Could a TGD analog of Weinstein's proposal help to define the QFT limit of TGD?

Eric Weinstein has proposed "Geometric Unity", which is a proposal for a unification of the standard model and gravitation based on the notion of 14-D manifold U(14), which according to my understanding is the bundle of metrics of X reducing locally to a product space-time and 10-D internal space which could consist of 4× 4 symmetric matrices. Weinstein wants to endow U(14) with some additional structure and explain gauge symmetries in terms of the fiber of U(14) consisting of symmetric 4× 4 matrices. Group SO(10) acts as the 10-bein group of this space in the Euclidean case and the proposal is that it acts as a gauge group.

The first problem is that if the 10-bein group defines the gauge group, the gauge group for a Minkowskian signature of X is non-compact variant of SO(10), which is the group of isometries for the space of M₁₀ with Euclidean signature. In gauge theories non-compactness of the gauge group implies the loss of unitarity. Weinstein admits that his proposal works only in the Euclidean case.

Second problem is posed by the general coordinate invariance. General coordinate transformations do not induce a mere gauge transformation of the matrix of M₁₀ as they should. This could mean severe difficulties in the realization of the general coordinate invariance.

In the TGD framework, one of the challenges is the more precise definition of the QFT limit of TGD. In this article I will consider a variant of Weinstein's theory obtained by replacing H=M⁴× CP₂ with M⁴× Sⁿ as a possible manner to approach the problem. For n=9 and n=10 one obtains SO(n+1) as maximal isometry group and holonomy group. It turns out that one can obtain standard model symmetries but the predicted number of fermion families turns out to be wrong. In TGD fermion families have a topological explanation. M can be replaced by a sphere Sⁿ, and n=10 gives 4 generations and n=8 and n=9 2 generations. For larger values of n the number generations increases exponentially. Whether the QFT model could serve as a phenomenological description of the family replication phenomenon remains open.

In this article, I will consider a variant of Weinstein's theory obtained by replacing H=M⁴× CP₂ with M⁴× Sⁿ. For n=9 and n=10 one obtains SO(n+1) as maximal isometry group and holonomy group. It turns out that one can obtain standard model symmetries but the predicted number of fermion families turns out to be wrong. In TGD fermion families have a topological explanation. M can be replaced by a sphere Sⁿ, and n=10 gives 4 generations and n=8 and n=9 2 generations. For larger values of n the number generations increases exponentially. Whether the QFT model could serve as a phenomenological description of the family replication phenomenon remains open.

See the article Could a TGD analog of Weinstein's proposal help to define the QFT limit of TGD? or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Are planets and stars quantum gravitational harmonic oscillators in some sense?

I learned (thanks to Mark McWilliams and Grigol Asatiani) about a proposal that black-hole like stars, gravatars, could develop Russian doll-like nested structures, nestars (see this). Gravastar is a star proposed to replace blackhole. It has a thing layer of matter at horizon and de-Sitter metric in the interior. Nestar would consist of nested gravastars.

The proposal is interesting from the TGD point of view because TGD raises the question whether stars and astrophysical objects in general could have a layered structure.

1. One of the early "predictions" of TGD for stars coming from the study of what spherically symmetric metrics could look like, was that it corresponds to a spherical shell, possibly a hierarchical layered structure in which matter is condensed on shells. p-Adic length scale hierarchy suggests shells with radii coming as powers of 2^1/2.
2. Nottale's model for planetary systems suggests Bohr orbitals for planets with gravitational Plack constant GMm/β₀. The value of the velocity parameter β₀=v₀/c≤1 is from the model of Nottale about 2^-11 for the inner planets and 1/5 times smaller for the outer planets. This might reflect the fact that originally the planets or what preceded them consisted of gravitationally dark matter or that the Sun itself consisted of gravitationally dark matter and perhaps still does so.

1. Could harmonic oscillator model for stars and planets make sense?

The Nottale model is especially interesting and one can look at what happens inside the Sun or planets, where the mass density is in a good approximation constant and gravitational potential is harmonic oscillator potential. Could particles be concentrated around the orbitals predicted by the Bohr model of harmonic oscillator with radii proportional to n^1/2, n=1,2,3,.. . The lowest state would correspond to S-wave concentrated around origin, which is not realized as Bohr orbit. The wave function has nodes and would give rise to spherical layers of matter.

One can perform the simple calculations to deduce the energy values and the radii of Bohr orbits in the gravitatational harmonic oscillator potential by using the Bohr orbit model.

1. The gravitational potential energy for a particle with mass m associated with a spherical object with a constant density would be GmM(r)/r = GMmr²/R³, where M is the mass of the Sun and R is the radius of the object. This is harmonic oscillator potential.
2. The oscillator frequency is

   ω= (r_S/R)^3/2/r_S,

   where r_s= 2GM is the Schwartschild radius of the object, about 3 km for the Sun and 1 cm for Earth.

3. The orbital radii for Bohr orbits are proportional to n^1/2 inside the star. By the Equivalence Principle, the radius does not depend on particle mass. One obtains

   r_n = n^1/2 (2β₀)^-1/2 (r_S/R)^1/4 × R.

Of course, one must remember that in the recent Sun and Earth ordinary matter is probably not gravitationally dark: only the particles associated with the U-shaped monopole flux tubes mediating gravitational interaction could be gravitationally dark and would play an important role in biology.

The situation could have been different when the planets formed. I have proposed a formation mechanism by an explosive generation of gravitationally dark magnetic bubbles ("mini big bangs"), which then condensed to planets (see this and this). This would explain why the value of β_0 for the Earth interior is the same as for the system formed by the interior planets and Sun. The simple calculations to be carried out that for the outer planets only the core region emerged in this way and the gravitational condensation gave rise to the layer above it. The core should have the properties of Mars in order that it could correspond to S-wave state.

The model of stars and planets as gravitational harmonic oscillators turns out to be surprisingly successful. It turns out that the radius of the core of Earth corresponds to the Bohr radius for the first orbital, which suggests that the core of Earth, and more generally of the inner planets and Mars corresponds to an S-wave ground state. For the Sun the $n=1$ S-wave orbital is 1.5 times the solar radius.

For the outer planets the first Bohr radius is larger than the radius of the planet, which suggests that they are formed by gravitational condensation of matter around the core. The wild guess is that the core has the radius of Mars. Also the rings of Jupiter (and probably also of Saturn) can be understood quantitatively, which gives strong support for the assumption that the core is Mars-like. This picture would suggest that at the fundamental level the planetary system is very simple.

2. Application of the oscillator model to solar system

In this section the above simple model is applied to the solar system.

2.1 Oscillator model for the Sun and Earth

Consider first the model for the Sun.

1. For the Sun one has r_S/R = 4.3×10^-6. For β₀=2^-11 for the inner planets one obtains r₁= 1.45R so that this value of β₀ is too small. For β₀=10^-3 would give r¹≈ R. Solar interior would correspond to ground the S-wave concetrated around origin for β₀≤ 0^-3.

   β₀=1 gives r₁=.032R, which is smaller than the radius of the solar core about .2R. β₀=0.026 would give r₁= .2R. r₂₅ would be near to the solar radius. The set of the nodes of a harmonic oscillator wave function would be rather dense: at the surface of the Sun the distance between the nodes would be .1R. Note that the convective zone extends to .7R.

What about the Earth?

