter. The increase of h_eff requires energy and the heating would provide it: one could speak of forced quantum coherence. I have proposed that this makes possible also high Tc superconductivity as a forced superconductivity. Metabolic energy feed would make this possible in living matter.
2. The heating would increase the h_eff of the detwinned M to that of A. The difference between A-M system and steel could be that h_eff is larger for A than steel. The larger the value of h_eff, the larger the time span of the (conscious) memory. The memory span of steel would be shorter.
3. One expects that energy is liberated in the A to M transition. However, the stress used to de-twin the twinned M produced by the cooling of A pumps energy to the twinned M. How can one understand this?

   The twinned configuration consists of copies of the same configuration and de-twinning would fuse them together and energy would be liberated in the fusion. Mechanical loading would feed energy to the system but minimization of free energy would induce de-twinning and would liberate energy. The applied stress could kick the system over a potential wall to a state with a lower energy.

   The process would be analogous to that proposed to occur in the biocatalysis (see this). The shortening of the monopole flux tubes connecting the reactants, induced by the reduction of h_eff, would bring reactants together and liberate energy making it possible to overcome the potential wall preventing the reaction. In the recent case the compression decreasing h_eff would shorten the distance between the basic units of twins and induce fusion.

See the article TGD and condensed matter or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Zero energy ontology and holography make possible memories by coding the quantum jump as a conscious event to the final state of the quantum jump

We have memories about the conscious experiences of the past. How are these memories formed? Zero energy ontology (ZEO) (see this) and this) suggests a rather concrete model for the representations of the memories in terms of the geometry of the space-time surface.

Consider first a brief summary of ZEO.

1. The basic notions of ZEO are causal diamond (CD), zero energy state, and state function reduction (SFR). There are two kinds of SFRs: "small" SFRs (SSFRs) and "big" SFRs (BSFRs).
2. A sequence of SSFRs is the TGD counterpart for a sequence of repeated measurements of the same observables: in wave mechanics they leave the state unaffected (Zeno effect). Already in quantum optics, one must loosen this assumption and one speaks of weak measurements. In the TGD framework, SSFRs give rise to a flow of consciousness, self.
3. BSFR is the counterpart of the ordinary SFR. In the BSFR the arrow of the geometric time changes and BSFR means the death of self and to a reincarnation with an opposite arrow of geometric time. Death and birth as reincarnation with an opposite arrow of time are universal notions in the TGD Universe.

Consider now this view in more detail.

1. Causal diamond CD=cd× CP₂ (see this) is the intersection of future and past directed light-cones of M⁴. In the simplest picture, cero energy states are pairs of 3-D many-fermion states at the opposite light-like boundaries of the CD.
2. Zero energy states are superpositions of space-time surfaces connecting the boundaries of CD. These space-time surfaces obey holography, which is almost deterministic. Holography = holomorphy principle allows their explicit construction as minimal surfaces and they are analogous to Bohr orbits when one interprets 3-surface as a generalization of a point-like particle. Already 2-D minimal surfaces fail to be completely deterministic (a given frame can span several minimal surfaces). This non-determinism forces ZEO: in absence of it one could have ordinary ontology with 3-D objects as basic geometric entities.

   The failure of complete determinism makes 4-dimensional Bohr orbits dynamical objects by giving them additional discrete degrees of freedom. They are absolutely essential for the understanding of memory and one can speak of a 4-dimensional brain.

3. The 3-D many-fermion states and the restriction of the wave function in WCW to a wave function to the space-of 3-surfaces as the ends of Bohr orbits at the passive boundary of CD are unaffected by the sequence of SSFRs. This is the counterpart for the Zeno effect. This requires that a given SSFR must correspond to a measurement of observables commuting with the observables which define the state basis at the passive boundary.

   The states at the opposite, active, boundary of CD are however affected in SSFRs and this gives rise to self and flow of consciousness. Also the size of CD increases in a statistical sense. The sequence of SSFRs gives rise to subjective time correlating with the increase of geometric time identifiable as the temporal distance between the tips of the CD. The arrow of time depends on which boundary of CD is passive and the time increases in the direction of the active boundary.

4. Ordinary SFRs correspond in TGD to BSFRs. Both BSFRs and SSFRs are possible in arbitrarily long scales since the h_eff hierarchy makes possible quantum coherence in arbitrary long scales.

   The new element is that the arrow of geometric time changes in BSFR since the roles of the active and passive boundaries of CD change. BSFR occurs when the set of observables measured at the active boundary no longer commutes with the set of observables associated with the passive boundary.

   The density matrix of the 3-D system characterizing the interaction of the 3-surface at the active boundary with its complement is a fundamental observable and if it ceases to commute with the observables at the active boundary, BSFR must take place.

Consider now what memory and memory recall could mean in this framework.

1. The view has been that active memory recall requires what might be regarded as communications with the geometric past. This requires sending a signal to the geometric past propagating in the non-standard time direction and absorbed by a system representing the memory (part of the brain or of its magnetic/field body). In the ZEO this is possible since BSFRs change the arrow of the geometric time.
2. The signal must be received by a system of geometric past representing the memory. This requires that 4-D space-time surfaces are not completely deterministic: Bohr orbits as 4-D minimal surfaces must have analogs of frames spanning the 2-D soap film, at which determinism fails. The seats of memories correspond to the seats of non-determinism as singularities of the space-time surface as a minimal surface.

3. How are the memories coded geometrically? This can be understood by asking what happens in SSFR. What happens is that from a set of 3-D final states at the active boundary some state is selected. This means a localization in the "world of classical worlds" (WCW) as the space of Bohr orbits. The zero energy state is localized to the outcome of quantum measurement. In ZEO the outcome therefore also represents the quantum transition to the final state! This is not possible in the standard ontology.

   The findings of Minev et al (see this and this) that in quantum optics quantum jumps correspond too smooth classical time evolutions leading from the initial state to the final state provide a direct support for this picture.

   ZEO therefore gives a geometric representation of a subjective experience associated with the SSFR. One obtains conscious information of this representation either by passive or active memory recall by waking up the locus of non-determinism assignable to the original conscious event. The slight failure of determinism for BSFRS is necessary for this. The sequence of SSFRs is coded to a sequence of geometric representations of memories about conscious events.

   This is how the Universe gradually develops representations of its earlier quantum jumps to its own state. Since the algebraic complexity of the Universe can only increase in a statistical sense the quantum hopping of the Universe in the quantum Platonic defined by the spinor fields of WCW implies evolution.

See the article TGD as it is towards end of 2024: part II or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

About the generalization of the holography = holomorphy ansatz to general analytic functions

The general ansatz works also for analytic functions with poles since (f₁=0,f₂=0) implies that the poles do not belong to the space-time surface. What is required is that the roots are not essential singularities. For rational functions R_i=P_i/Q_i the vanishing conditions reduce to those for the polynomials P_i.

The generalization Rieman zeta to polyzeta S_n(s₁,...,s_n) is s function of n complex variables (see this) and satisfies identities analogous to those satisfied by Riemann zeta. This generalization is extremely interesting from the point of view of physics of chaotic and quantum critical systems. Polyzeta S₄ with four complex arguments would define as its roots a 6-D analog of the twistor space of the space-time surface expected to have an infinite number of 6-D roots having interpretation as a generalization of zeros of Riemann zeta.

One could have f₁=S₄ so that its roots would correspond to 6-D zeros of polyzeta S₄(s₁,...,s₄) defining the counterparts of twistor surfaces! f₂=0 could define a map from the M⁴ twistor sphere S²₁ to CP₂ twistor sphere S²₂ characterized by a winding number or vice versa.

A further extremely nice feature is that the space-time surfaces form a number field in the sense that one can sum, multiply and divide the members of f_i and g_i of (f₁,f₂) and (g₁,g₂) elementwise. Also functional composition is possible. One could say that the space-time surface is a number. One can also consider polynomials and polynomials with prime order behave like multiplicative primes. It is also possible to identify prime polynomials with respect to functional composition (see this).