1. One has r_S= 1 cm and R= 6,378 km. At the surface of Earth β₀=1 is the favoured value and would give r₁= ≈ 151.6 km. The radius of the inner inner core is between 300 km and 400 km. n=4 would correspond to 300 km and n=7 to 400 km. β₀ scales like (r₁/R_E)². At the surface of Earth one would have n = (R_E/r₁)²≈1784 and the distance between two nodes would be R_E/2n≈1.8 km.
2. One can write β₀(r₁) as β₀(r₁)= (151.6/r₁)².
   1. For r₁=3471 km, the core radius, this gives β₀≈1.9× 10^-3.
   2. The gravitational Compton length of the Sun is one half of Earth's radius, which conforms with the Expanding Earth hypothesis, and is not far from the radius of the core. This gives β₀= 2.2× 10^-3.
   3. For r₁=R_E, one has β₀≤5.6× 10^-3, which is quite near to the nominal value of β₀=2^-11 for the magnetic body of the Sun, the Earth interior would correspond to the ground state S-wave concentrated around origin.

      β₀≈ 1 should hold true above the surface of the Earth, which suggests that it characterizes the gravitational magnetic body of Earth.

2.2 The radii of first Bohr orbits for planets modelled as gravitational harmonic oscillators?

The above observations raise the question whether the value of β₀ for Sun and inner/outer planets is such that both the entire Sun or its core and the cores of at least some rocky planets correspond to the ground state S-waves for the value of the gravitational Planck constant assigned with the planet. The allowed n ≥ 1 states could correspond to layers above the core.

Note that the Bohr orbital in plane corresponds to a wave function for Schrödinger equation localized to an orbital located near the orbital plane and that there are several orbitals for a given value of n. This state could have been the primordial dark matter state and the recent state could carry some information about this state.

The condition r₁ ≤ R_p requires

r_S,P/R_P ≤ 4β²₀(Sun,P) .

Using M_e and R_e as units, this condition reads for inner planets as

r_S,P/R_P < 1

and for outer planets as

r_S,P/R_P < K² ,

where one has K = 1 or K = 1/5 depending on what option is assumed.

1. The first option giving K = 1 assumes that the principal quantum numbers n are of the form n = 5k, k = 1,2,.. for the outer planets. This is possible although it looks somewhat un-natural.
2. The second option, proposed originally by Nottale [Nottale], is β(outer) = Kβ(inner), K = 1/5.

Recall that the prediction for the radius of the first Bohr orbital is

r₁/R_P = (2β₀)^-1/2 < (r_s/R_P)^1/4 .

It is interesting to see whether the condition holds true (see this).

2.3.1 Rocky planets

Consider first the rocky planets, which include inner planets and Mars. For Mercury the ratio r₁/R_Mars is (R_E/R_Mars)(M_Mars/M_E)^1/4) ( r₁(E)/R_E) ≈ .388 . For Venus and Earth with nearly equal masses, which suggests that Venus has also a core of nearly the same radius, which corresponds to r₁≈ .36R.

For Mars, which is also a rocky outer planet, the condition for the K=1/5 option gives the value of r₁/R} for Mars by a scaling the value .36 for the Earth by the factor (1/K)^1/2× (R_E/R_Mars)(M_Mars/M_E)^1/4 ≈ .931 so that one r₁= .33R_Mars. The situation for the mantle region would be very similar to that for the Earth. Note that the values of r₁(P)/r_P are rather near to each other, which suggests that all are formed by the condensation of the mantle on top of the core.

Planet	MP/ME	RP/RE	r1/RP
Mercury	0.0553	0.383	.39
Venus	0.815	0.949	.35
Earth	1	1	0.36
Mars	0.107	0.532	.54

What is truly remarkable and raises hope that the proposed model has something to do with reality, that in the case of Earth r₁ is identifiable as the core radius.

2.3.2Giant planets

The outer planets are gas giants apart from Mars and apart from Neptune, which is an ice giant. The following table gives the values of the radius r₁ for the first oscillator orbit assuming K=1/5.

Planet	MP/ME	RP/RE	r1/RP
Jupiter	317.8	11.21	5.16
Saturn	95.2	9.45	4.0
Uranus	14.5	4.01	3.1
Neptune	17.1	3.88	3.2

For K=1/5 the values of r₁ for the giant planets are systematically larger than the orbital radius. The reason for this is that the large value of the mass of the planet increases like R_P³ and makes ℏ_gr ∝ r_s/R_P large. For K=1, also allowed by the Nottale model,r₁ would be replaced by .45 r₁. Also now r₁/R_P > 1 would be true.

What is interesting is that r₁/R_P >1 is true also for the Sun.

2.3.3 Dwarf planets, Pluto, and some moons

One can also estimate the values of r₁ for some dwarf planets (Table 3) known to be promising places for the evolution of organic life and the Moon and some moons of Jupiter and Saturn.

Object	M/ME	R/RE	r1/R
Pluto	.00218	0.1818	.27
Eris	.0028	.182	.28
Ceres	1.57× 104	.2725	.17
Moon	.0123	.074	.17

2.4 Do giant planets have a shell structure for gravitational harmonic oscillator in some sense?

The above observations give r₁/R_P >1 for the outer planets. The reason is that the large radius of the plane implies large mass and this in turn makes the gravitational Planck constant large. Should one accept that the giant planes are analogous to the ground state S-waves of the harmonic oscillator (whatever this means!) or have a layered structure suggested by the gravitational harmonic oscillator potential and they have a rocky core as an analog of the S-wave state with a size predicted by the equality? There are suggestions that giant planets could have a rocky core containing metals for which there is evidence (see this) with smaller mass.

1. A natural mechanism for the formation of the giant planet would be gravitational condensation of matter from the environment around the core region.

   The crucial assumption would be that the gravitational Planck constant GMm/\beta_0 is determined by the mass M_core of the core region rather than the mass of the entire planet. This would reduce the value of R₁.

2. The first wild guess for the core region is as a rocky planet, either Mars or Earth. This determines the mass and radius of the core and it would correspond to the S-wave state of a gravitational harmonic oscillator with gravitational Planck constant proportional to M_E or M_M. The n=1 harmonic oscillator orbital corresponds to the radius of the core. For definiteness let us consider Mars with K=1/5 as a guess for the core region.
3. The region outside the core could correspond in the first approximation to harmonic oscillator orbitals determined by the average density with radii given as r_n= n^1/2R_core(P).

One can develop a more detailed model as follows.

1. Newton's law for circular Bohr orbits and quantization condition for angular momentum in the gravitational potential V(R)= GmM(R)/R, where M(R) is

   M(R) = M(core) + M(layer)×[(R/R_P)³-(R_core/R_P)³) .

   Slightly below R(core) the force is harmonic force the interior R increases, the gravitational potential approaches to harmonic oscillator potential determined by M_P. For outer planets the average density is considerably smaller than the density of the core.

2. The first condition is

   v²/R= dV(R)/dR = -d(GM(R)/R)/dR = GM(R)/R²-G(dM/dR)/R,

   where one has

   dM/dR= 3R^2/R_P³ .

   One obtains

   v(R)²= (1/2)× (r_S(core)/R- 3r_S(layer)× (R/R_P)³).

3. The second condition corresponds to the quantization of the angular momentum

   vR= GM(core)/β₀

   gives for R the equation

   R/R_E= (r_S(core)/R_E)/β₀v(R) .

   Mars is the natural choice for the core. From these data the radii of the Bohr orbits can be calculated. Near the boundary of the core the radii would go like n^1/2R_M. For large enough radii one would obtain harmonic oscillator potential.