See the article TGD as it is towards end of 2024: part I or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Are supernovae induced by the transformation of M89 nuclei at the stellar surface to ordinary nuclei?

Could the explosions of the M₈₉ magnetic bubbles proposed to rise to the planets induce supernovae? The following vision suggests itself.

1. The flux tubes as M₈₉ super-nuclei split to ordinary M₁₀₇ nuclei and produce ordinary nuclear matter and liberate energy. This transition would give an additional contribution to the nuclear matter outside stars compensating for the missing contribution due to the missing ordinary nuclear matter inside stars.
2. The decay of giant M₈₉ nuclei defined by the monopole flux tubes would also create nuclei heavier than Fe, which are not produced in the stellar cores.
3. The pressure pulse created in this way leads to the formation of supernovae and blackhole-like objects? Various giant stars would be the outcome of these kinds of explosions of the M₈₉ surface layer?

One can check whether this hypothesis might make sense in the case of supernovae. I attach here a piece of text from the Wikipedia article about supernovae (see this) almost as such.

1. A supernova occurs during the last evolutionary stages of a massive star, or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear fusion. The original object, progenitor, either collapses to a neutron star or black hole, or is completely destroyed to form a diffuse nebula. The peak optical luminosity of a supernova can be comparable to that of an entire galaxy before fading over several weeks or months.
2. Theoretical studies indicate that most supernovae are triggered by one of two basic mechanisms: the sudden re-ignition of nuclear fusion in a white dwarf, or the sudden gravitational collapse of a massive star's core.
3. In the re-ignition of a white dwarf, the object's temperature is raised enough to trigger runaway nuclear fusion, completely disrupting the star. Possible causes are an accumulation of material from a binary companion through accretion, or by a stellar merger.
4. In the case of a massive star's sudden implosion, the core of a massive star will undergo sudden collapse once it is unable to produce sufficient energy from fusion to counteract the star's own gravity, which must happen once the star begins fusing iron, but may happen during an earlier stage of metal fusion.
5. Supernovae can expel several solar masses of material at speeds up to several percent of the speed of light. This drives an expanding shock wave into the surrounding interstellar medium, sweeping up an expanding shell of gas and dust observed as a supernova remnant. Supernovae are a major source of elements in the interstellar medium from oxygen to rubidium. The expanding shock waves of supernovae can trigger the formation of new stars. Supernovae are a major source of cosmic rays. They might also produce gravitational waves.

These facts suggest that both in the case of white dwarfs and massive stars, the transformation of M₈₉ nuclei to ordinary nuclei triggers the supernova by creating a powerful pressure pulse towards the core of the star.

In the case of a supernova, the mass thrown out is measured using solar mass M_Sun as a unit. For the explosions producing planets, the mass M_E of the Earth is the natural mass unit. Can one understand this?

1. In the case of the Sun The magnetic bubble consists of M₈₉ monopole flux tubes forming a mass of about .005M_Sun. The baryons produced in the transition make mass of about 3ME at most and would compensate for the missing nuclear mass inside the star. A good guess is that the model for the solar M₈₉ bubble generalizes as such so that the fraction of M₈₉ mass scales like (R_star/R_Sun)².
2. For blue giants (see this ), the masses are in the range 10 -300 M_Sun and the radii vary in the range 10 -100 R_E as the table of the Wikipedia article shows. The amount of ordinary baryons produced would be in the range 10²-10⁴M_E at most and considerably smaller than M_Sun∼ 10⁶M_E.
3. In accordance with the expectations, the explosion should also throw out a considerable amount of ordinary nuclear matter. The huge inward directed pressure pulse produced by the transformation of the M₈₉ layer to M₁₀₇ nuclear matter would produce as a reaction a strong inward pulse and this in turn would induce an outward pulse throwing the ordinary nuclear matter out.
4. In the case of white dwarf the inward directed pressure pulse could heat the core and re-ignite a runaway nuclear fusion inducing a total disruption of the white dwarf. In the case of a massive star this could induce a gravitational collapse of the core leading to a blackhole-like object or a neutron star.

To sum up, the TGD based model would solve the problem due to the missing nuclear mass and provide a missing link to the model of supernova. The decay of the giant M₈₉ nuclei to ordinary nuclei would also explain the origin of the nuclei heavier than Fe.

See the article Some solar mysteries or the chapter with the same title.

A mechanism of photosynthesis which does not involve biomolecules

Standard biology teaches us that photosynthesis is needed to produce oxygen, which is the basic prerequisite of life. Besides complex biological apparatus this requires photons, which provide the needed energy. At the bottom of the ocean there is very dark and this might form a bottleneck for the evolution of life. Now it has been found that at the bottom of ocean mineral deposits known as polymetallic nodules can generate oxygen in absence of photons (see this). They contain combinations of cobalt, copper, lithium, and manganese and the size of the nodule can be that of a human hand. The initiation of electrolysis splitting water to hydrogen and oxygen needs only 1.5 eV voltage in seawater. This means that one has a battery. It was found that the nodules involve voltage as high as .95 eV.

The nodules could make possible electrolysis and splitting of water. They could make it possible to overcome the hen and egg problem due the fact that a complex biomolecular apparatus is needed for photosynthesis but this apparatus cannot exist in primordial biology.

In the TGD Universe, multicellular life would have evolved in underground oceans and bursted to the surface in the Cambrian explosion for about 450 million years ago (see for instance this), which in the TGD Universe was caused by the expansion of the Earth radius by a factor 2 in a rather short period of time. TGD indeed predicts that the cosmic expansion of astrophysical objects occurs as short bursts. This explains why the astrophysical objects comove in expansion but do not expand themselves .

A heavy objection against this vision is that there are no photons in underground oceans so that photosynthesis is not possible. I have proposed that the light arriving as dark photons - ordinary photons but with a large value of effective Planck constant h_eff - from the Earth's core (the temperature is nearly the same as in the solar corona) could have provided the metabolic energy. Also solar photons arriving as dark photons along monopole flux tubes could have provided the energy.

It seems that also the polymetallic nodules could generate photons and make possible the splitting of water. What could be the mechanism making this possible? It must be added that also electrolysis, thought to represent ancient physics, is not a well-understood phenomenon. Remarkably, "cold fusion" was discovered in electrolytes (for the TGD view see this and this) . The voltages used in electrolysis are in eV range and in atomic physics length scales they correspond to ridiculously weak electric fields. How can they cause the ionization essential for electrolysis?

1. In the Pollack effect (see this), the irradiation of water in the presence of the gel phase generates a voltage, and therefore produces a battery. This battery also makes possible electrolysis and the splitting of water producing oxygen. Pollack effect is not understood in the framework of standard chemistry.
2. The TGD explanation is that in the Pollack effect one fourth of the protons of water are transformed to dark photons and kicked to monopole flux tubes. This creates a negatively charged region called exclusion zone (EZ). This would generate a charge separation giving rise to the voltage. Photons would provide the needed energy to transform ordinary protons to dark protons with a larger value of h_eff and therefore larger energy.

   It has become gradually clear that what matters is energy. Therefore the Pollack effect can be realized in several ways. In particular, the formation of molecules as bound states of atoms can provide the needed energy: no photons would be needed (see this and this ).

   In particular, the reverse Pollack effect, that is dropping of dark protons from the monopole flux tubes back to ordinary protons, is also possible and would liberate ordinary photons needed in the splitting of water. This could also provide the photonic energy needed in photosynthesis and could provide a temporary storage of metabolic energy needed in photosynthesis and in the storage of energy to ATP (see this).

3. If this can happen in the nodules, the photosynthesis could have evolved in underground oceans via the fusion of atoms to molecules and completely without external light source.

See for instance the article Expanding Earth Hypothesis and Pre-Cambrian Earth or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Some solar mysteries

This article was inspired by the article "Is the Sun a Black Hole?" by Nassim Haramein. The article describes a collection of various anomalies related to the physics of the Sun, which I have also considered from the TGD point of view. The most important anomalies are the gamma ray anomalies and the missing nuclear matter of about 1500 Earth masses. The idea that the Sun could contain a blackhole led in the TGD framework to a refinement of the earlier model for blackhole-like objects (BHs) as maximally dense flux tube spaghettis predicting also their mass spectrum in terms of Mersenne primes and their Gaussian counterparts.