Jupiter serves as a representative example. One has M_J= 317.8M_E and R_J= 11.2R_E≈22.4R_M. The density of Jupiter is fraction .22 of the density of Earth. Most of the mass of Jupiter would be generated by the gravitational condensation of gas from the atmosphere. At least the dark matter at the gravitational magnetic body would be at the harmonic oscillator orbitals.

2.4. Could one understand the rings of Jupiter and Saturn in terms of a gravitational analog of a hydrogen atom?

Could one understand the rings of Saturn and Jupiter in terms of Bohr orbits with a small principal quantum number n for the gravitational analog of a hydrogen atom assuming the same gravitational Planck constant as for the interior of the planet and determined by the mass of the core?

The basic formulas for hydrogen atom generalize and one obtains that the radius of hydrogen atom as a₀= ℏ/2α m_e, α= e²/4πℏ is replaced with a_gr= ℏ_gr/2α_grm, ℏ_gr= GM_Marsm/β₀, α_gr= GM_Mm/4πℏ_gr= GMm β₀/4π. This gives

a_gr =(2π/β₀²)× (r_S,Mars²/r_S,J) .

Consider Jupiter as an example. By using M_J/M_Mars≈ 3178 and β₀≈2^-11/5, one obtains the estimate a_gr= (π/3.178)/× 10⁴ ≈ 10⁴ km. The radius of Jupiter is 7.4× 10⁴ km. a_gr is proportional to the square of the mass of the core. That orders of magnitude are correct, is highly encouraging. The radii of Bohr orbits are given by r_n=n^2a_gr. Could the radii for the rings correspond to n=3 Bohr orbit?

See the article A model for planets or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

A fresh look at M8-H duality and Poincare invariance

M⁸-H duality is a proposal to integrate geometric and number theoretic visions of TGD. M⁸-H duality has several questionable features. For various reasons it seems that M⁸ must be replaced with its complexification M⁸_c interpreted as complexified octonions O_c. This however leads to several problems. The modified variant of M⁸-H duality identifying M⁸ as a quaternionic sub-space of octonions O with a number theoretic norm defined by Re(o²), rather than oo*, solves these problems.

The proposal has been that octonionic polynomials P(o) define the number theoretic holography. Their roots would define 3-D mass shells for which mass squared values are in general complex and the initial data for the holography would correspond to 3-surfaces at these mass shells. Also this assumption has problems. There is however no need for this assumption: the holography on the H side is induced by the M⁸-H duality!

The hierarchy of polynomials defines a hierarchy of algebraic extensions defining an evolutionary hierarchy central for all applications of TGD and one must have it. Luckily, the recent realization that a generalized holomorphy realizes the holography at the H side as roots for pairs of holomorphic functions of complex (in generalized sense) coordinates of H comes to rescue. It can be strengthened by assuming that the functions form a hierarchy of pairs of polynomials.

Twistor lift strongly suggests that M⁴ and space-time surfaces allow a Kähler structure and what I call Hamilton-Jacobi structure. These structures force a breaking of Poincare and even Lorentz invariance unless they are dynamically generated. It indeed turns out that M⁸-H duality generates them dynamically.

See the article A fresh look at M⁸-H duality and Poincare invariance or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Direct evidence for cosmic strings in TGD sense from weak lensing

The cosmic plot is finally starting to unravel! For almost twenty years I have been trying to communicate a TGD-based theory for the galactic dark matter but in vain. Now empiria has come to rescue.

There is now evidence for dark matter filaments from the detection of weak-lensing caused by them (see the popular article). See also the article "Weak-lensing detection of intracluster filaments in the Coma cluster" by HyeongHan et al in Nature Astronomy, 2024. This kind of dark filaments are a basic prediction of TGD and their classical energy corresponds to dark energy.

Before radiation-dominated cosmology, the matter in the TGD Universe matter consists of extremely massive objects, which I call cosmic strings. In TGD, the spacetimes correspond to 4-surfaces M⁴×CP₂ and cosmic strings are string-like 3-surfaces. The monopole flux associated with these string-like objects stabilizes them against splitting. They are typically more or less perpendicular to the galaxies they have generated in a local decay process and create a gravitational field in the plane of the galaxy behaving like 1 over transversal distance.

The string tension alone explains the constant velocity spectrum of distant stars and the model avoids the problems of the &Lamgda;CDM and MOND. However, cosmic strings are unstable against decaying into ordinary matter by thickening, which reduces the string tension, and in this process galaxies are formed. In particular, the collisions of the cosmic strings trigger decay to ordinary matter as the TGD counterpart of inflation.

The extremely fast star formation in the very early universe, recently observed by JWT, is a mystery for which an explanation is proposed in terms of giant black holes which, contrary to standard wisdom, were born before the galaxies and formed directly from plasma rather than as the end result of evolution (see this). The above picture explains the star formation in terms of the production of matter in the decay of cosmic string to monopole flux tubes. The above picture picture explains the rapid star formation in terms of the production of matter in the decay of cosmic string to monopole flux tubes.

For the TGD vision of the formation of galaxies see for instance this, this, this, and this .

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Which Came First: Supermassive Black Holes or Galaxies?

The revolution initiated by the the James Webb Telescope continues: see the popular article and the article “Which Came First: Supermassive Black Holes or Galaxies? Insights from JWST” by Joseph Silk et al published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

The objects identified as gigantic primordial blackholes are introduced to explain the extremely fast formation for a few million years after the Big Bang. After this period the formation of stars should have slowed down and the recent galaxies and galactic blackholes would evolve very slowly.

The very existence of this kind of blackholes is in conflict with the standard general relativistic wisdom, which assumes that blackholes were formed as the final state of the development. The primordial blackholes should be formed directly from the concentrations of the primordial plasma without formation of stars. Their presence would catalyze the rapid formation of stars and lead to formation of galaxies.

These visions can be seen as part of the desperate battle of general relativity based cosmology in order to survive the empirical facts. In the TGD framework, space-time is replaced with a 4-surface in H=M^4xCP_2: this predicts standard model symmetries and unifies gravitation and standard model. The choice of H is unique both mathematically and physically.

The TGD based space-time concept led to a new view of cosmology involving cosmic strings (not those of GUTS) as string-like objects carrying monopole magnetic fluxes. They are extremely thin 4-surfaces with a huge string tension carrying energy having interpretation as analog of dark energy. They provide explanation for the galactic dark matter involving only string tension as a paerameter and solving the problems of LambdaCDM and MOND.

1. Cosmic strings dominated before the radiation dominated phase and their decay to ordinary matter was the TGD counterpart of inflation. Cosmic strings were unstable against the thickening of their 1-D M^4 projection to a 3-D flux tube. The string tension of the thickened portion of the flux tubes formed a tangle and the associated dark energy transformed to ordinary matter forming a galaxy around it. Also collisions of cosmic strings generated this kind of tangles.
2. This decay process as an analogy of inflation generated ordinary matter, galaxies and stars and generated the counterparts of the postulated primordial blackholes. During this period the formation of stars was extremely rapid and later slowed down as the findings of the JWT demonstrate.

See for instance this, this, this, and this .

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Missing baryon problem from the TGD point of view

The following piece of text was meant to be a comment to an FB post telling about the missing baryon problem (see this). My FB is however plagued by a virus, which makes the addition of comments very difficult: the page disappears just when I try to add the comment. This happened also now.

What is the problem of missing baryonic matter.