It however turned out that the TGD based model for the missing nuclear matter assigns the gamma ray anomalies to a magnetic bubble as a layer covering the surface of the Sun and consisting of closed monopole flux tube loops running in North-South direction and carrying M₈₉ nucleons with a mass which is 512 times the mass of the ordinary nucleon. This structure could be seen as a 2-D surface variant of the TGD counterpart of blackhole and under very natural assumptions its mass is the missing 1500 Earth masses of ordinary nuclear matter. This model conforms with the earlier model of the sunspot activity related to the reversal of the solar magnetic field. It also explains the gamma ray anomaly below 35 GeV.

A possible explanation for the TeV anomaly is in terms of M₇₉ nuclei generated in the TGD counterpart for the formation of quark gluon plasma, which in the TGD Universe would generate M₈₉ hadrons from M₁₀₇ hadrons. Now M₇₉ nuclei would be generated from M₈₉ hadrons in a process analogous to high energy nuclear collision, which would correspond to the collision of the M₈₉ flux tubes, whose distance would be larger than 2 Compton lengths of M₈₉ nucleons.

The model leads also to a proposal for the generation of the inner planets and Mars via explosion of the outer layer of the Sun consisting of M_k nucleons caused by the transformation of M_k nucleons to M₁₀₇ nucleons. M₈₉ would give the inner planets and cores of the outer planets, which would have got their gas envelopes by gravitational condensation.

See the article Some solar mysteries or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Galaxy without stars

Galaxy without stars and containing only hydrogen gas is the newest strange finding of astronomers (see this). The proposed explanation is that the galaxy-like structure is so young that the formation of stars has not yet begun.

The hydrogen galaxy might be also seen as a support for the TGD based view of the formation of galaxies and stars. The basic objects would be cosmic strings (actually 4-D objects as surfaces in M^4xCP_2 having 2-D M^4 projection) dominating the primordial cosmology. Cosmic strings would carry energy as analog of dark energy and would give rise to the TGD counterpart of galactic dark matter predicting the flat velocity spectrum of distance stars around the galaxy. Cosmic strings are unstable against thickening producing flux tube tangles. The reduction of string tension in the thickening liberates energy giving rise to the visible galactic matter, in particular stars. This process would be the TGD counterpart of inflation and produce galaxies and stars. Quasars would be formed first.

One can however consider a situation in which there is only hydrogen gas but no cosmic strings. If the hydrogen "galaxy" has this interpretation, the standard view of the formation of galaxies as gravitational condensation could be wrong. Galaxy formation would proceed from short to long length scales rather than vice versa.

See the article About the recent TGD based view concerning cosmology and astrophysics or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this. .

New understanding about the energetics of muscle contraction

The FB post of Robert Stonjek told about a popular article in Phys Org (see this) about the modelling of unexpected findings related to muscle contraction (see the Nature article). The article is very interesting from the point of view of TGD inspired quantum biology (see for instance this).

Muscle contraction requires energy. From the article one learns that the contraction is not actually well-understood. The interesting finding is that the rate of muscle contraction correlates with the rate of water flow through the muscle. As if the water flow would provide the energy needed by the contraction. How? This is not actually well-understood. This is only one example of the many failures of naive reductionism in recent biology.

TGD suggests a very general new physics mechanism for how a biosystem can gain metabolic energy.