1. 1/7 of the matter of the Universe is dark matter in the sense of galactic dark matter. The identification of the dark matter is still a mystery. LambdaCDM people have decided dark matter to be some exotic particles forming halos around galaxies. MOND people have decided that Newtonian gravity is modified for weak fields.
2. Besides 30 per cent of the ordinary matter, baryons, seems to be missing. This is known as the missing baryon problem (see this>).

   The prosaic explanation for the puzzle is that with the available technology we are not able to detect the missing part of ordinary matter and it has been argued that the missing baryonic matter can be assigned with long filamentary structures. This explanation might be correct.

What can one say about dark matter in the TGD framework?

1. In the TGD Universe, the radiation dominated phase was preceded by cosmic string dominance. They would have decayed to ordinary matter like inflaton fields and led to the radiation dominated Universe.
2. The galactic dark matter could be actually dark energy assignable with long cosmic strings with a gigantic string tension. Monopole flux would make them stable. This dark energy would decay to ordinary matter since the cosmic strings are unstable against thickening and generation of flux tube tangles giving rise to ordinary galaxies.

   This process would be the TGD counterpart of inflation: inflaton fields would be replaced by cosmic strings. This view predicts the flat velocity spectra of galaxies using only string tension as a parameter and makes a long list of predictions allowing us to understand the anomalies of LambdaCDM and MOND.

3. TGD predicts also matter behaving like dark matter. This analog of dark matter is identifiable as h_eff>h phases of THE ordinary matter and could contribute to the missing baryonic matter. I have used to talk about dark matter but this matter need not be galactic dark matter, which could be mostly dark energy for cosmic strings. The dark phases can have arbitrarily long quantum coherence scales and they play a fundamental role in living matter as controllers of the ordinary matter. In TGD inspired biology dark protons identified as this kind of phase at monopole flux tubes play an essential role.

   What could one say about the missing baryonic matter in this framework? I have considered this question in more detail earlier (see this), and the following general comment explains why ordinary baryons should transform to dark ones during the cosmic evolution.

   1. Could the missing ordinary matter correspond to h_eff>h phases of the ordinary matter? The intuitive view is that the density of dark protons is much smaller than the number of ordinary protons. Could this be true only in the regions containing high density of ordinary matter. Could the fraction of ordinary protons be much larger than that of dark protons only in the regions where the visible matter is concentrated.
   2. Why would ordinary nucleons transform to dark nucleons? Evolution means the increase of complexity. In the TGD Universe this means the increase of h_eff, which corresponds to a dimension of algebraic extension of rationals characterizing polynomials which at the fundamental level characterize space-time regions. Number theoretic evolution would transform the ordinary matter to dark matter as h_eff>h phases residing at the monopole flux tubes. Could 30 per cent of ordinary matter have transformed to dark matter in this sense?
   See the article Cold fusion, low energy nuclear reactions, or dark nuclear synthesis? or the chapter Cold Fusion Again.

   For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

   For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Could classical electromagnetic and gravitational fields give rise to collective consciousness in even historical time scales?

Paul Kirsch made an interesting question about whether the proposed gravitational and electric collective levels of consciousness assignable to Sun and planet could carry information about the history of biosphere and human kind. It is interesting to consider this question quantitatively by using the basic length and time scales predicted by TGD inspired quantum biology.

1. For the gravitational magnetic body of Earth the gravitational Compton length is L_gr= GM_E/2/β₀ ≈.5 cm (β₀=1). For Sun one has L_gr,S≈ R_E/2 (β₀= 2^-11 for the inner planets), where R_E the radius of Earth. The corresponding time scales are rather short: .16 ns for the Earth and 10 μs for the Sun.
2. For the electric fields of Earth and Sun the values of "IQ" defined by the electric Planck constant h_eff= ℏ_em are considerably higher than for the corresponding gravitational fields.
   1. The electric Compton length L_p,em for protons in the case of Earth corresponds to the thickness of the thermosphere where the plasmoids would live, which puts bells ringing.
   2. For the Sun the electric Compton length L_p,em is about 1 AU, the distance of Earth from the Sun, bells are ringing again. The time scales T_p,em = L_p,em/c would be rather short. For the Earth one would give T_p,em ≈ 4.8 ms, the time scale of the nerve pulse. For the Sun one would have T_p,em ≈8 minutes. This time scale might be perhaps assigned with short term memories or an attention span of some kind. For the electron the time scale is 26.7 hours which is slightly longer then one day (24 hours).
   3. For a pair formed by say charge Z and mass M and Sun, the electric Compton length and time are scaled up by a factor Zm_p/M from those of protons. This factor is in general smaller than one so that historical times scales cannot be obtained by increasing the charge.

The natural guess is that electric and gravitational fields correspond to collective consciousness of some kind. Could it be the collective consciousness of the human kind or of the biosphere? Could our understanding of our physical environment rely on direct sensory experience of these collective levels of consciousness about their electromagnetic and gravitational bodies? Could our science based conscious information be represented on astrophysical scales so that the target of science could determine the scale of the corresponding cognitive representations?

1. Consider first gravitational magnetic bodies.
   1. For the Milky Way the mass is about 1.55× 10¹²M_S, the gravitational Compton length L_gr would be for β₀=1 equal to about L_gr≈ 1.55×10¹² × β₀(Sun) km ≈.8×10⁹ km, which would give T_gr ≈ .8× 10⁷ seconds, which rather near to year which is 3.2× 10⁷ seconds! For β₀=1/4 one would obtain a year. Also now the bells are ringing.
   2. To get historical time scales in the gravitational case, one should have a larger astrophysical object, perhaps a local galaxy cluster. Galaxy clusters have masses 10²-10³ times the mass of the Milky Way. This would give a time scale of 100-1000 years which is historical.
2. What about electric Compton time for the Milky Way in the case of dark protons? Galaxy is estimated to have a Coulomb charge of about 10³¹ Coulombs. For β₀=1, this would give for proton Compton time of about T_em,p=10¹⁵ years, considerably longer than the age about 10¹⁰ years of the cosmos!

As already noticed, the increase of the charge Z of the particle paired with a large mass does not allow us to get historical time scales.

1. The gravitational Compton length does not depend on the mass of the particle (Equivalence Principle).
2. Quite generally, the increase of the charge of the paired particle is accompanied by corresponding increase of the mass which tends to reduce the value of electric Compton length from that for protons (or electrons).
3. The example of DNA illustrates the situation in the electric case.
   1. DNA is exceptional since there is constant change density of 2 elementary charges per nucleotide making the charge of DNA very large. Therefore DNA maximizes the electric Compton length and time. The length of DNA does not however increase these parameters.
   2. Human DNA has about 3.2× 10⁸ base pairs. Base has an average mass of 320 proton masses. Base pair has a charge of 2e. The mass and charge are scaled by a factor of order 10¹¹ from those of protons. Hence the charge per mass ratio using proton mass as a unit is about 1/320. The electric Compton lengths and times are scaled down by factor about 1/320.
   3. For DNA, T_em,p=10¹⁵ years for proton-Milky-Way pair would scale down to T_em,DNA= 3× 10¹² years, still 300 times longer than the estimated age of the Universe. For an ion with charge Z and mass of Mega Dalton (million proton masses) electrically paired with the Milky Way, one would have T_em= Z × 10⁹ years and thus same order of magnitude as the age of the Universe.
   4. The charge/mass ratio is for biomolecules in general smaller than for DNA so that as macroscopic quantum systems they would correspond to shorter Compton lengths and times. For instance, for ions with mass number A, one would have T_em,A=T_em,p/A.

See the article About long range electromagnetic quantum coherence in TGD Universe or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Did plasmoid life serve as a midwife for biological life?

Somehow the plasmoid life should have evolved to biological life. The natural guess is that biomolecules evolved in the dust particles interacting with the plasmoids. For instance, they are known to become electrically charged. Carbonaceous chondrites (see this) are especially interesting dust particles since they contain water, silicates, and basic organic molecules such as amino acids serving as natural candidates for the storage of metabolic energy. Chondrites also contain glass balls, which must have emerged from liquid silicon, which suggests the occurrence of dielectric breakdowns. The TGD based model of ball lightning this) involves the transformation of silicate to silicon in liquid phase. The presence of the molecules pairing with their dark analogs (in information theoretic sense) could have led to the evolution of the chemical metabolic energy storage.

Could carbonaceous chondrites associated with double plasma membranes with layers having opposite charges have evolved in the thermospheres of the planets and stars from systems involving mostly silicates and water to systems containing basic information molecules like DNA, RNA, amino acids and tRNA? Could plasmoids have served as midwives in the process?

Here the theory of Oparin (see this) and the support for it provided by Miller-Urey experiment (see this) provide guidelines. Oparin suggested that life evolved in a strongly reducing (able to donate electrons and thus becoming easily oxidized) atmosphere lacking oxygen and containing methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapor.

In the Miller-Urey experiment a system assumed to simulate an ancient ocean containing very simple organic molecules was studied. Also heat gradient was involved. Lightnings were simulated as dielectric breakdowns in a strong voltage. Almost all amino-acids necessary for life emerged in the process. I have commented on the more recent findings related to this experiment from the TGD point of view in this and this). This leads to a long series of questions.

1. In the thermosphere the scale is that of a protocell. Could the protocell be realized as a double plasma membrane containing carbonaceous chondrites?
2. Could carbonaceous chondrite act like a strongly reducing atmosphere? Could the chondritic water take the role of the ocean in the Urey-Miller experiment and could the thermal gradient of the thermosphere replace the thermal gradient? Could dielectric breakdowns in the voltage of the double plasmoid membrane replace the lightnings?

   Pollack effect requires energy feed. Could generalized Pollack effect induce the formation of the basic biomolecules such as amino-acids as bound states this). Could the binding of oxygen to silicon to form silicates by the generalized Pollack effect make the chondrites strongly reducing by removing the free oxygen?

3. Did proto cellular life evolve in this way and migrate to the surface of Earth? At the surface of Earth the possibly existing oceans had a very low oxygen content and the energy flux from the Sun was too low (faint Sun paradox). It seems that the oxygen based photosynthesizing multicellular life could not evolve at the surface of the Earth. This conforms with the presence of multicellular fossils before the Cambrian explosion that occurred about 500 million years ago.
4. TGD suggests that the photosynthesizing, oxygen based multicellular life actually developed in the underground oceans below the surface of Earth, in the womb of Mother Gaia, where the conditions for the development of photosynthesis and multicellulars were more favorable (see this and this). It bursted to the surface of Earth in the Cambrian Explosion in which photosynthesizing multi-cellulars suddenly appeared. In the TGD Universe, the dark photons from the core of Earth might have provided the metabolic energy: the thermal radiation from the core is in the same energy range as solar radiation.

See the article About long range electromagnetic quantum coherence in TGD Universe or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

What about the electric body of the Sun?

In the Zoom session, Ville Saari made a question related to the Sun as an astrophysical quantum system, and I realized that although I had estimated the electric Planck constant h_em for the Sun.

1. Recall, that the electric Planck constant h_em for the pair determined by a relatively small charge Z and the charged system with large charge Q, is as a generalization of the gravitational Planck constant determined by the formula h_em= Qe²/β₀, where β₀=v₀/c <1 is a velocity parameter.

   For the Earth, there are reasons to believe that β₀≈ 1 holds true in the gravitational case. This implies that h_em has minimal value. For the inner planets of the Sun, Mercury, Venus, and Earth, one has in a good approximation β_0,S= 2^-11 as was deduced by Nottale. For the outer planets, one would have β₀=2^-11/5.

2. The charge is identified as the electric flux over a surface containing the charge. In the case of a spherically symmetric charge density within a sphere of radius R one has

   Q = ε₀ ES= ε₀ × E(R)× 4π R²,

   where ε₀= 8.85× 10^-12 C/Vm is the dielectric constant of vacuum. Note that one has E(R) ∝ 1/R². One can restrict the consideration to the surface of the system so that E(R) is the electric field at the surface, S is the surface area of the sphere, and R is the radius of the sphere.

3. One can use the scaling law Q_S/Q_E= (E_S/E_E)× (R_S/R_E)² .

   to deduce Q_S for the Sun from Q_E. From the values R_S≈ 6.9 × 10⁸ m and R_E≈ 6.3× 10⁶ m, one has R_S/R_E ≈ 101.

   For the Earth one has E_E=.1-.3 keV/m. For the charge of Earth one obtains the estimate Q≈ 4.4x× 10⁶ C =27.5× 10²⁴e. To get some perspective, note that aluminium capacitors can have a maximum charge of about 10³ C whereas the maximal charge of a van de Graaff generator is about .14 C. From C= 6.24 × 10¹⁸e one obtains ℏ_em,E ≈ 2.75x × 10²⁵/β_0,E, x in the range [1,3].

   The value of the electric field at the surface of the Sun is E_S= 1.5 V/m: this gives E_S/E_E= x× 10^-2, x in the range [1,3] and

   Q_S/Q_E ≈eq x× 100, x in the range [1.3,.43] .

4. Using these data, one can estimate the ratio h_eff,S/h_eff,E. For the inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth), in the case of gravity, β_0,E=1 and β_0,S= 2^-11. If one assumes the same values in the electric case, one obtains the estimate

   h_eff,S>/h_eff,E= (Q_S/Q_E) × (β_0,E/β_0,S) .

   h_eff,E= E_E 4π R²/β_0,E has been already estimated and is much larger than the gravitational Planck constant.

Consider now the electrical Compton wavelengths for the Earth and the Sun and restrict the consideration to the proton.

1. In the case of the Earth, the electric Compton wavelength Λ_em= h_em/m for proton is Λ_em,p≈ x× 650 km, x in the range [.33.,1] for a proton (m=m_p). There are numerical factors of order 1 involved. The radius of the thermosphere is about 340-350 km, one half of the upper bound. This puts bells ringing since the thermosphere is the area where the terrestrial plasmoids live!

   The gravitational Compton length of the Earth is same for all particles and given by Λ_gr=.5 cm. One has

   Λ_em,p/Λ_gr≈ 1.3x × 10⁸ .

   In the number theoretic sense, the electric body would be considerably smarter than the gravitational body.

   For a capacitor with capacitance of 1 μF and at voltage 1 V, the charge would be 1 μ C. For β₀=1 would have Λ_em,p/Λ_gr≈ 2.9× 10^-3 so that one would have Λ_em,p ≈ 1.5 × 10^-5 m. Could electronic systems be intelligent and conscious at least on this scale?

2. The electric Compton wavelength of the proton for the Sun would be obtained from the scaling law

   Λ_em,S/Λ_em,E = h_em,S/h_em,E = (Q_S/Q_E) (β_0,E/β_0,S)

   from that for the Earth. This gives

   Λ_em,S/Λ_em,E ≈ 2× 10⁵/x, x in the range [.33,1].

   For the proton this would give Λ_em,S≈ 1.3x× 10⁸ km for β_0,S=2^-11. The astronomical unit AU, that is the distance of the Earth from the Sun is AU= 1.5 × 10⁸ km! The Earth would live on the outskirts of the thermosphere, assignable to the inner planets of the Sun? Could this be a mere coincidence?