1. One can start from biocatalysis, whose extremely rapid rate is a complete mystery in the framework of standard biochemistry. The energy wall which reactants must overcome makes the reactions extremely slow. A general mechanism of energy liberation allowing us to get over the wall, should exist. The reactants should also find each other in the molecular crowd.
2. The first problem is that one does not understand how reactants find each other. The magnetic monopole flux tubes, carrying phases of ordinary matter with effective Planck constant h_eff>h behaving like dark matter, make the living system a fractal network with molecules, cells, etc at the nodes. The U-shaped flux tubes acting as tentacles allow the reactant molecules to find each other: a resonance occur when the U-shaped flux tubes touching each other have same magnetic value of magnetic field and same thickness, a cyclotron resonance occurs, they reconnect to form a pair of flux tubes connecting the molecules. Molecules have found each other.
3. At the next step h_eff decreases and the connecting flux tube pair shortens. This liberates energy since the length of the flux tube pair increases with h_eff. Quite generally the increase of h_eff requires energy feed, and in biosystems this means metabolic energy feed. The liberated energy makes it possible to overcome the energy barrier making the reaction slow.
4. This mechanism applied to the monopole flux tubes associated with water clusters and bioactive molecules is a basic mechanism of the immune system and allows the organism to find bioactive molecules which do not belong to the system normally. Cyclotron frequency spectrum of the biomolecule serves as the fingerprint of the molecule. This is also the basic mechanism of water memory.

In muscle contraction, the flow of water involving these contracting flux tubes would liberate the energy needed by contraction and the process would be very fast. The water flowing through the muscle is a fuel carrying energy at its monopole flux tubs with h_eff>h. The energy is used and water becomes ordinary. The rate of the flow correlates with the rate of contraction and with the rate of the needed metabolic energy feed.

The interesting question is whether this mechanism reduces to the usual ATP-ADP mechanism in some sense or whether ATP-ADP mechanism is a special case of this mechanism

See for instance the article TGD view about water memory and the notion of morphogenetic field.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Do local Galois group and ramified primes make sense as general coordinate invariant notions?

In TGD, space-time surface can be regarded as a 4-D root for a pair P₁,P₂ of polynomials of generalized complex coordinates of H=M⁴× CP₂ (of of the coordinates is generalized complex coordinates varying along light-like curves). Each pair gives rise to a 6-D surface proposed to be identifiable as analog of twistor space and their intersection defines space-time surface as a common base of these twistor spaces as S².

One can also think of the space-time surface X⁴ as a base space of a twistor surface X⁶ in the product T(M⁴)× T(CP₂) of the twistor spaces of M⁴ and H. One can represent X⁴ as a section of this twistor space as a root of a single polynomial P. The number roots of a polynomial does not depend on the point chosen. One considers polynomials with rational coefficients but also analytic functions can be considered and general coordinate invariance would suggest that they should be allowed.

Could one generalize the notion of the Galois group so that one could speak of a Galois group acting on 4-surface X⁴ permuting its sheets as roots of the polynomial? Could one speak of a local Galois group with local groups Gal(x) assigned with each point x of the space-time surface. Could one have a general coordinate invariant definition for the generalized Galois group, perhaps working even when one considers analytic functions f₁,f₂ instead of polynomials. Also a general coordinate invariant definition of ramified primes identifiable as p-adic primes defining the p-adic length scales would be desirable.

The required view of the Galois group would be nearer to the original view of Galois group as permutations of the roots of a polynomial whereas the standard definition identifies it as a group acting as an automorphism in the extension of the base number field induced by the roots of the polynomial and leaving the base number field. The local variant of the ordinary Galois group would be defined for the points of X⁴ algebraic values of X⁴ coordinates and would be trivial for most points. Something different is needed.

In the TGD framework, a geometric realization for the action of the Galois group permutings space-time regions as roots of a polynomial equation is natural and the localization of the Galois group is natural. I have earlier considered a realization as a discrete subgroup of a braid group which is a covering group of the permutation group. The twistor approach leads to an elegant realization as discrete permutations of the roots of the polynomial as values of the S² complex coordinate of the analog of twistor bundle realized as a 6-surface in the product of twistor spaces of M⁴ and CP₂. This realization makes sense also for the P₁,P₂ option.

The natural idea is that the Galois group acts as conformal transformations or even isometries of the twistor sphere S². The isometry option leads to a connection with the McKay correspondence. Only the Galois groups appearing in the hierarchy finite subgroups of rotation groups appearing in the hierarchy of Jones inclusions of hyper-finite factors of type II₁ are realized as isometries and only the isometry group of the cube is a full permutation group. For the conformal transformations the situation is different. In any case, Galois groups representable as isometries of S² are expected to be physically very special so that the earlier intuitions seems to be correct.