   The interpretation would be in terms of a hierarchy of electric and magnetic bodies and the electric body for the Sun + inner planets would be near the top of the hierarchy.

3. What about the outer planets? Nottale noticed that for the outer planets β₀ scales by a factor of 1/5 to β₀= 2^-11/5 so that the electric Compton wavelength at the level of the entire planetary system would be about 5AU. The corresponding thermosphere can accommodate Mars, whose radius is roughly 4 times the radius of Earth, but no other outer planets. Mars and Sun living at the outer boundaries of two thermospheres of Sun would be very special in that the thermal gradients of plasma would be very strong: this is the prerequisite for self-organization as development of complexity. Mars and Sun would have a very special position in the planetary system.

See the article About long range electromagnetic quantum coherence in TGD Universe or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Extraterrestrial life in space plasmas in the thermosphere, UAP, pre-life, fourth state of matter

Paul Kirsch sent a link to an article "Extraterrestrial Life in Space Plasmas in the Thermosphere, UAP, Pre-Life Fourth State of Matter" by Rhawn et al (see this) describing sensational findings giving support for the existence of plasma life forms 320 km above the Earth in thermosphere. I have been talking for decades about plasmoids as primordial life forms so that these findings are extremely interesting from the TGD point of view. Here is the abstract of the article.

"Plasmas up to a kilometer in size, behaving similarly to multicellular organisms have been filmed on 10 separate NASA space shuttle missions, over 200 miles above Earth within the thermosphere. These self-illuminated "plasmas" are attracted to and may "feed on" electromagnetic radiation. They have different morphologies: 1) cone, 2) cloud, 3) donut, 4) spherical-cylindrical; and have been filmed flying towards and descending into thunderstorms; congregating by the hundreds and interacting with satellites generating electromagnetic activity; approaching the Space Shuttles. Computerized analysis of flight path trajectories, documents these plasmas travel at different velocities from different directions and change their angle of trajectory making 45 , 90 , and 180 shifts and follow each other. They've been filmed accelerating, slowing down; stopping; congregating; engaging in "hunter-predatory" behavior, and intersecting plasmas leaving a plasma dust trail in their wake. Similar lifelike behaviors have been demonstrated by plasmas created experimentally. "Plasmas" may have been photographed in the 1940s by WWII pilots (identified as "Foo fighters"); repeatedly observed and filmed by astronauts and military pilots and classified as Unidentified Aerial-Anomalous Phenomenon. Plasmas are not biological but may represent a form of pre-life that via the incorporation of elements common in space, could result in the synthesis of RNA. Plasmas constitute a fourth state of matter, are attracted to electromagnetic activity, and when observed in the lower atmosphere likely account for many of the UFO-UAP sightings over the centuries."

To my best knowledge, this article, published in the Journal of Modern Physics, is the first article mentioning UFOs and UAPs. As becomes clear from the article, many of the findings have been known. Article says that there is still secrecy and fears related to the observations of plasma structures (plasmoids in the sequel) on Earth which are often interpreted as UFOs-UAP sightings. People do not want to get the label of a mad scientist. After 46 years as a mad scientist without funding and research positions, I understand their fears!

As becomes clear from the article, many of the findings have been known. Article says that there is still secrecy and fears related to the observations of plasma structures (plasmoids in the sequel) on Earth which are often interpreted as UFOs-UAP sightings. People do not want to get the label of a mad scientist. After 46 years as a mad scientist without funding and research positions, I understand their fears!

For more than 10 years ago (2007) I participated a conference held in Hessdalen, Norway, where "UFOs" appear regularly and learned that they behave like living intelligent beings and considered these objects in TGD framework (see this). The findings related to plasmoids in the thermosphere support this kind of behavior both at the level of individuals and collectively. The structures involved can be very large: size scales range up to kilometer scale.

The article of Rhawn et al contains a detailed summary of both the history of the development of the theoretical ideas related to plasmoid as a self-organizing structure bringing in mind prebiotic life forms and discusses various findings supporting these speculations made in both lab and in thermosphere. The experiments carried out in the thermosphere satisfy stringent scientific requirements so that it is very difficult to dismiss the findings.

The difference between plasmoids and biological life forms might not be as large as one might think. Biology involves cold plasmas.

1. Negatively and positively charged ions play a key role in the physics of cell membrane. One of the mysteries is what ionizes them! We have thought that electrolysis is understood. At least I find that I cannot understand it in terms of standard chemistry. The energies of ions gained in the electric fields involves are quite too small to induce ionization of atoms.

   Intriguingly, also "cold fusion" (see this), so bitterly hated by colleagues, appears in electrolytic systems and would involve formation of dark nuclei as dark proton sequences at monopole flux tubes decaying to ordinary nuclei and liberating almost all nuclear binding energy (see this and this). Magnetic flux tubes with large h_eff would allow dissipationless acceleration of say dark charged particles to very high energies making it possible to ionize that atoms.

2. In the TGD Universe, the charged ions communicate with the magnetic body of the system using "dark" (in the TGD sense) Josephson radiation and cyclotron radiation (see this). Resonance, generalizing to multi-resonance, would be the basic mechanism. Same communications and control mechanisms would be realized in plasma life in which chemical realization of genetic code is not yet present. The genetic code could be realized in terms of dark protons and dark photons with genes realized as sequences of dark proton or dark photon triplets realizing genetic codons (see this, this, and this).

   The proposal is that genetic code is universal and based on so called completely unique icosa tetrahedral tessellation of hyperbolic 3-space H³ involving tetrahedra, octahedra, and icosahedra and appearing naturally in the TGD framework (see this). This tessellation could be realized in the plasma phase where crystal lattices are reported to appear. Information theoretically, biological life and plasma life could be very similar. Besides the basic morphologies of plasmoid mentioned in the abstract of the article, helical structures are formed and could serve as analogos of DNA and RNA and amino-acids: the information would be stored by the dark DNA realized as sequences of dark proton triplets.

3. One fascinating discovery is that the plasmoids seem to behave as if they were moving in water. Water is a key element of biological life. The temperatures in the thermosphere are in the range 200-500 Celsius and beyond the boiling point of water. What could serve as the plasma counterpart of water?

   Long range coherence (mystery in the biology-as-nothing-but-chemistry approach) is required, in fact several scales of coherence are needed. In the TGD framework, the quantum coherence of the monopole flux tube network, making it behave more like a liquid rather than gas, would induce the coherence of water. Could the monopole flux tube network also transform the plasma phase to a liquid-like system?

   What could make possible quantum coherence at such high temperatures? TGD suggests that cell membranes realize high Tc superconductivity (see this, this and this). High Tc superconductivity would be based on the hierarchy of h_eff>h phases at monopole flux tubes for which cyclotron energies are scaled up by factor h_eff/h.

   The most recent version of the model of superconductivity (see this) suggests that the transition to high superconductivity could quite generally involve the generation of what I call half-monopole flux tubes (possible as Maxwellian flux tubes requiring a current at the boundary to generate the magnetic field) with a disk-like cross section at a critical temperature Tc1 higher than Tc. At Tc, half-monopole flux tubes would fuse along their boundaries to monopole flux tubes with a spherical cross section (possible only for homologically non-trivial space-time surfaces) and requiring no current. The difference between the total cyclotron energies associated with these configurations would be proportional to h_eff/h and the critical temperature would increase with h_eff/h.