General coordinate invariance allows any coordinates for the space-time surface X⁴ as the base space of X⁶ as the analog of twistor bundle and the complex coordinate z of S² is determined apart from linear holomorphies z → az+b, which do not affect the ramimifed primes as factors of the discriminant defined by the product of the root differences.

See the article TGD as it is towards end of 2024: part I or a chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

The mystery of the magnetic field of the Moon

In Bighthink there was an interesting story telling about the strange finding related to the faces of the Moon. The finding is that the faces of the Moon are very different. Moon and Earth are in rotational resonance meaning that the we see always the same face of the Moon. In 1959 the first spacecraft flew around the Moon and it was found that the two sides of the Moon are very different.

The near side is heavily cratered and the lighter areas are in general more cratered that the dark areas known as maria. Craters have a fractal structure: craters within craters. Dark areas have different decomposition. At the far side there are relatively few dark maria and the dark side is thoroughly cratered and "rays" appear to radiate out from them.

The "obvious" explanation for the difference between the two sides is that there is a massive bombardment by heavy towards the far side whereas Earth has shielded the near side. This explanation fails quantitatively: the number of collisions at the near side should be only 1 per cent smaller at the far side. The far side is about 30 per cent more heavily cratered than the near side. There is no explanation for the size and abundance difference of the maria.

The article discusses the explanation in terms of Theia hypothesis stating that Moon was formed as a debris resulting from a collision of Mars size planet with Earth. If the Earth was very hot, certain elements would have been depleted from the surface of the Moon and chemical gradients would have changed its chemical decomposition. The very strong tidal forces when the Moon and Earth were near to each other would have led to a tidal locking. If the near side has thinner crust, Maria could be understood as resulting from molten lava flows into great basins and lowlands of the near side. If the maria solidified much later than the highlands one can understand why the number of craters is much lower. The impact did not leave any scars. The hot Earth near the Moon also explain the difference in crustal thickness.

TGD suggests a different explanation consistent with the Theia hypothesis. TGD predicts that cosmic expansion consists of a sequence of rapid expansions. This explains why the astrophysical objects participate in cosmic expansion but do not seem to expand themselves. The prediction is that astrophysical objects have experienced expansions. The latest expansion would have occurred .5 billion years ago and increased the radius of Earth by a factor 2. These epansion can be also explosions throwing away a layer of matter. Sun would created planets in this kind of explosions by the gravitational condensation of the resulting spherical layers to form the planet. Also Moon could have emerged in an explosion of Earth throwing out a thin expanding spherical layer. This would explains why the composition of Moon is similar to that of Earth.

The hypothesis resembles the Theia hypothesis. The hypothesis however suggests that the Moon should consist of a material originating from both Theia and Earth. The compositions of Earth and Moon are however similar. Why Theia and Earth would have had similar compositions?

This spherical layer was unstable against gravitational condensation to form the Moon. If the condensation was such that there was no radial mixing, the layer's inner side remained towards the Earth. This together with the tidal locking could allow to understand the differences between the near and far sides of the Moon. The chemical composition of the near side would correspond to that in the Earth's interior at certain depth h. One can estimate the thickness h of the layer as h= R_M^3/R_E² ≈ R_E/48 from R_M≈ R_E/4. This gives h≈ 130 km. The temperature of the recent Earth at this depth is around 1000 K (see this). At the time of the formation of Moon, the temperature could have been considerably higher, and it could have been in molten magma state.

Orbital locking would rely on the same mechanism as in Theia model. The half-molten state would have favored the development of the locking. The far side would represent the very early Earth affected by the meteoric bombardment or some other mechanism creating the craters.

Another mysterious observation is that Moon has apparentely turned itself inside out! The proposed mechanism indeed explains this. See the blog post.

See the article Moon is mysterious or the chapter Magnetic Bubbles in TGD Universe: Part I.