4. The plasmoids are reported to have a double layered structure with both layers consisting of plasma with the inner layer carrying a negative charge and outer layer a positive charge. This structure is very similar to the double lipid layer associated with the cell membrane. Also these structures could be generalized Josephson junctions such that the voltage between the layers would define the counterpart of membrane potential.

   The layers could be super conductors forming a generalized Josephson junction (see this and see this). There would be monopole flux tubes transversal to the layers and the difference of energies for charged particles at the two sides of the structure would be sum of Josephson energy ZeV and the difference of cyclotron energies h_effZeB/m. The structure would communicate to its magnetic body by dark Josephson radiation. The communicated information would be about the electromagnetic environment coded by the modulations of the membrane potential in turn coded to frequency modulations of the Josephson radiation.

   The message would be received by cyclotron resonance generating as a response a sequence cyclotron resonance pulses analogous nerve pulse patterns sent to the biological body where they would act as control commands. Neural system would rely on this mechanism. The response would generate an analog of stochastic resonance whereas the Josephson radiation would generate the analog of the reversal of stochastic resonance (see this).

5. Also a gel-like behavior has been observed. Gel phases (see this) are essential in biology and involve a network plus medium (see the Wikipedia article). The medium can be gas, liquid, or solid and also the network can be one of these phases. Also the plasma phase could serve in the role of medium in the recent situation. The network formed by the monopole flux tubes and carrying dark particles as h_eff>h phases of ordinary particles could play the role of the network and together with the plasma phase forming the medium give rise to a gel-like phase.

   In the TGD framework, the Pollack effect (see this), generating a gel phase by transferring ordinary protons to dark protons at monopole flux tubes and in this way creating negatively charged exclusion zones (EZs, such as cell interior and DNA double strand), would be a building brick of key mechanisms of quantum biology. Pollack effect requires energy and solar radiation provides it and Pollack effect would be a key mechanism of also photosynthesis.

   As I developed a model for ball lightning (see this), I realized that the Pollack effect generalizes. The particles could transform to dark particles at the magnetic body, not only by absorbing a photon, but by a formation of a molecular bound state. Pollack effect and its reversal could control transformation of silicates (quartz) to silicon in a liquid phase: the energy of lightning would provide this energy and in this way generate ball lightning as a primitive life form. Is the generalized Pollack effect one of the key mechanisms of plasma life?

6. Quite generally, the energies of dark particles increase with h_eff and h_eff tends to decrease spontaneously. The basic purpose of metabolic energy feed is to compensate for the decrease in the value of h_eff. Plasmoids should use electromagnetic radiation as a metabolic energy source just as biological life forms use. Can one imagine a plasma counterpart of photosynthesis? Pollack effect is essential in the TGD based model of photosynthesis and defines a prebiotic form of photosynthesis, which would temporarily store energy to the magnetic body of the system, where dissipation is extremely small. The same temporary storage could take place when the metabolic energy, extracted from metabolites, is temporarily stored to MB in ADP→ ATP transformation.

   It is known that plasmoids radiate even at the dark side of the Earth. This supports the view that they are able to store metabolic energy. The long term storage of metabolic energy could emerge when the charged dust particles interact with plasma and form colloidal gel phases (see this) with it. The molecules of the dust particles would store the energy for longer periods of time. Carbonaceous chondrites (see this) are especially interesting dust particles since they contain water, organic molecules, and silicates. The model of ball lightning involves the transformation of silicate to silicon in liquid phase. The presence of the molecules pairing with their dark analogs (in information theoretic sense) could have led to the evolution of the chemical metabolic energy storage.

7. Plasmoids are found to gather above thunderstorms and descend to them. Thunderstorms involve large charges and strong electric fields and therefore give rise to MBs with very large values of h_eff=h_em, which has an interpretation as a measure for number theoretical complexity and also serves a universal IQ. Thunderstorms could also serve as metabolic energy storages. The acceleration of dark particles in the strong electric fields at monopole flux tubes would increase the value of h_eff of the particles.

One especially interesting experiment involves a charged conductor wire (a tether connecting a module to the satellite) carrying an Ohmic current making the wire charged. The charge generates a radial electric field.

1. The nearly orthogonal motion of tether in the Earth's magnetic field B_E gives rise to Faray effect generating to a voltage along the tether, which in turn induces an ohmic current and charge density creating a radial electric field. The current flows out at the other end of the tether. It is also possible to generate a current to the tether. The charge moving along the tether experiences Lorenz force orthogonal to B_E and tether and forces motion. The article provides a quantitative view about the currents flowing along the tether, electric field strengths and total charges possible for the tether.
2. What is observed is that plasmoids gradually appear around this structure and make contacts with the wire. It is not clear whether they arrive from outer space or whether artificial prebiotic life forms are created as a response to the electromagnetic fields and electric current created by the electrons running in the tether!

In the TGD framework, the wire carrying a charge could give rise to a very large electric Planck constant h_eff= h_em= QZe²/β₀, where the velocity parameter β₀ satisfies β₀=v₀/c<1, is defined as generating large scale quantum coherence (see this). Qe is the charge of the large object and Ze is the charge of the small object.

This proposal generalizes the notion of gravitational Planck constant introduced by Nottale (see this). I wrote just a few weeks ago two articles relating to this. The first one proposed a model of ball lightning (see this) and lightning. The second article (see this) discussed large scale quantum coherence in presence of electrically charged objects carrying large electric charge (Earth is the basic example and the charged wire second one).

Plasmoids would gather around the tether since this would increase the value of "personal" h_eff since the acceleration in the strong electric field would provide metabolic energy making it possible h_eff increasing phase transition. The presence of a tether's magnetic body would also help to reach a higher level of collective consciousness.

One can estimate the value of h_em for the tether system using the data provided in the Wikipedia articles (see this).

1. The current density can be written as j=ρ v, where ρ is the average charge density of the tether and v is the velocity parameter assignable to the electrons. This gives for the current I the expression I= ρ v S, where S is the cross sectional area of the tether. One can solve ρ as ρ= I/vS and from this the total charge of the tether as Q= ρ SL= IL/v.
2. One can use the length L=20 km of the tether and the reported typical values of the Ohmic current I and estimate v from a typical electron energy E as v=(2mE)^1/2>. From the Wikipedia article, the typical values I= 100 mA and E=10² eV. The latter gives v=2× 10^-2c. This would give Q=.33 mC, that is Q≈ 2× 10¹⁵e. The value of h_em/h=Qe²/β₀ would be for Z=1 and β₀=1 equal to 8π α × 10¹⁵≈ 1.4× 10¹⁴. 10 Hz alpha frequency would correspond to the energy of order .06 eV which happens to correspond to the Coulomb energy assignable to the cell membrane potential. This value of h_eff is near to the minimal value for which the cyclotron energy is above the thermal energy at room temperature.

See the article About long range electromagnetic quantum coherence in TGD Universe or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Did the proposed Expansion of Earth during Cambrian Explosion lead to the formation of Moon?

The discussions related to the Expanding Earth hypothesis stimulated interesting questions. How planets and Moons would have been born in TGD-based astrophysics and could the formation of Moon relate to the Expanding Earth hypothesis (see for instance this) and whether the gradual growth of Moon's orbit could relate to it.

During the last year, I wrote two articles about the birth of stars and planets and also moons in TGD Universe last year (see this and this).

The first basic idea is the fractality of TGD-based cosmology, which follows from the TGD view of space-time as a 4-D surface in H=M⁴× CP₂. Another key idea is the replacement of a smooth continuous cosmic expansion with a sequence of fast explosions.

1. The scaled down versions of Big Bang would occur on different scales. For example, a star would produce shells of mass ejected in an explosion that would condense into planets.
2. The planets could also do the same and this would lead to the birth of shells, from these the rings would be born and from these the Moons would be born.

The Cambrian explosion is also an explosion. The composition of the Moon is the same as that of the Earth. The crazy question that comes to mind (I can already hear my colleague's snoring laughter in my ears) is whether the Moon was born this way but .5 Gy ago (instead of 4.5 Gy), in the Cambrian explosion. This of course does not exclude the possibility that Moon was formed in a similar explosion for 4.5 billion years ago.

Can the Cambrian option be ruled out by comparing the ages of the Earth's Moon? Radiometric age determinations give the matter making up the Earth and the Moon (so not the Earth or the Moon itself!!) age estimates of 4.543 Gy and 4.46 Gy, i.e. an age difference of 80 million years.

1. The age of the material composing Moon has been deduced from the radioactive decay of Zirconium and in the latest determination it increased by 40 million years. This inaccuracy is of the same order as the difference in the ages of the substances! So can the Moon be matter of the same age as the Earth? You can also critically ask why the Moon's and Earth's matter would be of different ages when the composition is the same? The most natural explanation is that the substance is the same and therefore of the same age.
2. Radioactive age determinations would therefore not rule out the hypothesis of the formation of the Moon in the Cambrian explosion. In such an explosion, a layer with a thickness of about 6 km would have been thrown out and taken with it both the life on the surface and the fossils if there were any! .5 billion years old fossils would be products of underground life!

Is there any empirical evidence that the age of the Moon cannot be on the order of .5 billion years. Is there any evidence for the explosive origin of the Moon? Could one compare Theia hypothesis and the two variants of TGD proposal? Could the dynamics of the Moon-Earth system help here?

1. It is known that the distance of the Moon from the Earth increases slowly: v=3.78 cm per year (see this). Could the recent rate for the increase of the orbital radius be interpreted in terms of cosmic expansion? The Hubble constant is about H= 70 km/sMpc, where parsec (pc) is 3.26 ly. This gives for the cosmic recession velocity of Moon v(now)= HR≈ 2.8 cm/y. This is 74 per cent of the observed velocity of increase for the orbital radius. This suggests that the velocity due to the explosion has gradually decreased and is approaching the cosmic recession velocity (, which increases linearly with the distance: this effect has been observed but surprisingly, has not been interpreted in terms of the cosmic recession velocity!).

   Could the deviation v-v(now) be a remnant of the rapid increase in the orbital radius associated with the Cambrian explosion?

2. If Moon was born in about .5 billion years ago and the velocity would have been constant v= 3.78 cm/y, the Moon would have reached a distance of about 1.9× 10⁷ m, which is about 2.97R_E (three Earth radii) from the Earth and much smaller than R=60R_E so that the speed should have been significantly faster at the beginning.
3. If the Moon was born in such an explosion 4.5 Gy ago, the same rough estimate assuming constant velocity v= 3.78 cm/y would give for the distance of the Moon R=26.7 R_E, R_E=6,357 km. This is roughly by a factor 1/2 smaller than the recent distance R=60R_E of the Moon. This option looks more reasonable than the Cambrian option.

   Cosmic expansion cannot explain the increase of the Moon's orbital radius. One would have dR/dt= HR giving the estimate R(t)= R_Eexp(v(now)t/R) and R(now)=eR_E , which is consierably smaller than R= 60R_E.

4. Could Theia hypothesis explain the growth of the distance of the Moon's to its recent in terms of the recoil momentum gained by the evaporated fragment giving rise to the Moon? This should have made the orbit elliptic. The orbit of the Moon is slightly elliptic: the eccentricity is .055 (see this). One should also understand the mechanism, which distributed the remaining matter evenly along the surface of the Earth.

   What is intriguing from the TGD point of view is that the radius of Earth could have increased by a factor 2 in the collision with Theia. This would explain the findings motivating the Expanding Earth hypothesis if the continents were formed already in the collision with the Theia.

See the article Expanding Earth Hypothesis and Pre-Cambrian Earth or the chapter with the same title.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Does Expanding Mars hypothesis make sense?

There is a considerable evidence that ancient Mars has had lakes or even oceans.

This relates in an interesting way to the TGD based model explaining the Cambrian Explosion (roughly 500 million years ago) plus other strange geological observations.

A well-known problem in cosmology based on general relativity is that astrophysical objects do not seem to participate in cosmic expansion although they do co-move with it. In the TGD Universe cosmic expansion of astrophysical objects would occur as rapid jerks for. In accordance with this, the model assumes that Earth radius grew by a factor two in a rather short time scale. TGD indeed predicts a hierarchy of fundamental length scales coming as powers of two. This rapid expansion would have bursted the underground oceans, where photosynthesizing life had evolved, to the surface and gave rise to the recent oceans. This view has a lot of empirical support and the TGD based new physics allows to overcome the obvious objections.

Consider first in more detail various motivations for the Expanding Earth model.

The geological motivation is that the continents seem to fit nicely to cover the entire surface of Earth if the radius of Earth is one half of its recent value. This observation (, which was not made by me) generalizes the tectonic plate theory of Wegener.

Biology provides further motivations.

1. There are extremely few fossils from the time before the Cambrian explosion and almost all of them are single-celled. Life should have evolved extremely rapidly during the time of Cambrian Explosion.
2. The energy flow from the sun (faint Sun paradox) was too low for life to develop before the Cambrian Explosion.
3. The hypothesized oceans would have been far too low in oxygen for the development of oxygen based metabolism necessary for multicellular life.
4. Cosmic rays and meteor bombardment would have made it very difficult for the complex life forms to evolve at the surface of Earth.

As if life had suddenly bursted to the surface of Earth.

1. Did it emerge from subterranean oceans providing shield against meteorite bombardment and a warm enough environment? Could this have happened in a rather rapid increase of the Earth radius by factor 2 splitting the crust into continents and led to a formation of oceans having the required oxygen concentration.
2. But where did the necessary radiation that made photosynthesis leading to complex multicellulars come from? The temperature of the Earth's core happens to be such that the thermal radiation is concentrated at the same wavelengths as radiation from the Sun? It was also recently discovered that there is life so deep beneath the earth's surface that solar radiation cannot provide the metabolic energy.

   Could one think that the radiation from the Earth's core served as a metabolic energy source. Could this energy source be still at work? The standard model based physics does not allow this. The new physics predicted by TGD allows this.

For expanding Earth hypothesis, see for instance https://tgdtheory.fi/pdfpool/expearth.pdf and https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/expearth2021.pdf . What about underground life in Mars?

1. The average density of Mars is near to that of recent Earth (mass is .1 Earth masses and radius roughly 1/2 of R_E). This leads to the question of whether Mars has already experienced a similar transition increasing its radius by 1/2 and density by factor 8? This would have brought the possible underground water to the surface. Later the water would have been lost. Mars would not have been as lucky as Earth.
2. The objection is that Mars has no plate tectonics. The alternative option that I have discussed earlier is that Mars is still waiting for the expansion to take place. Intriguingly, it has the same radius as Earth before the Cambrian explosion. The ancient presence of oceans/large lakes does not support this view. One might however think that the water from underground oceans leaks to the surface and forms lakes and even shallow oceans.

See for instance the article Expanding Earth Hypothesis and Pre-Cambrian Earth. For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.